Contoh: Ultrasonic Testing Procedure

1. Scope:
1.1 This procedure defines the criteria and general requirements to carry out ultrasonic examination
on ferritic welded joints.
1.2 This procedure applicable to most geometric configurations and materials encountered in
fabrication under normal conditions. However, special configuration and materials may require
modified methods and techniques. In this case special procedure shall be demonstrated prior to
use to the satisfaction of the Authorized Inspector in accordance with the requirements of T-150,
ASME Code Section V. The procedure qualification record shall be attached to this procedure.

2. Reference:
2.1 This Procedure refers to the following:
• ASME Code Section V, Non Destructive Examination, applicable edition/addenda.

• ASME Code Section VIII, Division 1 for acceptance criteria.

• Clients’ specification requirements for acceptance criteria.
• Client’s Written Practice “In case of conflict between Code requirements and Client’s
specifications, Code requirements shall prevail”.

3. Definitions:
• ASNT: American Society for Non-Destructive Testing.

• ASME: American Society for Mechanical Engineers.

• DAC: Distance Amplitude Correction.
• NDE: Non-Destructive Examination.
• IIW: The International Institute of Welding.

4. Responsibilities:
4.1 The NDE Examiner shall be responsible for conducting and reporting the results of
examination in accordance with the applicable Code and Client’s specifications, whichever is
more restrictive.

5. Personnel Qualifications:
5.1 All personnel involved in Ultrasonic Examinations shall be qualified to Level II in accordance
with the requirements of Company’s Written Practice (Training, Qualification & Certification
for NDE Personnel).
5.2 When the written practice is revised, the certification of NDE personnel remains valid to the
requirements of the previous revision until the expiry date of the personnel qualification
certificate; then, recertification to the requirements of the new revision is required.

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 5.3 Subcontractor’s personnel involved in Ultrasonic Examinations shall be qualified to Level II
in accordance with the requirements of subcontractor’s written practice which shall be
reviewed and accepted by NDT QA/QC Manager.
5.4 The certification of personnel shall be checked by the QA/QC Manager or NDE Level III prior
to work commencement.

6. Procedure:
6.1 Equipment:
6.1.1 Ultrasonic examination equipment shall be of the pulse echo type utilizing “A” scan
presentation, capable of generating and receiving frequencies between 1 and 5 MHz as a
minimum and shall be capable of recording UT data including the scanning positions.
6.1.2 The flaw detector shall be calibrated in accordance with the relevant calibration procedure.
A certificate of conformance shall accompany each flaw detector.
6.1.3 The ultrasonic instrument shall provide linear vertical presentation within ± 5% of the full
screen height (FSH) for 20% to 80% FSH and to be recorded in Screen Height Linearity
Record Form. The procedure for evaluating screen height linearity is carried out as per
ASME section V, article 4, appendix I.
6.1.4 The ultrasonic instrument shall utilize an amplitude control accurate over its useful range
to 20% of the nominal amplitude ratio, to allow measurement of indications beyond the
linear range of the vertical display on the screen. The procedure for evaluating amplitude
control linearity shall be performed as per ASME section V, Article 4, appendix II. And to
be recorded in Amplitude Control Linearity Form.
6.1.5 The requirements of 6.1.3 and 6.1.4 above; shall be met at intervals not to exceed three
months for analogue type instruments and one year for digital type instrument, or prior to
first use thereafter.
6.1.6 When any part of the examination system is changed, a calibration check shall be made on
the basic calibration block to verify that distance range points and sensitivity setting (s)
satisfy the requirements of ASME section V, T-466.3.
6.1.7 A calibration checks on at least one of the reflectors in the basic calibration block shall be
performed at the completion of each examination or series of similar examinations, and
when examination personnel are changed. The distance range and sensitivity values
recorded shall satisfy the requirements of ASME section V, T-466.3.
6.1.8 If during any check, it is determined that the examination equipment is not functioning
properly, all of the product that has been examined since the last valid equipment calibration
shall be re-examined.

6.2 Materials:
6.2.1 Search units shall be electrically matched to the flaw detector.
6.2.2 Search units shall be in the frequency range 1 MHz to 5 MHz and be free of noise and
internal reflections. Twin or single transducer elements may be used dependent upon the
configuration of weld under examination.
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6.3 Surface Condition:
6.3.1 Welds that are being examined using ultrasound shall be prepared to provide a sufficiently
smooth and regular area for scanning to be undertaken. The area shall extend at least the
full skip distance required, and shall be free of any irregularities such as spatter, grinding
or chipping marks scale, etc., which may hinder the scanning pattern or cause confusion in
the interpretation of the resultant display i.e. excessive surface noise.

6.4 Technical Information:

6.4.1 Prior to commencement of examination, the following information shall be obtained:
□ Type of material.
□ joint configuration.
□ Welding Process.
□ Other information that may have a bearing on the inspection e.g. post weld heat
treatment, etc.

6.5 Examination Procedure:

6.5.1 For examinations in materials where the examination surface diameter is greater than 20
in. (508 mm), a block of essentially the same curvature shall be used, or alternatively, a
flat basic calibration block, may be used, provided that, gain correction shall be adjusted
as described in code section V, Article 4, Appendix B.
6.5.2 For examination in materials where the examination surface diameter is 20 in. (508 mm),
or less, the calibration block shall be curved. Except where otherwise stated in the
reference code, a single curved basic calibration block may be used to calibrate the
examination on surfaces in the range of curvature from 0.9 to 1.5 times the basic calibration
block diameter.
6.5.3 The scanning shall be l00%. The entire volume shall be examined with a 10% overlap of
the probe. The rate of search unit movement for examination shall not exceed 6 inches per
second (l52mm/sec) unless calibration is verified at scanning speed.
6.5.4 For reflectors oriented transverse to the weld the scanning shall be done parallel to the
weld axis. If the weld is not ground flushed the probe shall be controlled such that it faces
nearly parallel to the weld body. The search unit shall be manipulated so that the ultrasonic
energy passes through the required volume of weld and adjacent base material. The search
unit shall be rotated 180 deg. and the examination repeated. If the weld cap is not ground
flat, the examination shall be performed from the base metal on both sides of the weld cap
in both weld axis directions

6.5.5 Calibration:
6.5.5.1 Straight Beam Calibration (0° Probe):
(A) The equipment is calibrated using a straight beam probe for a suitable range for the
thickness of material being examined. A minimum of two back wall echoes from the

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 material under test be noted during the examination.
(B)A Distance Amplitude Correction curve (DAC curve) shall be produced using the
appropriate calibration block. The gain control is adjusted to produce a response of
80% full screen height and the screen is marked. Then the probe is re-positioned to
give the maximized response for each of the remaining holes. At each maximized
position, mark the position of maximum response on the screen. Connect the screen
marks to produce the DAC curve. This gain setting is primary reference level.
6.5.5.2 Angle Beam Calibration:
(A) The equipment is calibrated for a suitable range for the beam path length required
to satisfactorily complete the examination, (i.e. Full Skip Distance).
(B) Produce a DAC curve in accordance with paragraph 6.5.5.1(B).
6.5.5.2: System calibration shall be carried out at the commencement of and at 4 hourly
intervals during, the inspection and on completion of an inspection.
If during the calibration confirmation the sweep range of the DAC curve has changed
by the following tolerances
□ Sweep Range:
If a point of the DAC curve has moved on the time base by more than 10% of its
original time base position.
□ DAC Curve:
If a point on DAC curve has changed by ± 20% or 2 dB from its original amplitude.
Then the following action shall be taken:
Sweep Range:
The calibration shall be corrected with a note of the correction being made on the
report. If any signals have been recorded, all recorded indications shall be re-
examined with the corrected calibration and their values corrected accordingly on
the report.
DAC Curve:
If any point on the DAC curve has decreased by 20% or 2 dB all recorded data
since the last valid calibration shall be marked void. A new DAC curve shall be
produced with a note to this effect on the report and the voided are as shall be re-
examined. If any point on the DAC Curve has increased following the production
of the new DAC curve. A note of this shall be made on the report.

6.5.6 Inspection Technique:

6.5.6.1 Parent Metal Examination
Prior to any examination of the weldments, the parent material shall be examined. A
compression wave 0 examination will be carried out for a minimum of 3 in. (75 mm)
either side of the weld to locate any flaws in the parent material and to determine its
thickness.

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 6.5.6.2 Weld Examination. Plate and Pipe Welds
A critical root scan shall be carried out from both sides of the weld, with at least one
angle probe directed essentially perpendicular to the weld axis so as to distinguish
between root variations and the existence of root cracks or crack-like defects. This may
be done where practicable with the aid of a magnetic strip placed so that the distance
from the probe index to the root will be constant. The body and fusion faces of the
weld shall then be examined using a continuous scanning raster from both sides of the
weld between the weld center line or the cap edge whichever is appropriate and full
skip plus the cap width using at least two probes of differing angles.

6.5.7 Scanning:
6.5.7.1 A Datum reference point shall be clearly marked on the work-piece and shall be
marked with the weld identification. The datum shall be used for a reference for
locating defects, and the reporting of defects.
6.5.7.2 The weld and base metal shall be scanned, where required by the referencing code
section to the extent possible with the straight beam search unit.
6.5.7.3 Angle beam scanning shall be performed at a gain setting at least two times the primary
reference level. Evaluation shall be performed with respect to the primary reference
level.
6.5.7.4 The angle beam shall be directed at approximate right angles to the weld axis from two
directions where possible to detect discontinuities oriented parallel to the weld axis.
6.5.7.5 The angle beam shall be directed essentially parallel to the weld axis and shall be
manipulated so that the angle beam passes through the required volumes of weld and
adjacent base metal specified by the referencing code in order to detect discontinuities
oriented transverse to the weld axis. The search unit shall be rotated 180° and the
examination shall be repeated.
6.5.7.6 The rate of search unit movement for examination shall not exceed 6 in. /sec. unless
calibration is verified at scanning speed.

6.7 Acceptance Standards

6.7.1 ASME Code, Section VIII Division 1 (Mandatory Appendix 12).
Imperfections which produce a response greater than 20% of the reference level shall
be investigated to the extent that the operator can determine the shape, identity, and
location of all such imperfections and evaluate them in term of the acceptance
standards given in (a) and (b) below.

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 (a) Indications characterized as cracks, lack of fusion, or incomplete penetration are
unacceptable regardless of the length.
(b) Other imperfections are unacceptable if the indications exceed the reference level
amplitude and have lengths which exceeds: (1) 6 mm (1/4 in.) for t up to 19 mm
(3/4 in.); (2) 19 mm to 57 mm (1/3 t for t from ¾ in. to 21/4 in.); (3) over 57 mm
(3/4 in. for t over 21/4 in.).
Where t is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. For
a butt weld joining two members of these two thicknesses. If a full penetration
weld includes a fillet welds, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be
included in t.

6.8 Reporting
6.8.1 Upon completion of the examination the examiner shall prepare an examination report, for
each weld or area of weld examined, using Ultrasonic Examination Report - Form. All
restrictions which limit the effectiveness of the test must be recorded.
6.8.2 All reflectors greater than 50% of the reference level shall be reported and shall be
described with regard to size, shape, location and probable identity/classification.
6.8.3 In addition, sketches and drawings shall be prepared to support written descriptions.

7. Attachments:
7.1 Ultrasonic Examination Report
7.2 Screen Height Linearity Record
7.3 Amplitude Control Linearity Record