8

Region I

Technical Vocational Education

Technical Drafting
Quarter: 2 Module: 4
Analyze Signs, Symbols and Data

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Technical Vocational Education- Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Week 8 – Module 2: Analyze Signs, Symbols and Data
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of San Carlos City

Division Superintendent:

Development team of the Module

Writer(s): Ruth B. Reynante

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Layout Artist:

Management Team

Chairperson:
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-
Chairperson: Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

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Printed in the Philippines by

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Office Address: Roxas Blvd., San Carlos City, Pangasinan

Telefax: : (075) 632-3293 (OSDS) Trunkline Nos. (075) 633-5691 to 93

E-mail Address: [email protected] ; or [email protected]

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Technical Vocational Education

Technical Drafting
Quarter: 2 Module: 4
Analyze Signs, Symbols and Data

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 Table of Contents

WHAT THIS MODULE IS ALL ABOUT........................................................................I

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW..........................................................................................I
HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE....................................................................II
ICONS OF THIS MODULE........................................................................................II
WHAT I KNOW.......................................................................................................III

LESSON 1. ANALYZE SIGNS, SYMBOLS AND DATA..................................................1

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW..........................................................................................1
WHAT’S IN................................................................................................................................... 1
Activity 1 – The Alphabet of Lines.............................................................................1
WHAT’S NEW................................................................................................................................ 2
Activity 2: Object Visualization.................................................................................2
WHAT IS IT.................................................................................................................................. 3
WHAT’S MORE........................................................................................................................... 13
Activity 3: Orthographic Projection.........................................................................13
Activity 4 – Match the name and the symbol..........................................................16
Activity 5: Types of Symbols and Signs...................................................................17
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED............................................................................................................. 18
Activity 6: Types of Symbols and Signs...................................................................18
Activity 7: Technical Drawing Data........................................................................19
WHAT I CAN DO......................................................................................................................... 20
Activity 8: Orthographic Drawing...........................................................................20
Activity 9- I Create.................................................................................................21
SUMMARY.............................................................................................................22
WHAT I KNOW (POST-TEST)..................................................................................22
TEST I MULTIPLE CHOICE........................................................................................................... 22
ANSWER KEY........................................................................................................23
LESSON 1.................................................................................................................................. 24
REFERENCES........................................................................................................26

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What this Module Is All About

Welcome to this module learners.

In this module, you will be able to read and analyze signs, symbols and
data used in technical drafting.

The ability to read, interpret, and prepare a technical draft is essential

especially if you want to work in design and manufacturing industries.

Enjoy the modules and learn from it.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

 Analyze signs, symbols, and data

 Identify signs and symbols used in technical drawing
 Analyze data indicated in the technical drawing
 Identify necessary materials according to the technical drawing

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How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the

following:

 Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

 Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
 Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I This part contains learning objectives that are set for
Need to you to learn as you go along the module.
Know

What I This is an assessment as to your level of knowledge

know to the subject matter at hand, meant specifically to
gauge prior related to knowledge

What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that of the

current one.

What’s An introduction of the new lesson through various

New activities, before it will be presented to you

What is These are discussions of the activities as a way to

It deepen your discovery and understanding of the
concept

What’s These are follow-up activities that are intended for

More you to practice further in order to master the
competencies

What I Activities designed to process what you have learned

Have from the lesson.
Learned

What I These tasks are designed to display your skills and

can do knowledge gained, and applied into real-life concerns
and situations.

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 What I Know

I. Multiple Choice.

Instructions: Read and answer the questions below. Write the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Traditional drafters need to be able to create several different line widths

because _______.
A. the line width has to do with how dark it appears in the finished
drawing
B. they seem to transmit better in an email.
C. different line widths convey different information
D. it makes no difference

2. Which of these types of sectioning that is limited by a break line?

A. Broken-out section
B. Removed section
C. Half-section
D. Revolved section

3. What type of line that projects from an object for the purpose of location a
dimension?
A. Dimension line
B. Extension line
C. Dashed line
D. Visible line

4. Center lines are used to locate or represent the centers of __________.

A. arcs
B. circles
C. hidden round features
D. all of the above

5. A full-scale technical drawing will have a scale factor of ______________.

A. 1:1
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B. 1:2
C. 2:1
D. 1:4

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6. This is a line terminated by arrowheads, indicating the direction and extent of
a dimension:
A. Dimension line
B. Extension line
C. Arrowhead line
D. Center line

7. Dimension text is generally placed above the ____________ line.

A. Extension
B. Dimension
C. Leader
D. Center

8. These lines represents hidden parts of an object.

A. Solid
B. Dimension
C. Leader
D. Dashed

9. These lines indicates visible objects, edges or outline of objects.

E. Solid
F. Dimension
G. Leader
H. Dashed

10. What refers to the orthographic view of the outside of a building?

A. Sectioning
B. Dimension
C. Scaling
D. Elevations

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 Lesson 1. Analyze signs, symbols and data

Lesson Analyze signs, symbols and

1 data

What I Need to Know

For this lesson, you will be able to identify signs and symbols used in
technical drawing. You should also be able to analyze data indicated in the
technical drawing. This lesson also discusses the elevation and the three-view
drawings, scaling, dimensioning and scheduling.

What’s In
Activity 1 – The Alphabet of Lines
Lines play a great part in technical drawing.Do you
know your lines? In the puzzle below, find 10 words that are
associated
with
technical
drawing.
Encircle the
word.

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What’s New

Activity 2: Object Visualization

You once might have come across a concrete block or a hollow block.
Visualize the block. On the space provided here, draw your visualization of a
hollow block base on three views.

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

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 What Is It 2

Technical drafting intends to communicate design intentions in a precise and

clear manner. Graphic symbols and written forms are the best way to represent the
design intention. Below are the typical drafting standards and symbols.

Photo Credit: https://wheelerdrafting.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/3/8/57388109/alphabet_of_lines.pdf

Alphabet of Lines

Alphabet of lines are set of conventional line symbols, which have different weights,
thickness, forms and uses. Each drawing comprises of different lines. These lines
represent either a surface, a hidden surface, or a center of a hole. To make the lines
easier to read, each line are drawn with different line weights.

Solid Line

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Solid lines indicates visible objects, edges or outline of the object that can be seen
in the plan. It is also known as the Object Line or Visible Line.

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Dashed Line

Hidden objects or edges are drawn with short dashed lines. These lines are used
to show hidden objects, hidden parts of an object or objects below or behind another
object.Only the most important hidden parts are shown.

Movement, Ghost or Phantom Line

These lines are for showing movement or imply direction. It is drawn by two short
dashes and a long dash and show an alternate position of an object that can be
moved

Leader Line

Leader lines are lines used to connect references to objects or lines in a drawing.
These lines may be drawn at an angle or curved and starts as a solid line and ends in
an arrow.

Break Line

Use break lines when you only need to draw a portion of a design or partial view.
Use it also when the extents of drawing cannot fit on the size of the paper used.
There are two types of break lines: the long break lines, which are drawn thin with
freehand zigzags; and short break lines, which are drawn thick and with wavy lines .

Center Line

Center lines are for indicating the center of an object, a plan or an arc. It uses a
series of very long and short dashes.

Section Line

Section lines are for showing a cutaway view of a floor plan. It indicates the
surface in the section view imagined to have been cut.

Dimension Line

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Dimension lines are for showing the measurement of an object. It is for
dimensioning and notes. Usually drawn with arrowheads on each end.
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Extension Line

Extension lines are for extending dimensions from related objects. Often drawn as
thin lines and extend about three mm beyond the dimension line.

Other Symbols

Symbol Name Description

Ø Diameter Place before dimension value of diameter

R Radius Place before dimension value of radius

SØ Spherical Place before dimension value of diameter of sphere

Diameter

SR Spherical Radius Place before dimension value of radius of sphere

Square Place before dimension value of square

t Thickness of Place before dimension value of thickness of board

board

C 45 degree Place before dimension value of 45 degrees chamfers.

chamfers

Technical drawings convey information about the construction of objects or

buildings to the builder. To read and understand technical drawing and plans, one must
understand elevation, the scale used on the plan, dimensions, detail and section views,
and the schedules and specifications.

Elevations

Elevations are orthographic views of the outside of the building. It shows the
front, side exterior and rear views of the building and is noted as North, South, East, or
West. Orthographic drawings are made up of elevations, floor plans, section views and
detail drawings. Ortho means “straight line” and gives graphical representation on a two
dimensional plane.
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Elevations include references to many specifications for framing and exterior
finishes. Roof slopes, ceiling heights, finished floor heights, and roofing and siding
materials are identified on elevation sheets.
 Site plans contain elevation called benchmark that represents a starting elevation
that may be an actual elevation above sea level. The elevations are used as starting
points to calculate foundations and finished floor heights

Photo Credit: https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/1/3/2/0132740648.pdf

Scale
Scaling allows production of a drawing to any size desired. It is used to measure
or layout line distances accurately either in full size, larger size or smaller size. There are
three commonly used scale: the full scale, reduction scale and enlargement scale.

Full Scale

The full scale has a ratio of 1:1, which means that 1mm on the drawing
represents 1mm of the actual object. The views on the drawing paper are the
same size as those of the actual object.

Reduction Scale

Reduced Scale (Scaled-down) has a ratio of 1:2, which means that 1mm on
the drawing represent 2mm on the actual object. The views of the actual object
are twice the size of the views on the drawing paper.

Enlargement Scale

Enlarged Scale (Scaled-up) has a ratio of 2:1, which means that 2mm on
the drawing represent 1 mm on the actual object. The views on the drawing paper
are twice the size of those of the actual object.

Kind of Scales Endorsed Scale

Enlargement Scale 50:1i , 20:1 , 10:1 , 5:1 , 2:1

Full Scale 1:1

Reduction Scale 1:2 , 1:5 , 1:10 , 1:20 , 1:50 ,

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Dimension

Dimension is the placing of sizes and related information on a drawing.

Dimensioning provides a clear and complete description of an object. Dimensioning
should follow these guidelines.
1. Accurate. Give the correct values when dimensioning.
2. Clear. Place dimensions in appropriate positions
3. Complete. Do not left anything out and do not duplicate anything.

4. Readable. Use appropriate line quality for legibility .

Image source:
https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/
env_health_science_students/engineeringdrawing.pdf

Steps in Dimensioning
There are two basic steps in dimensioning objects:
Step 1: Apply the size dimensions, which refers to the overall sizes of the object
and the various features that make up the object.
Step 2. Apply location dimensions, which locates various feature of an object from
some specified datum or surface.

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 Image source:
https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/
env_health_science_students/engineeringdrawing.pdf

Note: Place Dimensions on the face that describes the feature more clearly.

Detail and Section

The detail and section views provide very specific information about a particular
construction or design feature. These provides enlarged drawings to show specific
details. Sectional views provide detailed technical drawing of slices or sections or parts of
a building. The scale is normally 1:20.
The section shows the materials to be used such as the block, hardwood,
concrete, and damp-proof membranes. It will also show the construction details (or how
the various materials fit together), the wall construction, the dimensions, the floor and
ground levels inside and outside, the design of the eaves, the type, thickness and
position of insulating materials and the scale of the drawing.
There are different types of Sectional Views: the Full Section, the Half Section, the
Broken-out, the Remove Section, the Revolved Section, and Offset Section and Assembly
Section

Full Section
Full section can be obtained when cutting-plane line extends entirely
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through the object in a straight line.

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 Image source:
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/blueprint/chapter/unit-7-sectional-views/

Half Section
Half Sections can be obtained by making the cutting plane pass halfway
through and object and removing one-quarter of the object. A half section view
only has one fourth of the object removed.

Image source:
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/blueprint/chapter/unit-7-sectional-views/

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Broken Out Sessions
Only a small part of a view needs to be sectioned in order to show some
internal detail. The broken out section is removed by a freehand break line; no
need for cutting plane line.

Image source:
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/blueprint/chapter/unit-7-sectional-views/

Revolved Sections
Revolved sections shows the shape of an object by rotating a section 90
degrees to face the viewer.

Image source:
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/blueprint/chapter/unit-7-sectional-views/

Removed Sections
Revolved sections is a removed section from its normal projected position.
It is labeled as Section A-A, etc., corresponding to the letter designation at the
ends of the cutting plane line. Removed sections are often drawn to a different
scale.

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 Image source:
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/blueprint/chapter/unit-7-sectional-views/

Offset Sections
Offset sections make it possible for several features of an object that are
not in a straight line to be included in a single section. The cutting plane line is bent
or “offset” to pass through the features of the part.

Image source:
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/blueprint/chapter/unit-7-sectional-views/

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Schedules and Specifications

A schedule refers to a tabular form with rows and columns of data to effectively
organize information. It must be clear and easy to read. Information on the schedule
sheet provides specifications, model numbers, material type, size, rough opening,
manufacturer and notation of the product’s efficiency. Common type of schedules
include door schedule and window schedule

Door Schedule
Door schedule consists of two parts: the tabular form and the
graphic representation of each type of door.

Window Schedule

Image source:
https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/1/3/2/0132740648.pdf

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What’s More

Activity 3: Orthographic Projection

As discussed above, elevation is the orthographic projection; a representation of
separate vies of an object on a two-dimensional surface. It reveals the width, depth and
height of an object. There are two ways in drawing orthographic: the First Angle and the
Third Angle. In this activity, you will be creating a First Angle orthographic projection .

Let us create an orthographic

projection of this L shaped image

Step 1. Prepare tools and materials: Pencil, ruler (or 45 degree set square), paper
(squared paper or graphic paper for ease in scaling.
Step 2. Create the front view. Visualize how the image would look like if we look at it at
its front. Since its Shape L, we can draw the front view like this:
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Step 3. From the front view, create the side view. Using a ruler, extend your lines like
this:

Step 4. From the front view, create the plan view. Using a ruler, extend your lines like
this:

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Step 5. From the side view, extend your lines to add width to our plan view like this:

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How well did you make your orthographic projection? Attach your work here:

Activity 4 – Match the name and the symbol

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On the left side of the table is the symbol. You are going to write the
name of the symbol on the right side of the table.

Symbol Name

SR
1. Answer: _________

C
2. Answer:__________

Ø
3. Answer: _________

4. Answer: _________

R
5. Answer: _________

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Activity 5: Types of Symbols and Signs

The figure below is an example of a technical drafting. Your task is to identify

and give label to the symbols used in the draft. Write your label at the box provided.

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 Photo Credit: http://www.bspublications.net/downloads/0541fd09e05eae_Engineering
%20Graphics_Hindoliya-ch-1.pdf

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What I Have Learned

Activity 6: Types of Symbols and Signs

The figure below is an example of a technical drafting. Your task is to identify

what symbols and signs used. Place your answers on the table after the figure.

Photo Credit:
https://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/1000/10/_712d0fd0_14ff2cdf4b8__8000_00004423.jpg

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Number Name of Symbol/Name of Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

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Activity 7: Technical Drawing Data

In this activity, you are going to give the dimensions of the following objects.

For this square object, add the

width dimension of 40

For this rectangular object, add

the width dimension of 60 and
height dimension of 30.

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appropriate dimension.
Provide for your own values.
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What I Can Do

Activity 8: Orthographic Drawing

In this activity, you will draw the orthographic projection of the following object.
Provide the dimensions as well.

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 Image source: http://www.technologystudent.com/pdfs/firsto1.pdf

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Activity 9- I Create
In this activity, you are going to create your first technical drawing that
shows the different symbols. You may create a table, a trashcan, or any simple
material that you can see every day.

Rating Criteria
 Use of Symbols - 70%

Creativity - 30%

Total 100%

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Summary
Technical drawing is a plan to communicate direction to create or
build something. Lines play a great part in technical drawing. Each line
widths convey different information. Elevation, scale, dimension, detail and
section views, and schedules and specifications also play an important role
to make the meaning of the drawing clear and precise.

Assessment

Test I Multiple Choice

Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. This section view has one fourth of the object removed
A. Broken-out section
B. Removed section
C. Half-section
D. Revolved section

2. What is the name of this symbol: R?

A. Radius
B. Removed section
C. Spherical Radius
D. Revolved section

3. These refers to the orthographic views of the outside of the building

A. Dimensions
B. Sections
C. Lines
D. Detail i

4. Center lines are used to locate or represent the centers of __________.

A. arcs
B. circles
 C. hidden round features
D. all of the above

5. A full-scale technical drawing will have a scale factor of

______________.
A. 1:1
B. 1:2
C. 2:1
D. 1:4

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Key to Answers

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Lesson 1.

Activity 1 Possible Answers

Activity 2

Activity 4

Activity 5
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References 25

Bureau of Indian Standards. (1988) Engineering Drawing Practice for Schools and Colleges.
Bureau of Indian Standards, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110 002. Retrieved
June 1, 2020 from http://home.iitk.ac.in/~anupams/ME251/EDP.pdf

Department of Education. TLE – ICT – Technical Drafting NCII (Curriculum Guide)

Department of Education. Mechanical Drafting Exploratory Course Grade 7 and * (Learner’s

Module)

Lee, Y. S., Guerin, D.A. (2005). Interior Design Student Handbook Part 2 Basic Drafting
Standards and Symbols. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from
https://hosting.iar.unicamp.br/lab/luz/ld/Arquitetural/livros/interior%20design
%20student%20handbook.pdf

Phee, A. (2015). Construction Drawings Symbols and Conventions Retrieved May 19, 2019 from
https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/public/ghstechnical/uploads/sites/
29581/2016/05/Construction-Drawings-Symbols-and-Conventions.pdf

Taffesse, W., Kassa, L. (2005). Lecture Notes for Environmental Health Science Students
Engineering Drawing. Retrieved May 19, 2020, from
https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/
env_health_science_students/engineeringdrawing.pdf

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Sample_Floorplan.jpg

https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/1/3/2/0132740648.pdf

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For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Department of Education – Division of San Carlos City

Office Address: Roxas Blvd., San Carlos City, Pangasinan
Telefax: (075) 632-3293 (OSDS) Trunkline Nos. (075) 633-5691 to 93
E-mail Address: [email protected] ; or
[email protected]

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