CENTER FOR INVENTION, INNOVATION, INCUBATION & TRAINING

(CIIIT) (Government Polytechnic College Baramulla)

About Tata Technologies

Tata Technologies makes product development dreams a reality by designing,
engineering, and validating the products of tomorrow for theworld's leading
manufacturers. With more than 9400 professionals serving clients worldwide,
Tata Technologies is the manufacturing industry's premier partner for
advanced engineering, research and development, product lifecycle
management consultancy and software ,and connected enterprise IT solutions.
Tata Technologies’ 17 global delivery centers spread across India, US, UK,
Sweden, Romania, Singapore, China, Japan and Thailand help cater the
Automotive, Aerospace and Industrial Heavy Machinery industries

Center for Invention, Innovation, Incubation and Training Vision “To excel in
technical education having focus on innovative design, entrepreneurship
development, enhancing employability rate and developing environment
friendly society.”
Mission
• To educate and train students for practicing professionalism, ethical
approach, leadership and entrepreneurship ability.
• To nurture conducive environment for learning. • To develop proficient
technocrats catering to the needs of industry, society and environment.
• To enhance rapport with distinguished institutes, industries and alumni for
excellence in education, research, and consultancy. Objectives of CIIIT
• Promote Invention, Innovation and Incubation under the mentorship of
industry experts.
• Strengthen Government Polytechnic College Baramulla’s Vision & Mission of
innovation entrepreneurship and skill developmentincluding all the nearby
colleges.
• Enable Industry- Academia partnerships.
• To leverage advanced competency centers and expertise of Industry subject
matter experts (SMEs) for training the students, industry professionals and
unemployed youth with industry relevant skills and competencies in industry
environment.
• Enables competency development in modern engineering tools necessary
for product design, development and manufacturing and provide students to
gain insights of Industry 4.0 and other disruptive technologies.
 CNC MACHINING
Numerical control (also computer numerical control, and commonly called CNC)[1] is the automated
control of machining tools (such as drills, lathes, mills, grinders, routers and 3D printers) by means of a
computer. A CNC machine processes a piece of material (metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or composite) to
meet specifications by following coded programmed instructions and without a manual operator directly
controlling the machining operation.

A CNC machine is a motorized maneuverable tool and often a motorized maneuverable platform, which
are both controlled by a computer, according to specific input instructions. Instructions are delivered to a
CNC machine in the form of a sequential program of machine control instructions such as G-code and M-
code, and then executed. The program can be written by a person or, far more often, generated by
graphical computer-aided design (CAD) or computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. In the case of
3D printers, the part to be printed is "sliced" before the instructions (or the program) are generated. 3D
printers also use G-Code.[2]

CNC offers greatly increased productivity over non-computerized machining for repetitive production,
where the machine must be manually controlled (e.g. using devices such as hand wheels or levers) or
mechanically controlled by pre-fabricated pattern guides (see pantograph mill). However, these
advantages come at significant cost in terms of both capital expenditure and job setup time. For some
prototyping and small batch jobs, a good machine operator can have parts finished to a high standard
whilst a CNC workflow is still in setup.

In modern CNC systems, the design of a mechanical part and its manufacturing program are highly
automated. The part's mechanical dimensions are defined using CAD software and then translated into
manufacturing directives by computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. The resulting directives are
transformed (by "post processor" software) into the specific commands necessary for a particular
machine to produce the component and then are loaded into the CNC machine.

Since any particular component might require the use of several different tools – drills, saws, etc. –
modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single "cell". In other installations, several different
machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the component
from machine to machine. In either case, the series of steps needed to produce any part is highly
automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD drawing.

Description
Motion is controlling multiple axes, normally at least two (X and Y), [3] and a tool spindle that moves in the
Z (depth). The position of the tool is driven by direct-drive stepper motors or servo motors to provide
highly accurate movements, or in older designs, motors through a series of step-down gears. Open-loop
control works as long as the forces are kept small enough and speeds are not too great. On commercial
metalworking machines, closed-loop controls are standard and required to provide the accuracy, speed,
and repeatability demanded.

Parts description
As the controller hardware evolved, the mills themselves also evolved. One change has been to enclose
the entire mechanism in a large box as a safety measure (with safety glass in the doors to permit the
operator to monitor the machine's function), often with additional safety interlocks to ensure the
operator is far enough from the working piece for safe operation. Most new CNC systems built today are
100% electronically controlled.

CNC-like systems are used for any process that can be described as movements and operations. These
include laser cutting, welding, friction stir welding, ultrasonic welding, flame and plasma cutting, bending,
spinning, hole-punching, pinning, gluing, fabric cutting, sewing, tape and fiber placement, routing, picking
and placing, and sawing.

VMC MACHINE
What is a VMC Machine?
Vertical Machining Centers, also known as Vertical Milling Machines, create
holes in flat parts. The VMC technology is favored when three-axis work is
done on a single face, such as in-mold and die works.
Multiple adjustments are available on VMCs. For example, on the
worktable, there are numerous angles of approach and rotating and other
positioning devices. The incorporated computerized controls enable
automation, repeatability, tool selection/change, and contour control.
These new CNC machines raised the productivity of the “milling” machine
to unprecedented heights, giving rise to the term VMC (Vertical Machining
Center).
How many axis are in vmc machines?
Mainly VMC Machines have only three axis that move on x, y and z axises.
On Standard VMCs the cutter stays in vertical directions. To increase the
benefits of VMC additional axis can be added.
Types of VMC Machine
VMC machines are classified based on mainly four categories:
● Classification based on the Guide Rail: Hard Rail & Linear Rail
The VMC machine can be separated into the hard rail and linear rail based
on the shape of each axis’ guide rail. The stiffness of the strong rail makes it
appropriate for heavy cutting. The linear rail is a ball-bearing guide rail that
moves rapidly and with greater sensitivity.
● Classification based on the Spindle Speed: Low Speed & High Speed
The low-speed type VMC machines’ spindle speed is 6000-15000rpm,
whereas the high-speed type’s spindle speed is above 18000rpm. Surface
polish and processing precision will improve high-speed and high-
precision VMC machines.
● Classification based on the Bed Structure: C Type & Gantry Type

The VMC can be classified into two types based on its bed structure: C type
and gantry type.
● Classification based on the Column Structure: Fixed column & fixed
worktable
❖Fixed-column VMC stands for vertical machining center with table
movement. This type of vertical machining center accounts for over 75% of
the market in terms of production and sales.

❖A fixed worktable VMC is also known as a moving-column type VMC. This

type of vertical machining center accounts for around 15% of the vertical
machining center market in production and sales.
Vertical vs Horizontal Lathe Machines
Vertical Lathe Machines are huge ram type machines that are used for
boring, cutting drilling, facing, turning of heavy duty and high power
cutting of medium and large parts.
Horizontal Lathe Machines
Horizontal Lathe Machine: A horizontal lathe is mainly used for turning a
rotating workpiece with a turning tool. Horizontal Lathes are just as similar
as vertical lathes but the difference is it has a horizontal lathe in it. When
using a vertical lathe, the machinist must work in an up-and-down motion.
Both of the lathes are used for creation of similar products.
Applications of VMC Machining
Vertical machining centers may produce parts and products for various
industries and uses. These are typically used for high-precision, high-
accuracy, and mass-production applications, such as those that contain
the following machined components:
Parts with a lot of curves. Complex curves are found in parts such as
cams, impellers, and propellers. While traditional machining processes
make it challenging to produce these parts with precision and accuracy, a
multi-axis VMC equipped with CNC machine technology can do so fast
and efficiently.
Parts that have an unusual shape. A bracket or a base is an example of a
piece with an irregular form. VMCs with automatic machining capabilities
enable the manufacture of these highly complicated components that are
difficult to manufacture by traditional methods.

Parts from the military. Various standards govern how an item can be
developed and manufactured in the military industry. VMCs’ accuracy and
precision ensure that the machined components meet all application and
industry requirements.
What are the uses of VMC machines?
VMC Machines are chiefly used to turn raw blocks of metal like aluminum,
steel and other metal components. The most common industrial
applications of these are cutting, drilling, shaping and molding of any kind.
Industries using these processes are the automotive, shipbuilding,
machine shops, machine manufacturing and other manufacturing
industries.
Conclusion
Also Read: What is a CNC Machine and How Does it Work?
 G CODES AND FUNCTIONS
Code Application
G00 positioning (rapid traverse) (M,T)
G01 linear interpolation (feed) (M,T)
G02 circular Interpolation CW (M,T)
G03 circular Interpolation CCW (M,T)
G04 dwell, a programmed time delay (M,T)
G05 unassigned
G06 parabolic interpretation (M,T)
G07 cylindrical diameter values (T)
G08 programmed acceleration (M,T)
G09 exact stop check (M,T)
G10 - G12 unassigned or lock and unlock devices
G13 computing line and circle intersect (M,T)
G14 - G14.1 used for scaling (M,T)
G15 - G16 polar coordinate programming (M)
G15 - G16.1 cylindrical interpolation - c axis (T)
G16.2 end face milling - c axis (T)
G17 XY plane selection (M,T)
G18 ZX plane selection (M,T)
G19 YZ plane selection (M,T)
G20 input in inch
G21 input in mm
G22 - G23 machine axis off limit area (M,T)
G22.1 - G23.1 cutting tool off limit area (M,T)
G24 single-pass rough facing cycle (T)
G28 return to reference point (M,T)
G29 return from reference point (M,T)
G30 return to alternate home position (M,T)
G31.1 - G31.4 external skip function (M,T)
G33 thread cutting, constant lead (T)
G34 thread cutting, increasing lead (T)
G35 thread cutting, decreasing lead (T)
G36 automatic accel. and deccel. (M,T)
G37 used for tool gaging (M,T)
G38 measure dia. and center of hole (M)
G40 cutter compensation cancel (M)
G41 cutter compensation left (M)
G42 cutter compensation right (M)
G43 cutter offset, inside corner (M,T)
G44 cutter offset, outside corner (M,T)
G45 tool offset decrease
G46 tool offset double increase
G47 tool offset double decrease
G48 scaling off
G49 tool length compensation cancel
G50 tool offset increase
G50.1 cancel mirror image (M,T)
G51.1 program mirror image (M,T)
G52 offset axis w/ respect to 0 point (M,T)
G53 motion in machine coordinates (M,T)
G54 work coordinate system 1 select
G55 work coordinate system 2 select
G56 work coordinate system 3 select
G57 work coordinate system 4 select
G58 work coordinate system 5 select
G59 work coordinate system 6 select
G60 single direction positioning
G61 exact stop check mode (M,T)
G62 reduce feed rate on inside corner (M,T)
G64 cutting mode (M,T)
G65 custom parametric macro (M,T)
G66 custom macro for motion blocks (M,T)
G66.1 custom macro for all blocks (M,T)
G67 stops custom macro (M,T)
G68 coordinate syslaim rotation ON (M)
G69 coordinate syslaim rotation OFF (M)
G70 inch programming (M,T)
G71 metric programming (M,T)
G72 circular interpolation CW (M)
G72 finished cut along z-axis (T)
G73 peck drilling cycle (T)
G74 counter tapping cycle (M)
G74 rough facing cycle (T)
G74 cancel circular interpolation (M,T)
G75 circular interpolation (M,T)
G76 fine boring
G80 canned cycle cancel
G81 drilling cycle, no dwell (M,T)
G82 drilling cycle, dwell (M,T)
G83 deep hole, peck drilling cycle (M,T)
G84 right hand tapping cycle (M,T)
G84.1 left hand tapping cycle (M,T)
G85 boring, no dwell, feed out (M,T)
G86 boring, spindle stop, rapid out (M,T)
G87 boring, manual retraction (M,T)
G88 boring, spindle stop, manual ret. (M,T)
G89 boring, dwell and feed out (M,T)
G90 absolute dimension input (M,T)
G91 incremental dimension input (M,T)
G92 set absolute zero point (M,T)
G93 inverse time feed rate (M,T)
G94 per minute feed (M,T)
G95 per revolution feed (M,T)
G96 constant surface speed control (T)
G97 stop constant surface speed control (T)
G98 return to initial point in canned cycle
G99 return to R point in canned cycle

M CODES
• M00 Program stop
• M01 Optional program stop
• M02 End of program
• M03 Spindle start forward CW
• M04 Spindle start backward CCW
• M05 Spindle stop
• M08 Coolant on
• M09 Coolant off
• M29 Rigid tap mode
• M99 End of program
•