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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation

(PDM) or Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) is an analog modulating scheme in which
the duration or width or time of the pulse carrier varies proportional to the
instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.
The width of the pulse varies in this method, but the amplitude of the signal remains
constant. Amplitude limiters are used to make the amplitude of the signal constant.
These circuits clip off the amplitude, to a desired level and hence the noise is
limited. The following figures explain the types of Pulse Width Modulations. Fig
5.4.1 (a), (b),(c) Pulse Width Modulated Waves with different time slots.
Figure 5.4.1 (a), (b),(c) Pulse Width Modulated Waves with different time slots
Diagram Source Brain Kart
There are three variations of PWM. They are −
EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

The leading edge of the pulse being constant, the trailing edge varies according to
the message signal. The trailing edge of the pulse being constant, the leading edge
varies according to the message signal. The center of the pulse being constant, the
leading edge and the trailing edge varies according to the message signal. These
three types are shown in the above given figure, with timing slots.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Waveform Representation
In PWM, the width of the modulated pulses varies in proportion with the amplitude
of modulating signal. The waveforms of PWM is shown in fig.1 below.
Figure.5.4.2 :Wave form Representations of PWM
As we can observe, the amplitude and the frequency of the PWM wave remain
constant. Only the width changes. That is why the information is contained in the
width variation. This is similar to FM. As the noise is normally additive noise, it

changes the amplitude of the PWM signal. Fig.5.4.2 Wave form Representations of
PWM.
At the receiver, it is possible to remove these unwanted amplitude variations

very easily by means of a limiter circuits. As the information is contained in the
width variation, it is unaffected by the amplitude variations introduced by the
noise. Thus, the PWM system is more immune to noise than the PAM signal.
Generation of PWM Signal
The block diagram of a PWM signal generator is shown in fig.5.4.3 below. This
circuit can also be used for the generation of PPM signal.
Figure.5.4.3 : PWM Generator

A sawtooth generator generates a sawtooth signal of frequency fs, and this sawtooth
signal in this case is used as a sampling signal. It is applied to the inverting terminal
of a comparator.The modulating signal x (t) is applied to the non-inverting terminal
of the same comparator. The comparator output will remain high as long as the
instantaneous amplitude of x (t) is higher than that of the ramp signal. This gives rise
to a PWM signal at the comparator output as shown in fig.5.4.4.

Figure.5.4.4: Waveforms of PWM and PPM

Here, it may be noted that the leading edges of the PWM waveform coincide with
the falling edges of the ramp signal. Thus, the leading edges of PWM signal are
always generated at fixed time instants. However, the occurance of its trailing edges
will be dependent on the instantaneous amplitude of x(t). Therefore, this PWM
signal is said to be trail edge modulated PWM.
Detection of PWM Signal
The circuit for the detection of PWM signal is shown in fig.5.4.5 below.
Figure.5.4.5 : PWM Detection Circuit


The working operation of the circuit may be explained as under: The PWM
signal received at the input of the detection circuit is contaminated with noise. This
signal is applied to pulse generator circuit which regenerates the PWM signal. Thus,
some of the noise is removed and the pulses are squared up. The regenerated pulses
are applied to a reference pulse generator. It produces a train of constant amplitude,
constant width pulses. These pulses are synchronized to the leading edges of the
regenerated PWM pulses but delayed by a fixed interval. The regenerated PWM
pulses are also applied to a ramp generator. At the output of it, we get a constant
slope ramp for the duration of the pulse. The height of the ramp is thus proportional
to the width of the PWM pulses. At the end of the pulse, a sample and hold amplifier
retains the final ramp voltage until it is reset at the end of the pulse. The constant
amplitude pulses at the output of reference pulse gtenerator are then added to the
ramp signal. The output of the adder is then clipped off at a thereshold level to
generate a PAM signal at the output of the clipper. A low pass filter is used to recover
the original modulating signal back from the PAM signal. The waveforms for this
circuit have been shown in fig.5.4.6.
Advantages of PWM
Less effect of noise i.e., very good noise immunity. Synchronization between
the transmitter and receiver is not essential (Which is essential in PPM).It is possible
to reconstruct the PWM signal from a noise, contaminated PWM, as discussed in the
detection circuit. Thus, it is possible to separate out signal from noise (which is not
possible in PAM).

Figure.5.4.6 : Waveforms for PWM detection circuit

Disadvantages of PWM
Due to the variable pulse width, the pulses have variable power contents. Hence, the
transmission must be powerful enough to handle the maximum width, pulse, though
the average power transmitted can be as low as 50% of this maximum power. In
order to avoid any waveform distortion, the bandwidth required for the PWM
communication is large as compared to bandwidth of PAM.

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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation

Diagram Source Brain Kart

There are three variations of PWM. They are −

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Waveform Representation

Figure.5.4.2 :Wave form Representations of PWM

Diagram Source Brain Kart

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

At the receiver, it is possible to remove these unwanted amplitude variations

Generation of PWM Signal

Figure.5.4.3 : PWM Generator

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

Figure.5.4.4: Waveforms of PWM and PPM

Detection of PWM Signal

Figure.5.4.5 : PWM Detection Circuit

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

Figure.5.4.6 : Waveforms for PWM detection circuit

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

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