Unit =t QPeratinG SYSTEM fn OS is a PHOGuam tat Manages tne Computen Hw. al “also Provides oowbaste for Pea ® AckS AS Gn inlenmediar a Computer $ tHe Compuler hw iqgned to provide an Envisonmen; Tres Os ane desig in which a User Can easily intenPace orth tne Computer, to Cxecuke Programs, An OS is On impontan} part almost oa Computer System. A Computer System can be divi ded spooghly into UH Component$§ Applicahon blw @ User of + HIN » OS Application proqsams UsensNX Neeo / oesectwes/ Goats an Operating System + 4. -Make Compute. An 0.5. hides details * at H]w wesounces mom prognammens amd other Users wn System Easier to Use © Provides them with @ Convemien* intenface for using a Computer Systera. at acts as om inten me dian y blw me Hw > Hs User, providing a high - Level interface to Low level H)w regounces and making jE asia and omen Users to vse (om prog are mens those ne sounces. 2. Manage the Re sovnces of a Computer System > eres ‘ An 0:$. manages all the nesovances a Comp vee Syste: This” involves Performing quan fosks 105 «Seer nack Of Who is Usin what wesounces 1 nanlin snesovunces Hequests ek. Efficient and Soin Sharing of System Hesovnces Cisne useng 1 & Bey Q oak of Ors;aS Cnnrncteristics | Services Ce GS 4- Program Execution = Tne System must be able to load a@ Program into me mony and to wun it. The proqnam must be able +o end iks Cxecvhon einen as on ab nonrn ally ees enr0K 2. Fire- System Manipur ation & User Con Ainectly Caeate, delete, Hename, Cop ele ilies ob vsing tne @ppropriate Comman as Specified by 0.5. % Zo Operations + A ag Prognam may Hequine alo. This a}o may invvive a file on an alo device. User eal Canno} Contnol tlo devices Ainectl os dhe 0.8! Paovides Some means to do +o. YW Communi CATIONS + TOMM UNI CATIONS O.$. implements tne Communication blw Processes Ain Aen) memo ny On by technique efamoessaqe Rese? 5 Resource ALLOCATION + tn Mudhuger 0:9: decides Which process width et the hesource, When and how much Lime6: ACCOUNTING = Sometime we want ¢o Keep track © which user vse, how much $ What kinds a Computen wesounces. 0:9 Provides ONk de taids. 4 Security Awo Protection + 3: Fon Secusity, Login | Logout Comyands one used in Pieces Envinonment for ayn into om logging ovt of tne System: ProlecHon involves Sn sunin that all access fo System hresounces 8 Controlled - ErroR (DETECTION F Edson ent Occun in CRUG in memory, in slo devices 0% in USer Program. Fox each fae Crkon , Me OpAckod System Shoukd take the Gpp So priate acon te Connect tteee en fe ee ar Se VO er eww ereOeTerlCerTClCTrmhCUCUMC(UW SX Components / crlowS OF 0-5. The Components of on 0:8. play a Sey ole 4o make a vaniet ot Computes System Porks wWoak Bo es INTERPRETER System MAnAGEment MEmoRV MANAG Emer a» Process MANAGEMENT + sThe Process Management is a Pprocedune for mManadgin man Processes Aunnin Simudtaneous\ 4 on Me Openaling System iciend) iinigient |: + For example, when we use A Search engine like Chrome, Mere 16 A PHocess sunning for that baoiwses preguam s Pnocess Momodement Keeps phocesses aw Funckons 6 Process one ae Opencing System ane qiven as + Process Creation and delehon + Suspension and mesumplion s Synchsontizaton Process = Communicakon Process 2 Fire Manacement + « A Fide jis a Set of welated information. ‘ ty eens nepne sents Programs data. r 2 FunchHons Fide Management has tne ‘ following Important ackvities ' e Fille 3 dinectony Crealion $ deletion * Backup Riles on Stable Stosage Media ° Allocates We wesousces + Deallocates the wMesovs ces. : 3S NetwoRK ManacemenT + Nebwoak Management is the process of ad mis aera and amaraging Computer, Netwoaks. ~ a) includes Penfoamance Management Fautt analysis and maintaraing quality of Service. ee + Network Management provides the {ellowing funcHoms, Such ag + tt helps to access Shoned hesounces Distsivoted System offers te vsex access the Voiloug Sesevnce s/ Pee 4+ Main Memory MANAGEMENT + * Main Mermony offers fast Stosage that Gein BEF Ott oxsad — Aimertt by Me cpu. « dt is Cosh ond hence hag a lower Boz 02 couasils TAME Ox Se Perfosms de Joviowing fonctions {om Memon Manageme nt + Th helps us to keep track of Prirneay Memos + Dekermine what Port of ib ane in use by Whom, What port ig not in use. + In MUL phoqhammin System, the og decides Which Process wild get memory and how much. + AMLocates tne poeery when O process Hequests. 5 Secondary - Storage Manacement + -~ me Main Memoh of tne Computer is Vern Sma\l to Stone alt data and Programs Permanently, “Tre Computer Syskem offers Secondar Stohage to back Up the main Memohu. + Some major functions of Secondary Storage Momagernen + in dene 0-3. we . Stonage allocation + Free Space Management + Disk Schedulingce. 6 To DEVICE ManaGemenrt + Belo Mayon emer S(SteriONea following fonctions ~ Such as o at Offers a bu fen Cathin rs * Ik provides Anivens for particular Hw device « dt Keeps tnack of all devices. + AMocate Mme device in ne efficient way » Deallocate devices + SecvRity ManaAGEemMenT 2 oe Tne Naniouvs processes in an Openatin Sustem need ko be Secuned {rom ace achvihes. © Secunity Refers to a mechanism for Controlling +e access \ Proqnam s , Processes Or USeAS to “tne Wesounces defined by Comp vles. Passwonds Similan Ohne « & ‘means oO ven king Lnavthosltzed access bechuiques, Pre fo prognarns % data. % Command$ INTERPRETER System = Command INTERTRET SS = — * One of the vost impontant Components ie an Open System is its Command inten preter. Commons Co renpclet is dwe palman “nkendace bekween te User and +he nest of me system: Be Pynchon is Quite Simple , get ane galrnent and execute it . next Command e EeEE EE EN OO UY YUYYYYYYYYDY ee 0.5 4. ee o MS =eDOS = - is Abbweviated as Mico Soft Disk perakn System. at was one of the most popvicd Operating § Ste IBM TE was Cenc a ae fos has undes.gone mony UPA mades. 2 Tbk is ai Sinaqle-vser , Single - taski as 4 , ngle sking WhnDOWS © Windows is Th is wmeall built paowde older oO ( auch as Ms-bes) With a graphical interxPace Soin one tools . the most Popviah OS. a set of Aistai buHons peratin Sustems Suppontn ouney Ce Se of ie oe Version appeared in 1985 ren th nos emots stooped ang Simce in AONE powerful and Up dan Aivense Versions,Unix + + db is portable, mulh tasking , mull uses PAS as) System was develSbed eaal in 1964 ‘ = - This OS has Vey goods Netooakin g ~acilities And is Veay Popular on wicca Cofhed Wore Stakons. Ee ac Os: = + Tne Machintosh Openalin System, also Known AS OSX orn Mac OS, whose envinonment ig based on Unix and has been developed and Sold as pant of Apple - baad Computens Since 2002. SF On es of tis Sami of Sofkoane wwag wreleaged by Apple as an Open and free Sovsice peeing Systern Called ‘ ‘ ‘ 4 a { fl ( Another Unix - Qike Operating System, Cuenlos cies ate ee Son Micsosysiems and used today fon SPARC System anchitec tunes: eas== 0) Bic Unix Whose shelease Open Solanis Cenk Pied Version A Version is CalledSires Or Orceating § System =. Acconding to the number of USens thene Que Hoo tyes ot Ouse A Siwore User System + ° An Openatin System tat allows a Simale Uses. to perfor ony one tasne at a Hme ig !Called a Siag\e. Use eiaaer | Cueian a System. * FuncHons Wike pacing a, pose down loa din q imag es eS com Perfoamed only iste aba ee Examples + MS-bos , Palm Os ete pavanrades + This Operating System Occupies less Space in ere Disadvan fo0e. oP ale Can pen dani only a single task ata Hmeas’ 2 Mua) User -Sisreme= e I is an Openatn System that Penmits Sevenal yseng fo ykOize Me Prog hams that ahe Concunnent] Aumning On a Smale Network Seaver, @ Examples Unix, MVS ete Useaa Usear ek ( SERVER Users User 4 Advantages Be ¢ Tt is highly produckve as it Perfonms mulkible tasks ab a hme. ¢ ads is dime Savin as we don't have to Yaaxe Changes im many desktops, instead Can ynake Changes only to he Senven. a7 Mme Connecion © ™e Sewer ee ecannek perform an task broken , ei. Be Connected to Mat On ane client as Seaved.Simare\Usee (08) 4 Single Penson Con use at a Hme ese Murti Usee (os) 4) Mone an one Use con vse at oO Hime Stand alone 2 Man eon 2. ane Cconmected with one system pete ee eee pigs eee 3 Mone Secure 3. bess Secune 4 No Shasing o, ye Shaning © dat : ‘ Oo data 4 f ‘4 § > ait De Plone mesaclve | 5: Less intenachve 6 Simple 6 Cornp lex A» eC heap 7 Costly =} % Less fenckons g Mone HonegnS q- Small ine Sizes ed: Lange imees ize: | 10: Examples - lo. Examples — Dos Unix, Linux |a 4 CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING — a ® e ¢ SYSTEM a 4: Batch 0.5. In batch Operating System, ° Finstly User Prepanes his job using Punch Cords. ® Then, he Submits tne job to Me Computer Openator. ; ® Openatos. CoN\ects the jobs fron different usens and Sonts tne jobs nko batches Wilh Similar needs. ® Then, Operator Submits tne batches 4p the processor One by one. » AQl the jobs a ore batch ane executed Hope AN OD. 5 as Battha ceu sex2)—[ 002 FG Gon) 2 Fs Ss Se, S S < ¢ ( ( ( ( ( | | Gen Boks}AS oe) a ae ee Oe) ed ee In bate Openating System, : af He \obs a bakch nequine Some to Operation , hen CPU mvst Come Completed: tne tlo Openahon gets © Since ao devices ane Veny slow, CPU Hemains idle for a hong time. CPU Cannot take any okhen job and execute ib. ADVANTAGES Users Coudd Shane Bakch System 4. Multiple Fastex than Senial. processing Ret 1c. C084 to rnanage lange woxk mepeatedly in bakch System. DisABVANTASES Ae CPU HeMainS Somehmes iAde for Long Time Cosiy. Dee eas) e hand fo debug. 3. Batch Systems OH Examples = Pay voll System : Rank StatementsSPOOLING ° Secs na) is Q PHoCeSS in Which data is : held to be vsed and executed bemposra sil by a device, Program 0% System. Ke * SPOOL Stands for Simultaneous penripheial Openakons Online. when a fastesx. device sends data to a Slowes. device to Perform Some Openaton, ik Uses Special anea in memony o% Nard disk ag @ SPooL bu fer: Thig data is kept in Fhe SPOOL Uni tne Slowes, device is gready to Openate on this data. When He — then the data in Slowes device’ is Heady ; Mne S001 is loaded onto dne main memialy for the wnequined Openations. Sustem try PUT Dewees [Disk] » the biggest example of Speoling 5 Painkng tne documents which die te be painted ane Stoned ee aeoct and Men added to mem queve {or Prinking: this Hme, many Processes Cary perform Amel sc 5 % vse Mme Cou Ls novt tocling tonile Ine painter bu-one- gne prning psccess on Ane décuments oneMN BUEFERING Tne main Memon has an aneo Ca\led bu (fer nat is used to Stove o% hold tne being trans milled on between 12 Naina tem pono nily nat is eiyner berween dwo devices a device 0% On application. « it helps in marching tne Speed ey ine data Sir0eom blo dine Sender and me Heceivedr. > tne Speed of tne ig Slower, ton ‘ne EC Be dea. = vacua ata SIS) and ik accuravlates (Collection) tne bytes ceived sor ne Sender g Vice Vensa Sender S trong mission iver, ten a bu fer of Me wnecelver, ne . ne Pace boffer during wotching Gedicg 4 Stream, A buffer aoe Sine vedio 5 - re swe amount data Hequintd ewe downloaded before ne Vedio Can ploy yo me Yiewer WH heal - hme. Tem porary Small | 7 Stonnge anen enor oS amain 4 smerny (RAM) oe is Ca\led pie 4SPOOLING BUFFERING 4. a Oveslaps ig e ere Ovenlaps tHe tlo one gob with | slo of one job with tne execukon of Ane execution amnokhen job Ine Same job 9. ays Full Foam 2% Wo Full ig Dimvudraneovs Fos Peripheral Operation ondine 3. Mone Efficient De eae ERicien} uy. Ib Can process Wiccan ee data at wemote Svuppoat remote Places IEsocess\ngs 5. ib Considers the | § Boer is a + disk as a huge Limited axea in Rpool Ane main memory 6+ SpooQin Nequiaes Jess siesovace Momage ment 6. Buffering Aequises mone Hesousnce MAGN AN EN dg, Fa eee2. MULT) PROGRAMME D Mod& PROQHaAM Ne iIncneases \\ CPL VEQizalion by Organizing jobs, So that te CPU always hag one bo execute. Tne OS Keeps Sevenal jobs in Me MemMOHY Simultaneousl: si Shon aS ig Dong oe below paieney 308 A 306 6 peels S08 | eeSoUls ee Jee 8 JoB c,b,E,F ane | waihag Mum PROGRAMMING OPERATING OS Picks $ begins to execute one Ae, Nope oa in ne memos on Some task » to Complete. Sysrem , me amo dh paogrammin Res 16 Perec ee oO An WO ee anak job needs to anomer job loa ing eels atleast mevedr and one job {Ake 1S CRY needs SYSTEM Such @S an wood sit Sysrem y py So on. Th cpu back to ane Execy, execute , is i, Honey ceu fon CPU | the jobs have to lait Alo Openaton In a non - mvdh prognammed SAO ee areca 8 Ane OS Simply nolnes, job: When Boor ce saiened e@ Finsk job finishes » AS tong as me CPUeX ADVANTAGES A a+ Provides less wesponse Hme. a Shont-Hme jobs ame done pics in Compasnison to long — Hime Jobs. Bor nel pseain Mn eae CRC G Hise Gon and mnevese ee tage. ye me wnesovnces ane Ubdized SS DISADVANTAGES 1s: eats highly Complicated and Sophish cated. 25 eine Geb Scheduling is weg vined 3 iS ty Management is needed in tne 09. becavse Arh syles of dasks Qhe Stored in the main Memory. 4 af it has a Qarige number of jobs, then long - tewm jobs With Mequine a long Wait. Examples S +s Windows O8 Unix OSES ee Oe OOP Oe eeerTseI yy el ae Time Sha ning of mudhpsoq% multiple jobs SHARIN Gq \ ie logicad extension amming. The CPU executes by Switching blw +nem, bot he Switches occuns So Frequently Mat Ine Usen Cath Bonnar ° In Hme sha Lime will be 8 Can intenack wilh white ik ig gunning. Hing , A VPixed amount of iven to €ach job fon execuon Which is cated Hme quantum, Lime Slot ox §$) tne Onder ice and is ty bicall Ao 40 400 milliseconds. eine majos advantage of sme shanin System is itS intesrachveness. Hence this OS allows man Computes Simu ee TeRMInAL~4 USER~4 users to Shane te lzaneous) a MAIN Memory TIME SHARING Essobeacha sens Jobs of Usex-2 Jobs of Uset-3 (Teamive—2 UseR-2 / TERMINAL ~ 3 ~ USER=3 / Jobs of User-N Tobs of iStave “Dinaram Job is allocated to Cpu fot Execution Job New Ready ase Paocessing Tob Completed Tob must wait Completed Jor t]o Completion Blocked Advantage s 4 Reduces CPU idde Hme 2 Qvick Response Hme 3 Avoidg dvelicakon ° S|w Gh eocn etasie cls os equal Opportunity Dig advances 4 Problem of Reliabili 2. Problem of data Comm vnication Examples + » Mystics OS » Unix 0SMuti PROCESSING £ Systems having) mudiple CPUs ane Coives Mudlipnocessin Systems. The Can Cxecule Mukliple process Bees ¢ The main objective of Usin a _ mudlipsrocesso oe eee Sustem is to Incnease Me Cxeculon Speed 0 ne System and Consume high Compu ng Power. \ Cpu-2 MEMORY TYRES OF Mutti PROCESSING 1+ SYMMETRICAL MvuttipRocessoR £ - One OS Contsoh alh cru, each ceu has equad wights. AML tne CPU one in Pees - to~ Peen nelakonship:SN 2- ASYMMETRICAL MULTIPROCESSOR * Sfnene 15 0 “Master Procecsas. that tet Sucknucron “bo OW ine bint: a cosgons. It Contains mosie- slave HAO = neQavionship . Sees ieeeoeey ceu-3 ceu-4 ceu- 5 CS\ave) | Cslave) (Slave) (slavey ADVANTAGES Lb Maximum Throughput 2% Mone Reliable %& Fast Paocessin uy Eicien <4 improved Dis aovantages eeuB ON ADA ea fee Lange Main Memosy hequined 2 Such Sustems ane Mea expensive 3 Mone Complicated Exomp)\ sa * Umy > IL DA i ee LD A Ane eeeB Fegan * Pasralle2 Prrocessin Systems ane desiqned to Speed up we execution of programs by dividing hea aCo arg into mvulhpfe fn ments an Pesesein 3 these fnagments Simultaneously Systems also. Known as Hana Coupled ; ; , ; i | © Panalie® Systems ane mudlprocesso% . Sust ) stem. a . In this Systems, dnene is a Shale System wide parirnage y ene Shaned by aw Processans, Jo Phocesso, ae & Pasnalled Computing ieee use two ox Mone Processes ( Computes) Cornvinctiomin sc Single probderDS Asvantaaes a Veay high Performance 2 Amprove UWizahon S Gseater Flexibilit 4: Compaoned to SaiaQ Compuhing , Poualied Compvlng is much beter, Sviked fon modelling and vossssianig Complex, weal- Woald Phenomena. eae Po nall el Compuling, mone Vresounces axe used to Complete the task that Qed to decrease the Hme and cot Possible Costs. Disaovantages 4° PeuaQled anchitectose is AiPficud4 iS achieve 2 High Power Consumplon 3 Closers ane foamed which need Specific Codin 4 dechniques to get and of:SS a eg tg eae eS Oe Te oy ‘Dist eavBvted A network , in the Simplest foams Communication pan blw feo 0% mone Systems Distaibuked Systems depends on mekworkin fon Aneta functionally. based on tne distances bw LocaQ- Area Netwoak (Lan), Cxigk Wilh in a hoom, & Joor 0% & building. wide-area ne hookk (wan) , usually exists blu ives oA Countaies. A alobaQ Compan may have @ WAN to Connect ks offices. The Neo technologies baing s aboot neo foams of nek works. Fon EG = Metsnopoliton - Asea Nelkwork (man), Covdd Vink building With in a city, Bloelootn devices Communicale Ove & Short distance o4 Several geet in Cneaing & Smalt™ Area Nehoonk. In distriboted Operating Systems, each Processor has its Own Memon and execute its Oton jobS $ Shared jobs. Sven SyskemsS are a\Souknote nenas loosely - Coupled System. A Aistaibuled System vses mviipLe Processors to Seave mudhipre sreal- Hme ig & Nelwoaks ne Meta nodes ; Applicahons.x Beene POR Sia ak the baanches have terminads winked to a big Compulet at Ine Head office. Data from branches is gens 4 tne masks wWhesxe i} is Processed. The design of distributed Operating System is based on hoo models 0) Civent ServeR Moder © fly OCs have become mose powerful, faster $ Cheaper + Desiqner have Shifted Gone. faoxn tne CentnaLized System Anchilecture - 2 CenrtaaQized System today ack as S eaves Suetors to Salis 4 req ues + eneaated b Client Sustem. 3 3 4 + Tne enarad. » Structure Client — Sever System is Shown beloro eer 7 US cd Ld Curenst-A Client-2 Chent-3SEE SRST Sip ee NS ee ioe. Varese ORS Re ine! Gee » Reen - to - Peer Model + * an peer fo Pedr model , tnese is No Aedicaled Server. AM Compulecs are qual and moxefoxe tamed as peer. Nozmadtl each of t+nese machines fonchons both ag a client*and a Server. Apvantases \s Less Complexit De Better, Seaice i, Customers 3 Fast Response Hme h. Reduction of load on host Compuleg Dis Awan ta ce § |} Failuve of Me main nekooak wit Stop the Cnkse Communicaton 2. Very Expensive Example ee IEOGUSrey PaeaArrer Distey guren ane AS Compuker. 4, These tne Systems Ly To Mnese Systems, nat Can process data apPlicaHons ane Simuttaneovsly and Feb on incnease tne Computational mul Wve Computers Mnked by Commonicafon Speed of a Compuler hie System. 2 Tasks are pen formed 2 Tasks cue performed with mone Speedy Tuimnva ese apes Cie Process. 3% In As ee %& In mis, each Shored aA Wide Processos. has; Primary rmemoxy Ns own memory he. ak is also Known “yy This also 2 ay a Agni y Known ag leosdy Covpled System Coupled System S:; Processors Commonicate & Computer Cornmonicale, coo each Omer using tin each omer a bus Via te Nekvosk Ey 5: eae es im & Occurs in Single 6. Twvolves ee 4 = mulripoe ComputesFO ee ae ee ee ee ee ee iim frre tT ee 7 Rear Time * Real time System is Special Purpose OS which is” based Upon fixed Hme Hequinements. This OS ig Used when there ane ixed Hme Hequinement On tne Openahon of processes o% ne J low a dota. A Heal-Hme Sustem has well- defined ixed Hme Constnaints. Processing must be done Wim in Ive defined Constraints on we System wr foi e VWnexe ane +w0 tyloes of reall Hme System 0) Hand Real-Hme System a This Suskem will qvahantees that Gaicn) Eask Comoeleye. 04 dime. Hence cll delays Shovdd be bounded. eee Seuleshiny Syskew 5 These OSs ore for applicaHons where Mine Concwaaial 1S less Statedms Essential Requinements of this method ane: a+ Lange main memon fox Sof-oane 2 Lange disk memos 3 Comple x Communicaton System Aovewtaces A Response Hme is Very less D AMvowus Seavice Provides 2 Lange Memoxa \. Betler thro vgn put Disadvantages 4: eS Cosh 2. Lasy Main ee $ Secondary Sequined « siete 3: Complex Communication System. Examples + Ais. tna fhe Control System Reseavation Sykes Used by holes, Missige Systems Robots een te NsBarcu Perocessins 4 Dato Collected {or AePined Ppeniod Kme B processed in batches 2- Economical Renl Time PRocessin’ (onuwe Peocessins) 4 Random dora input ak sgnandom Hme , : sil ez Costly. 3. Simple Processing Metmod 3: Complex Pao ceceny Method 4 Requines Sositing , Prion to Processing 4 No Bocas wnegvined 5. I+ is measuamement Oniented Ve Filles ane ondine only dusing a reccessi HOW §- a+ is ackHon : Oniented 6G: Files ane Permanently ondine 4 Magneke tape as | # Only diseck access Well as Magne lic disk device ane vsed like Gxe Used. magnetic Aisk 3: This mode % This is vsed fon Processing is panticulaly drailway reservation, used fos. Customes Ainline rheseavahon, banks etc. bilting ‘i invoicing el G Papen Work ig more Q Minimorn paper Jo. Ovtput Reports ce Printed im dekail WOoAK \O- Most in forrnakion is usvall displayed on LeraminalsSerie PRocessing Soe Barcy PRocessins 4: Senial processin Hens in a Sequenkad Mannen- 4> In batch processing, Operator Sorts jobs into batches with Similan Hequihements and Aung ach batch on Computer De Only One process is Senved ak a Hime 2 Mud ple processes One handled at a Hume 3. This PHocessin is just Wike standin ™ Q queve PosK bkicke} OS GQ uy eo) Slow oi 5. Exaynple - Sensor Heading %S This Processin Similesr to Hage Cashiers Sitting aba Poxsk Heke} booth. Twhee di Ketent Sines Means three People being provided Lolth ine Hexek ot Some instant is = 4. Fastes. than Sental Processing 5: Example - bidling System, Food Pao Resi SystemCOS lll fe — MULT PRoce ssing Murty ProaRAMmins a Modhpnocessin WMETAAG bo PHocessing o. multiple processes at Same time by mulliple CPUs. A mvdh pacgnamaming | Keeps Several Programs in main memo at te Same me execute them Concuanenty by Single ceu 2 aL vk Qizes modhple CPvs. a eae 2 Ab Ui dizes Single cPu- 3 Tt Permits Pasalled Corea B Context Switching takes place PAOLeESS Ine jobs. 4. Less Hme taken to Hs Moke Hme taken to PHocesy lye Jobs: 5:5 Mone E hick ent §- Less ERicient 6 Mone Expensive G: Les ExpensiveaN Segiar Qeocessin.G 4: rae of Processh in which one tase is Completed ab a Hime Parner PRocessing | + Tybe of Processin in vohich multiple tasks One Completed ab a time 2. Tere ig a Single Pnocessosr 2: Thene ane mulliple Processors 3: Lowe Peaformance 3. Highes, Pes fos mance Ys Work load of the Processom iS high es. d 4 Woak load per Processor is lowes 5: Daka tnansg fer ane i bib by” bit format 3 Data tansfer are in byte form 6: Requises mose Hme to Complete the task. + Cost is lowes 6 Requizes less Hime | f Complele tne * Fask. iin COSL tg higher.OE SS SY LA eee YY System Cates Tne Purpose of a System Cath is to wnequest the Opera lin System to Perform Some achyvityu. Thig means that System Cal? provides an interface bw a process ond Me Openaking System. + System Calls ane vsvally made When a process in User mode wequines aecesy t0 A WesouHce. Then it hequesks aie > Verne se to’ prose; ne essunce NAGS 20: System coh. > A figure Hepresenkin Ane execvhion of Enc System CoM is ayer as fellows - UsER Mode User Process} Gers Retusm From Execu ling Sueren,Cay Syste Call q Execute System Call KERNEL MODE ees° 3 As Seen from the diagnam , tue Processes execute Nnonwmall in ne User mode unk a System Call “intenavpts this. Then 4ne System Call is executed On A PHionit basis in the Keane’ mode. After” the CxecuHon of the System Colk, the Contnol Kelvans to tne User mode and Cxecvlon o User Processes Can be hesumed. Bley enenal , System Calls axe NHequined in dhe eos sitvahons — 4. Cnealion on deleHon 0 filles Hrequine System coll. 2. Readin $ Basing Stow Aikes also nequine a System Call. 2. Cneaion >} Management of mets processes. 4. Nekoonk Connechons also Heqvine Systern Calls. Trig includes Beni and sce Packets. 5. Access to a hand wone devices Puch. as a2 painted ) Scanner eke. mequines System call . . lau ne Ee ae nk a. 0 LD Aeee eae g \ Vyees OF Syatem Carrs — Thene ane main\ ive tubes System Ca\\s. 4 4 4 % 4: PRocess Control + These System Calis deal witn Processes Sveh AS PHOCeSS cneakon , PHocesS Leama Hon ete Examples o Process Consol. System caids in Unix one Jiven as abosk OS, exik ly, Waik OD, Soak ele 2 Fie Manipulation + Tnese System Calls ane nes ponsible fo We Momipulation Such as Creaking a fide, casino a fille, wailin 9) \nko a@ fide eke. Examples 0 Calls Ini Orin Ae Aven 28 open O, neadaO, walked, close) ete 3 Device Manreuration 5 ane nesponsi ble for. Such ag reading fiom Fife Manipulalion Systew These System Ca\\ device monipulaviow device bvffers, Wailing nto device boffens eve: Examples ei : Pama nsx GHC GIVER as Breen a 1c 05 6 t waite (9, Opens, Close) eke device manipviahon SysiemY. [NEORMATION Main TENANCE These System calls handQe in bnimakon and. - yt Seon Vee between me eae Sushi and Me User. Examples a sn Por maton maintenance susrem COW aK Se given as alonm (> s\eep 5 Hme () ek 5 Communication Binese 24s Cads ane usefo8 fox inkesr. process Communication . Mme deal with Cneain and delebing also Connecton - a Commvnicakon Comm unicakon System Examples of a p e ven @ Lo\\e 0 UNS piece OO, Zendtd, acceptO elewe oes OD NF OND OS SE EO aa oe OS a ss +12 YSTEM Programs The System proganam Serves AS a Port of tne Openating System. I} lies between the vsen interface ond Mme System Cas. An image thal describes Suslem PAOosiG ws: Mo ine Openaling System hienahch 4 ‘SS Follows - ey UseR INTERFACE System Application Program $ Programs ERIN Wed In ne above mage ; System Programs as welt ag applicaton programs ony Ov baidge befween Whe User indacface and tne C Susiem calls.Types OF System PRoaRams — System Prog nas Can be divided into Seven Ponrs. “These one given as Sortows + 4+ Fire ManiPuLation These System pPrognamg are used to manipulate System ides. These Con be done vsina vanioug Cornamands Wike Cueate, delete, Copy, viename Praink eke. These Commands Con Cneata Giles, delete files i Copy tne Contents of one fide nto anolnes,, rename files, Print them etc 2 PROGRAMMING Lanauace SuePORT These System proghams provide addiHonal Suppo {eatumes for diferent programming languages: Some examples Anese ane Compilers , de buggers ete. > 3 Proagam Loading Aro Execution {ROSIE son SOLOS Tne System Pprnognams kha deal With nad execuoHon make Sune be loaded into memory Loaderg and Linkers Program loa ding a Mak PAoqnams Can and execoted Comrect\y: cae example of inis Hype of System Programs. 4 Communications nese System prognams ane needed {0% Such @g web System Comm mi CaHons no wsers: Web browsers A\ow Systems to ann Occess in foamakon from Commm uy ni Cake dre mehoork o8 Hequined:iS aan \nFoRMATION These System PAOQGHams Provide Aequised data on tne Cunnend 0% past Stats Ane System - This ma include me System date, System Hme, available ‘memoy in System , disk Space ek. G Appiication Proarams Application ProqHams Can perform a wide Hane Services as per the needs Mne vseag. These \nclude Programs 0. database Systems, Wosd PHOCeSSONS , Spreadsheets , games eke. sages Mossiennet System programs Anak ane vsed {or pike nodi fication basically change nsnomeelatos iw me fide on modify Ye iw Some omen, Way + CER OO ONS oe examlple cf fide modi ficakon Ruste ae apace oss