A Closer Look:

Objectives
 1.Predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation,
type, and magnification) of the images formed by
plane and curved mirror
 2.Demonstrate how images are formed by a plane
mirror
 3.Characterize the images formed by a convex and
concave mirror at different object distances
 4. Locate and describe the image formed by
spherical and plane mirror using mirror equation
 5.Draw ray diagrams for images formed by
spherical mirrors
What You See Is What You Get
 Properties of Light
Waves
Reflection
- bouncing back of light
waves when it hits a barrier
or boundary of another
medium.
 Law of
Reflection
1. The angle of
incidence is equal to
the angle of
reflection.
2. The incident ray, the
reflected ray and
the normal, lie on a
single plane.
Specular Reflection vs Diffuse
Reflection
Geometric Optics
MIRRORS
Mirrors- any surface that is smooth enough to
produce a regular reflection of light incident upon it.
 Reflection
 Real Image
Image is made from “real” light rays
that converge at a real focal point so
the image is REAL
Can be projected onto a screen
because light actually passes through
the point where the image appears
Always inverted
 Reflection
 Virtual Image
“Not Real” because it cannot be
projected
 Created by apparent rays of
light
 Can be enlarged or reduced in
size
 upright
 Image Formed in Plane Mirrors

Lateral Inversion
– image appears
to be at the same
size, as the same
distance but
laterally reversed
LEFT- RIGHT REVERSAL
 LAW OF PLANE MIRRORS

- the image is always erect, virtual,

laterally reversed and has the same
size as the object

di = do
Si = So
Position and Size of the Image in a Plane
Mirror

Lateral Magnification – ratio of

the image size Si to the object size So

M = image size /
object size
NOTE: In a plane mirror M is
always equal to 1 because Si = So
CURVED MIRRORS
 What is a spherical mirror?
Spherical mirrors are mirrors whose surfaces
form a part of a hollow sphere.The spheres
can be made of glass or any polished metal
surfaces.

Types of spherical mirrors

:
1. Convex Mirror
2. Concave Mirror
Concave mirror If the
mirror coating is on the outside of the
spherical surface, then the mirror is
called a concave mirror.

Convex mirror If the

mirror coating is in the inside of the
spherical surface, then the mirror is
called a convex mirror
Some definitions of convex and concave mirrors

1.Center of curvature :
• The center of curvature of the mirror is
defined as the center of the hollow sphere
from which the mirror has been cut.
• It is represented by the letter C.
• It can be observed that C of a convex
mirror is behind the mirrored surface.
• On the other hand, C for a concave
mirror is in front of the mirror.
Focal length of a concave
mirror :

In a concave mirror, the rays appear to converge at a point F. The distance PF is

called the focal length and F is called the focal point.
The focus is in front of the mirror.
Focal length of a
concave mirror :-

In case of convex mirrors, the parallel rays, on reflection, appear to diverge from a
point F.
This point again is called the focal point of the convex mirrors and the distance
PF is called the focal length.
The focus, in this case is behind the mirror
Some definitions of convex and concave mirrors

2. Radius of curvature :
Radius of curvature is
the radius of the sphere from which
the mirrors (either convex or
concave) is made.
It is represented by the letter R.
Some definitions of convex and concave
mirrors

3.Pole/ Vertex of the

mirror :
• The central point on the surface of the
mirrors is called the pole of the mirror.
• It is represented by letter P or V.
Focal length of a concave
mirror :

In a concave mirror, the rays appear to converge at a point F. The distance PF is

called the focal length and F is called the focal point.
The focus is in front of the mirror.
Some definitions of convex and concave mirrors

4.Principal axis of the mirror :

•A straight line that passes through the
center of curvature C and the pole P of
the mirror,
•A ray of light passing along the principal
axis will be reflected back along the
same path.
Focal length of a concave
mirror :

In a concave mirror, the rays appear to converge at a point F. The distance PF is

called the focal length and F is called the focal point.
The focus is in front of the mirror.
Some definitions of convex and concave
mirrors

5. Principal Focus :
The point on the principal axis where the
incident rays parallel to the principal axis
meet after they are reflected.
• It is represented by the letter F.
Focal length of a concave
mirror :

In a concave mirror, the rays appear to converge at a point F. The distance PF is

called the focal length and F is called the focal point.
The focus is in front of the mirror.
Real Focus vs Virtual Focus
Real Focus vs Virtual Focus
Some definitions of convex and concave mirrors

6.Aperture of the mirror

•The portion of the hollow
spherical surface from which the
mirror reflections take place
•the distance MM’ is the aperture
of the mirror.
Focal length of a concave
mirror :

In a concave mirror, the rays appear to converge at a point F. The distance PF is

called the focal length and F is called the focal point.
The focus is in front of the mirror.
Some definitions of convex and concave mirrors

7.Focal Length of a mirror :

• The distance between the focus and the
vertex/pole.
 Ray Method of Image Formation

Ray 1

Ray 3

C F

image
The intersection
Of any 2 rays gives the Ray 2
image location
Image Formation in a
Concave Mirror
0
82a425d7

Concave Mirrors
Curvesinward
May be real or virtual image
Case 1: Object is at an infinite distance

Real, inverted, very small(almost a point).

Case 2: Object is located beyond
the center of curvature C

For a real object close to the mirror but outside

of the center of curvature, the real image is
formed between C and f. The image is inverted
and smaller than the object.
Case 3: Object is located at the
center of curvature C

For a real object at C, the real image

is formed at C. The image is inverted
and the same size as the object.
Case 4: Object is located between
the center of curvature and focus

For a real object between C and f, a real image is

formed outside of C. The image is inverted and
larger than the object.
Case 5: Object is at the principal
focus

For a real object at f, no image is formed. The

reflected rays are parallel and never converge.
Case 6: Object is located between
the principal focus and mirror

For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual

image is formed behind the mirror. The image is
upright and larger than the object.
 Concave Mirror

flashlight
searchlight
 Convex Mirror Diagram

The image formed by

object a convex mirror no
image matter where the
object is placed will
•F •C be virtual, upright,
and smaller than the
object.
 Convex Mirrors
Reduces images
Virtual images
 Behind the mirror
 Image is between
the focus and vertex

Use: side mirrors,

store security…

CAUTION! Objects are closer than they appear!

 Mirror Formula

1 = 1 +1
f d i do
f = focal length
di = image distance
do = object distance
 Sign Conventions in Mirror
Formula

Mirror f d0 di
Concave + + + or -
Convex - + -
 A 4.00-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 45.7 cm from a
concave mirror having a focal length of 15.2 cm. Determine the
image distance and the image size.
ho = 4.0 cm do = 45.7 cm f = 15.2 cm di =? hi= ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 ℎ𝑖 −𝑑𝑖
= + - = = 𝑑𝑜
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 ℎ𝑜
1 1 1 ℎ𝑖 −(22.72 𝑐𝑚)
- = =
15.2𝑐𝑚 45.7 𝑐𝑚 𝑑𝑖 4 𝑐𝑚 45.7 𝑐𝑚
1 hi = -1.99 cm
0.066 cm - 0.022 cm = 𝑑𝑖
1
0.044 cm = 𝑑𝑖

1 = .044cm di

di = 22.73 cm
A 4.0-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 8.3 cm from a concave mirror
having a focal length of 15.2 cm. (NOTE: this is the same object and the
same mirror, only this time the object is placed closer to the mirror.)
Determine the image distance and the image size.
ho = 4.0 cm do = 8.3 cm f = 15.2 cm di =? hi= ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 ℎ𝑖 −𝑑𝑖
= + - = = 𝑑𝑜
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 ℎ𝑜
1 1 1 ℎ𝑖 −(18.52 𝑐𝑚)
- = =
15.2𝑐𝑚 8.3 𝑐𝑚 𝑑𝑖 4 𝑐𝑚 8.3 𝑐𝑚
1 hi = 8.92 cm
0.066 cm - 0.120 cm = 𝑑𝑖
1
-0. 054cm = 𝑑𝑖
1 = -0.054cm di
di = -18.52 cm
A 4.0-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 35.5 cm from a
convex mirror having a focal length of -12.2 cm. Determine the
image distance and the image size.
ho = 4.0 cm do = 35.5 cm f = -12.2 cm di =? hi= ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 ℎ𝑖 −𝑑𝑖
= + - = =
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑜
1 1 1
- = ℎ𝑖
=
−(−9.09 𝑐𝑚)
hi = 1.02 cm
−12.2𝑐𝑚 35.5 𝑐𝑚 𝑑𝑖 4 𝑐𝑚 35.5 𝑐𝑚
1
-0.082 cm - 0.028 cm = 𝑑𝑖
1
-0. 11 cm = 𝑑𝑖
1 = -0.11 cm di
di = -9.09 cm
Determine the image distance and image height for a 5.00-cm
tall object placed 45.0 cm from a concave mirror having a focal
length of 15.0 cm.
A convex mirror has a focal length of -10.8 cm. An
object is placed 32.7 cm from the mirror's surface.
Determine the image distance.
 Practice Exercises

 Perform the following practice

exercises
 PE 5.2 page 97
 PE 5.3 page 105
 PE 5.4 page 106
 Take Away

Describe the images formed by

plane and concave and convex
mirror
 3-minute pause

 Complete the statement below about lenses

 I changed my idea about …………
 I become more aware of ……………
 I was surprised about……………….