PT SOUTHERN TRISTAR CATHODIC PROTECTION

Cathodic Protection

PT. Southern Tristar

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Presentation Topics
Section – 1: Basic Corrosion and Cathodic Protection
1. What is Corrosion?
2. Electrochemical Reaction
3. Corrosion Cell
4. What can Cause Corrosion?
5. Corrosion Type
6. Factor Influencing Corrosion Rate (at Soil)
7. Basic Corrosion Prevention Methods
8. Cathodic Protection
9. Pourbaix Diagram (E – pH)
10. Polarization Curve
11. Cathodic Protection Criteria
12. Type of Cathodic Protection
13. Comparison Sacrificial Anode & Impressed Current System
14. Cathodic Protection Materials
15. Cathodic Protection Application
16. Why should we concern about Corrosion & Cathodic Protection?
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Section–2: Applied Cathodic Protection

1. Design Stage
2. Material Procurement and Fabrication
3. Construction Stage
4. Operation and Maintenance
4.1. ICCP System
4.2. SACP System for U/G Pipe (Soil)
4.3. SACP System for Internal Tank (Water)

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Section – 1
Basic Corrosion and Cathodic Protection
What is Corrosion?
 Practical : Tendency of a Metal to Revert to its Native State

 Scientific : Electro-chemical Reaction as result of contact

between “Metal” and “Conductive Environment”
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Electrochemical Reaction
Oxidation: Fe(s)  Fe2+(aq) + 2 e–
Reduction: O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e–  2 H2O(l)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– +
Overall: 2 Fe(s) + O2(g) + 4 H+(aq)  2 Fe2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

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Corrosion Cell always consist of:

 Anode : Corroded Part
 Cathode : Protected Part
 Metallic Contact : Electron Path
 Electrolyte Contact : Electrochemical reaction (Ion Path)

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What can causes corrosion?

 Different Metal  Galvanic (Bimetallic) Corrosion
 Different Metal Properties
 Different Metal/Electrolyte Temperature
 Different Electrolyte Oxygen Concentration
 Different Electrolyte pH / Resistivity / Chloride Content
 AC/DC Stray Current

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Galvanic (Bimetallic) Corrosion Corrosion on Single Metal

Corrosion due to Different Oxygen Corrosion due to Different pH /

Concentration Resistivity / Chlorides Content
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Stray Current by Electric Train Rail Stray Current by High AC Voltage Line

Corrosion Cell Caused by Different Corrosion Cell Caused by Different

Environment Oxygen Concentration

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Corrosion Cell Caused by Different Corrosion Cell Caused by Non

Water Concentration Homogenous Soil

Corrosion Cell Caused by Different Galvanic Corrosion Caused by New

Environments and Old Pipeline
Various Corrosion Cell which could be happened on Buried Steel Pipe in Soil

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Corrosion Type
 Uniform Corrosion  predictable with corrosion allowance
 Localized Corrosion  unpredictable
 Galvanic Corrosion  Stress Corrosion
 Pitting Corrosion  Intergranular Corrosion
 Crevice Corrosion  Hydrogen Embrittlement
 Corrosion Erosion  Microbial Corrosion

Uniform Corrosion Galvanic Corrosion Pitting Corrosion Corrosion Erosion

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Factor Influencing Corrosion Rate (at Soil Environment)

 Soil Resistivity  Chloride & Sulfide Concentration
 Soil pH  Soil Type
 Soil Moisture  Bacterial

Corrosion Rate vs Soil Resistivity

Corrosion Rate vs Soil pH Corrosion Rate vs Soil Type

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Basic Corrosion Prevention Methods

 Materials : use Non-Metallic or Corrosion Resistance Metal
 Design : avoid direct contact dissimilar metals & trapped water
 Inhibitor : reduce electrolyte corrosiveness
 Coating : reduce direct contact metal to corrosive electrolyte
 Anodic Protection : make metal surface potential more positive
(make oxide coating/passive layer)
 Cathodic Protection : make metal surface potential more negative
(more immune)

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Cathodic Protection
 Use of DC current from an external source to oppose the discharge
of corrosion current from anodic areas of the structure.
 A technique to control the corrosion of metal surface by making that
surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell – NACE SP0169
 A means of rendering the metal immune from corrosion attack by
causing the direct current to flow from its electrolytic environment
into the entire metal surface – BS 7631 – Part 1.

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Pourbaix Diagram (E - pH)

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Polarization Curve (E - log i)

Freely Corroded Cathodically Protected

Polarization Curve Steel at Aqueous Environment

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Cathodic Protection Criteria for Steel at Soil (NACE SP0169-2013)

 A negative (cathodic) potential of at least 850 mV with the cathodic
protection applied, measured w.r.t. Cu/CuSO4 reference electrode.
Voltage drops other than those across the structure to electrolyte
boundary must be considered for valid interpretation of this voltage
measurement.
 A negative voltage shift of at least 300 mV as measured between
the structure surface and a saturated Cu/CuSO4 reference
electrode contacting the electrolyte.
 A minimum negative polarization voltage shift of 100 mV measured
between the structure surface and a Cu/CuSO4 half cell. This
polarization voltage shift is to be determined by interrupting the
protective current and measuring the polarization decay.

 Cathodic Protection will not repair any corrosion happened before!

 Cathodic Protection will not totally stop present and future corrosion,
it is only slowing down the Corrosion Rate (e.g. 0.1~0.2 mm/year 
0.01~0.02 mm/year) !
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Cathodic Protection Criteria at Special Condition

 In the presence of sulfides, bacteria, elevated temperatures, acid
environments and dissimilar metals, the criteria of –0.85 V may not
be sufficient. Recommended minimum of -0.95 V
 When a pipeline is encased in concrete or buried in dry or aerated high
resistivity soil, values less negative than –0.85 V may be sufficient.

Precautions
 Use of excessive polarized potential on externally coated pipeline
should be avoided to minimize disbondment of the coating.
 Polarized potential that result in excessive generation of hydrogen
should be avoided on all metals.

Hazard of Over Protection

 Cathodic disbondment: destruction of adhesion between the
coating and the coated surface is caused due to evolution of high
amount of hydrogen.
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Type of Cathodic Protection System

(1) Sacrificial Anode System  Protection current is resulted from
Galvanic reaction between the protected structure and another
metal which is naturally more negative.

Sacrificial Anode (Galvanic) CP System

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(2) Impressed Current System  Protection current is resulted by

using External DC Power Source.

Impressed Current CP System

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Comparison of Sacrificial Anode vs Impressed Current System

Galvanic Anode (SACP) Impressed Current (ICCP)
No external electric power required Requires external electric power
Fixed driving voltage Voltage can be varied
Limited current Current can be varied
Suitable for low resistivity electrolytes Can be designed for almost all soil resistivity
condition
Frequent monitoring and maintenance is not Regular monitoring and maintenance is
required required
Create minimum interference problems Interference problems must be considered
Remote Monitoring and control is Can be designed for remote monitoring and
impossible remote control
Measurement of instant – off potentials Can be designed for measurement of instant-
difficult off/on potentials
Suitable for offshore platforms / structures, Usually not recommended for such application
internal surface of pipelines/water boxes, (safety / limited power / high cost reason)
small boats & temporary protection of cross-
country pipes
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Cathodic Protection Materials

 Sacrificial Anode (Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc)
 Impressed Current Anode (MMO, Ferro Silicon, Pt-Ti, Graphite)
 Backfill (Coke Breeze, Gypsum-Bentonite-Sodium Sulphate)
 Transformer Rectifier Panel (Air Cooled, Oil Cooled, Ex. Proof)
 Junction Box / Distribution Box / Bonding Box
 Test Station Box / Test Point
 Cable (PVC, XLPE, HMWPE, Kynar, Halar, AWA, etc)
 Cable to Structure Connection (Thermit Welding, Pin Brazing, Bolted
Lug, Clamp)
 Coating Repair (Epoxy, Primer Coat, Royston Handycap, Wrap Tape,
Mastic/Sealing Compound, etc)
 UG to AG Pipe Isolation (Insulating Joint, Insulating Flange Kits)
 Pipe to Casing Isolation (Casing Isolator & End Seal)
 Isolating Spark Gap / PCR / Solid State De-coupler
 Permanent and Portable Ref. Electrode (Ag/AgCl, Cu/CuSO4, Zinc)
 Corrosion Coupon

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Magnesium / Zinc Anode Prepackaged Magnesium Anode Aluminium Platform Anode

Aluminium/Zinc Bracelet Anode Aluminium/Zinc Hull Anode Bare Fe-Si-Cr (HSCI) Anode

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Bare String Ti/MMO Anode Canister MMO/Fe-Si-Cr Anode MMO Wire Anode

MMO / Pt-Ti Probe Anode Coke Breeze ICCP Backfill Sacrificial Anode Backfill
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Transformer Rectifier Air Cooled Transformer Rectifier Oil Cooled Transformer Rectifier Ex Proof

Junction Box Test Station Box Thermit Welding

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Thermit Welding Pin Brazing Royston Handycap

Isolating Spark Gap Polarization Cell Replacement (PCR) Solid State Decoupler (SSD)

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Monolithic Insulating Joint Insulating Flange/Gasket Kits

Casing Insulator & Casing End Seal

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Portable Cu/CuSO4 Ref. Cell Portable Ag/AgCl Ref. Cell Various Reference Electrode

Integrated Permanent Cu/CuSO4

Permanent Cu/CuSO4 Ref Cell IR Drop Free Coupon
Ref Cell + IR Drop Free Coupon
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Digital AC/DC Multimeter Digital AC/DC Clampmeter Soil Resistivity Meter

Current Interrupter Flange Insulation Tester Casing Insulation Tester

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Cathodic Protection Application

 Plant Facilities (Intake, Outfall, Pump Casing, Heat Exchanger,

Cooling Water Box, Internal Vessel, etc).
 Buried Pipeline / In-Plant Piping / UG Storage Tank
 Internal CW Pipe
 Well Casing
 Bottom Storage Tank
 Internal Storage
Tank / Vessel
 Jetty / Harbour
Facilities
 Ship / Boat
 Offshore Pipeline
 Offshore Platform

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Ship, Boat, Yacht, Ferry, Pontoon, Tanker Offshore Plaform

Jetty, Port, Breakwater Submarine/Offshore Pipeline

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Buried Storage Tank Underground Piping / Pipeline

Bottom Side Above Grade Storage Tank Well Casing

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Internal Heat Exchanger / Condenser Water Intake Screen/Pump

Internal Cooling Water Pipe Internal (Water) Storage Tank / Separator Vessel
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Why should we concern about Corrosion & Cathodic Protection?

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Section – 2
Cathodic Protection in Practice

1. DESIGN STAGE
(1) Design shall be based on real and sufficient data / condition (soil
resistivity, protected structure, coating system, operating temperature,
plant condition / arrangement, etc)  need complete data and drawing
(2) Design shall be based on proper References, Standards, and also proven
experiences
(3) Design shall be proper, comprehensive, constructible and also safe for
expected design life time (design parameter, calculation and allowance,
material selection, planned CP installation arrangement and coverage,
etc), but not excessive (for economic and operation reason).
(4) Provision of understandable, informative, and complete/sufficient
documentation (Design Calculation, Drawing, Procedure) for Review and
for Construction.

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2. MATERIAL PROCUREMENT AND FABRICATION

(1) Mostly, Cathodic Protection System is consist of various equipment and
material, which also manufactured by various different Manufacturers
(Panel, Anode, Electrode, Cable, Coating, etc). Therefore, it would be
important to select proven product / Manufacturer.
(2) Fabricated/procured material shall be accordance to approved design
(Data Sheet, Drawing, Calculation) and passed specified QC Test/Check
as per approved ITP and FAT Procedure
(3) Material delivery shall be arranged accordance with related Plant
Construction Schedule, to avoid delay of overall construction (e.g. buried
pipe, Tankage), but also not too early and just keep at Site Warehouse too
long.

3. CONSTRUCTION STAGE
(1) CP construction sequence shall be following / accordance to Plant
construction schedule/progress.

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(2) CP construction method shall be safe (for personnel and CP equipment),

properly constructible, and also economical.
(3) CP construction shall be performed by trained or experience personnel
which well understanding all approved CP Document / Drawing, include
how to check each installed equipment.
(4) Actual position of CP Equipment shall be adjusted as per actual condition
by considering of accessibility, personnel safety and also CP equipment
safety and security.
(5) Construction of protected structure shall be properly isolated from any
foreign metallic structure / different CP scope (A/G Pipe, Tankage, Pumps,
Concrete steel rebar, Instrument Tubing, Plant Earthing System, Armored
Wire, Pipe Support-Clamp, pipe sleeve/casing, etc)  Need
understanding, implementation and strict checking by related Discipline
(Piping, Civil, Instrument, Electrical).
Less protection level of protected structure and wasteful of CP System is
mainly caused by CURRENT LOST due to improper / failed isolation.
(6) Careful and complete supervision / control of construction works, with
proper and sufficient documentation.

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Buried Open Drain Pipe contact with A/G Protected U/G pipe contact through other
piping pipe (Useless Insulation Flange)

CP Loss Current through Instrument Tubing Protected U/G Pipeline contact with metallic
and Earthing Wire fence

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Protected U/G Pipeline contact with metallic Protected U/G pipe and A/G pipe is bonding
support (Useless Insulation Flange)

Protected U/G Pipe is contact with concrete Incomplete installed Insulation Flange
steel rebar at concrete manhole / pit / floor

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Short Insulating Joint through heat insulation CP Loss Current through Instrument Tubing
aluminium jacket and its screws

Protected U/G Pipe is contact with concrete Use Isolating Spark Gap to avoid CP Current
steel rebar at concrete pit / manhole / floor drained by Plant Earthing system

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Protected U/G Pipe is purposely welded to Any risk of CP Current loss if using Armoured
steel rebar at concrete manhole Cable for Connection to U/G Pipe

Hidden Test Station Box Difficult accessed Test Station Box

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4. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

4.1. ICCP SYSTEM
4.1.1. Operation Procedure of ICCP System
 ICCP system is a regulated CP system. Structure potential is resulted from
operated DC Output (DC Voltage/Current) of Transformer Rectifier Panel.
Steel Structure -0.500 ~ -0.700
Natural Potential (commonly)
ICCP Applied 
Protection Potential more positive than -0.850 ~ -1.200 more negative than
Volt vs Cu/CuSO4 -0.850 -1.200
Steel Structure Under Protected Protected Over Protected
Protection Condition
TR Panel Adjustment Increase DC None Decrease DC
voltage/DC Current voltage/DC Current

 TR Panel in MANUAL mode, adjustment of DC Voltage/DC Current is carried

out manually by Operator to maintain the pipe potential level.
 TR Panel in AUTO mode, adjustment of DC Voltage/DC Current is carried
out automatically by TR Panel, as per pre-set structure potential level.
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 Operator have to perform regular checking and adjustment (only if required),

in order to maintain the ICCP system working properly and resulting proper
pipe protection potential level. The operator shall perform below checking
and adjustment:
 Brief Checking (Weekly / Max. Monthly) :
(1) TR Panel : Read and record all operating condition (AC Input, DC
Output Voltage, DC Output Current, Structure Potential).
 Complete Checking (Three Monthly / Max. Six Monthly):
(1) TR Panel: Read and record all operating condition (AC Input, DC
Output Voltage, DC Output Current, and Structure Potential).
(2) Test Point : read and record pipe potential level at all Test
Point by using portable multimeter (set at DC Voltage) and portable
Cu/CuSO4 (Soil) or Ag/AgCl (Sea Water) reference electrode.

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4.1.2. Cathodic Protection Acceptance Criteria

ICCP On Potential ICCP Instant Off Potential
Environment Reference Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Electrode (Positive Limit) (Negative Limit) (Positive Limit) (Negative Limit)
Soil / Water Cu/CuSO4 -0.85 V -1.50 V -0.85 V -1.20 V
Sea Water Ag/AgCl -0.80 V -1.45 V -0.80 V -1.10 V
Sea Water Zn +0.25 V -0.40 V +0.25 V -0.05 V

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4.1.3. Maintenance Procedure of ICCP System (Suggested Yearly)

1. Transformer Rectifier (TR) Panel
 Turn-Off AC power from Distribution Panel to TR and Breaker at TR Panel.
 Check all bolt/terminal connection, especially at AC Input and DC Output,
Reference Cell and Alarm (if used), make sure all are kept tight and no
indication of burn/hot.
 Check visually all parts are OK and not become excessive hot, no burn
marks, and no loose connection.
 Open and check condition and continuity of DC Output fuse, and all Control
fuses. Make sure that all fuses are OK and not become excessive hot.
 Check all connection to Panel Meters are kept tight.
 Turn On TR Panels and operate at previous operating condition.
 Check all pilot lamps all still working properly.
 By using portable Multimeter measure the AC input voltage, make
sure it has normal AC input (e.g. 400VAC ±10%, 3Ø, 50 Hz ±5%).
 Compare the reading of Panel Meter by using portable DMM. Measure the
DC voltage between Negative and Positive terminals, make sure the
reading is as per indicated by Panel Meter. Measure DC current by using dc
clampmeter at all cable lines. Measure Pipe potential at Reference Cell

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Terminal, make sure the reading as per indicated by Meter. Make sure the
all measurement result is as per indicated by Panel Meter. If there is any
large different, it could be any problem on the Panel meter. Replace
module/parts.

2. ICCP Anode & Permanent Reference Electrode

 Any chance for accessing into internal structure (Condenser Water Box,
Heat Exchanger, Strainer, CW Header and CW Pipe inner surface) visual
checking (e.g. overhaul), also can be used to visually check the actual
condition of anode and permanent reference electrode, and replacement if
necessary.
 Anode and Permanent Reference Electrode with its cable for Intake Screen
and pump can be checked visually any time, just by pulling from its
handhole. Therefore replacement also can be carried out at any chance.

3. ICCP Deep Well / Shallow Groundbed

 Watering if any indication of drying / increase circuit resistance

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4. Buried Permanent Cu/CuSO4 Reference Cell

 Watering if any indication of drying / deviation potential reading compare to
portable Cu/CuSO4 Ref. Cell.
5. Positive/Negative Junction Box and Test Station Box
 Make sure all Box are still exist, no physical damage, and can be opened for
regular checking.
 Repair as necessity. Clean or change cable lug or Bolt terminal if any rust
on it. Re-tighten all connection, if necessary.

4.1.4. Trouble Shooting Checking

(1) If found that some reading at TR Panel and Test Station Box indicate
decrease of structure potential level, then adjust operating condition of TR
Panel until all structure potential reading fulfill the CP criteria.
(2) If there is any significant change therefore some structure portion cannot
fulfill the protection criteria, no matter that maximum adjustment have been
done at TR panel, it could be any “problem” from ICCP System (e.g. anode /
permanent reference faulty, broken cable or cable connection (inside or

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outside box), or others. Trouble shooting checking shall be performed to find

out any problem at CP system.
(3) Trouble Shooting – check all equipment function and condition
 TR Panel
 ICCP Anode
 Permanent Reference Electrode
 Positive/Negative/Measurement/Reference Cables
 Junction Box
 Insulating Flange, etc.

(4) Possible Problems

 AC Input Power was ceased / off
 Any CP Equipment Failure / Damage
 Line cable (Positive/Negative/Measurement/Reference) was
accidentally cut / broken
 Electrically Short at Insulating Flange or others
 Any modification works on the protected structure

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4.1.5. Recommended O/M Schedule

(1) Brief checking (TR Panel only) is recommended to be performed in weekly
(maximum monthly).
(2) Complete checking (TR Panel, Distribution Box, etc) is recommended to be
performed each three month (maximum each six month).
(3) Maintenance of overall CP equipments is recommended to be performed
yearly or any chance to check visually (e.g. Unit Overhaul).
(4) Trouble shooting checking should be done immediately after finding of
abnormal reading which are cannot be covered by adjustment at TR Panels.

4.1.6. Common Problem for Maintenance of ICCP System

(1) No (or late) periodical check and maintenance by User
(2) Any excavation works which cause damage on ICCP equipment (ICCP
anode, ICCP cable or cable to pipe connection). In such case, any
excavation works near to position of CP equipment shall be monitored.
(3) Any maintenance work or new installation on the protected pipe but disobey
to install isolation between the protected pipe and unprotected section.

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4.2. SACP System for U/G Pipe

4.2.1. Operation Procedure SACP U/G Pipe System
 Sacrificial anode cathodic protection system is a self-working CP system.
 The protected pipe potential level is not adjustable (unless if Test Station Box
using variable resistor), and will be depend on the early design calculation,
sacrificial anode material and actual structure coating condition.
 As long as the sacrificial anode (depend on design and anode material
condition) is still capable to supplied the required current by the structure
(depend on design and coating condition), then the resulted protection
potential level will be sufficient.
 Need to perform Regular Checking at Test Station Box (recommended at
least Three Monthly):
(1) Measurement of Anode and Pipe Natural Potential
(2) Measurement of Pipe Protected Potential
(3) Measurement of Anode Current Output
(4) Checking of Monolithic Insulating Joint/Insulating Flange (Only if needed
for Trouble Shooting)

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4.2.2. Acceptance Criteria

 Pipe protected potential (at condition of SACP System ON) shall reach or
more negative than of -0.85 Volts vs Cu/CuSO4 Reference Electrode, as
indication fulfill the Cathodic Protection Criteria.
 The above minimum potential shall be achieved at all protected pipe section
(all Test Station Box, any pipe riser, Insulating Flange or similar).
 Others measurement/readings:
(1) Pipe natural potential have no any acceptance criteria, commonly is could
be vary between -0.5 to -0.7 Volts depend on soil and pipe surface
condition.
(2) Sacrificial Anode (Magnesium) natural potential is appr.-1.4 ~ -1.8 Volt vs
Cu/CuSO4.
(3) Sacrificial Anode current output has no acceptance criteria. The reading
could be very small due to actual current requirement is small (good
coating application and less corrosive soil).

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(4) Effectiveness of Isolation Flange / Insulating Joint is indicated by different

potential value between U/G and A/G sides, practically it should be more
than 100 mV (ISO Standard 15589-1 A.3.2.). Some practical reference
take higher figure 150 mV with the underground side have more negative
reading value. Alternatively check the installation is by measuring the
resistance between each bolt and flange, minimum resistance value 10
kilo-ohm shall be read as indication that no short condition (through
broken insulating sleeve/insulating washer).

4.2.3. Trouble Shooting - Finding “Short” Problem

 Trouble shooting is need to be performed if sufficient protection level (pipe
potential) cannot be achieved.
 Trouble Shooting – check all equipment function and condition
 SACP Anode and cable
 Cable to Pipe Connection
 Test Station Box
 Insulating Flange
 Insulation to others (Casing, Support, etc)
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 Possible Problems
(1) Depleted or faulty Sacrificial Anode
(2) Broken Cable / Cable to Pipe Connection
(3) Damage Test Station Box
(4) Electrically Short at Insulating Flange, Casing, support or others

4.2.4. Schedule
(1) Checking of SACP System for U/G Piping/Pipeline is recommended to be
performed each three month (maximum each six month).
(2) Trouble shooting checking should be done immediately after finding of
abnormal reading.

4.2.5. Maintenance Procedure SACP System for U/G Pipe

 Naturally, with time, anode current output will be gradually increase, to cover
the increase of needed pipe’s protection current due to decrease of pipe’s
coating condition / performance. But due to continuously consumed, anode
dimension will be smaller and therefore anode/soil resistance become

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increase and anode current output can be resulted become smaller. It will
cause the resulted pipe protection level also gradually decrease.
 So, if any section which the pipes are considered have not sufficiently
protected and also indicated by low anode natural potential, indicate of
depleted / consumed anode material. In such case, new magnesium anode
shall be installed. Excavation shall be done (preferred at existing anode
position or Test Station Box), therefore no new cable to pipe connection is
required. Anode cable can be connected to existing anode cable or
terminated at Test Station Box.
 Quantity of new installed anode shall be calculated based on historical anode
current output record. If actual current requirement is quite high (indication of
highly corrosive soil condition and worst pipe coating condition), higher
anode quantity shall be installed.

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4.3. SACP System for Internal Tank

4.3.1. Operation Procedure of SACP for Internal Tank
 Sacrificial anode cathodic protection system is a self working (self operating)
CP system. The protected structure potential level is not adjustable, and will be
depend on the early design, actual sacrificial anode material/performance,
actual structure coating condition and actual electrolyte characterictic. As long
as sacrificial anode can supply current as required by the structure, then the
resulted protection potential level can be expected as sufficient.
 No regulation or adjustment can be done, the only work needed is regular
checking of the SACP system. It can be done by potential measurement and or
visual inspection.

Potential Measurement
 Potential measurement only can be done if any pre-installed Permanent
Reference Electrode inside the protected Tank/Vessel.
 Oherwise, potential measurement only can be done when the Tank/Vessel is
containing “only” water, no pressure and no flowing condition, and any access

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to entering portable Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode into the water inside

Tank/Vessel. Measurement is done by using portable DC Voltmeter + portable
Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode.

Potential Measurement (Left = Unprotected & Right = Protected)

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Criteria for SACP system

 A negative potential minimum -0.80 V must be measured between the structure
steel surface and a Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode
 The protected structure potential shall also be not more negative than -1.10 V
vs Ag/AgCl to avoid any overprotection which can cause coating disbondment.
 Negative potential limit is actually not needed for SACP Internal Water Storage
Tank, due to it will be automatically limited by aluminium anode potential
(maximum -1.10 V vs Ag/AgCl).
 Measurement result shall be compared to all previous measurement record, for
enable to analyse the condition of SACP system qualitatively (protection level
and existence of sacrificial (aluminium) anode.

Sacrificial Anode Visual Check

 Visual check of sacrificial anode only can be done when the Tank/Vessel is
overhauled and empty. In such condition, Technician can enter inside the
Tank/Vessel, visually check the anode condition, measure the remaining
dimension, re-check anode – tank continuity (if needed) and take photograph
for further analyze.

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 By checking the anode dimension, it can be estimated how much the anode
have been consumed, and then whether it have been depleted and need to be
replaced with new anode, or it still can be used until next overhauled schedule.
Comparison with previous Check Record also can be used for prediction, how
fast the anode actually will be consumed.
 Checking of anode visually also needed to make sure the anode surface are
kept active and therefore sacrificial anode are working/functioning. Usually it is
indicated by any soft “chalk” layers at anode surface (Aluminium Oxide and
Aluminium Hydroxide), and when this anode corrosion product is removed, the
anode surface will be seen as consumed uniformly. Another case, it also
possible that anode cannot function due to its surface is covered by oil or any
paint pigment. These anode surface will need to be cleaned or grinded to
reveal the aluminium metal surface.
 It is possible that consumption level of each anodes in one Tank/Vessel are not
same. Therefore, complete check is needed, either for anodes at Tank Bottom
level and anodes at Tank Wall.
 Anode – Tank continuity check also need to be done, at least by sampling. If
any anode’s bolt is loose, re-tighten it, and perform “spot welding” if
allowed/possible.

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Maintenance Procedure SACP Internal Tank

 Maintenance of Sacrificial Anode for Internal Tank/Vessel can be conducted
during overhaul period. Based on previous visual check, some works below
shall be done:
(1) Replacement of depleted anode with new anode.
(2) Cleaning/grinding of anode surface which is covered by oil / another non-
conductive substrate (e.g. pigment of paint)
(3) Retighten anode – bolting to its clip/support. Add spot welding if needed
and possible.
 Together with anode replacement, it is recommended to also check the internal
Tank / Vessel coating condition. Any Tank / Vessel coating damage /
disbonding / bubble, etc, shall be repaired.

--- Thank You ---

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