(SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)

SCIENCE
 It comes from Latin word “scientia”, meaning ‘knowledge’ .
 Is a systematized body of knowledge based on facts, gathered through observation and experimentation formulated by theories
and laws.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Conclusion
6. Result

TECHNOLOGY
 Comes from the Greek words “tekhne” meaning “art or craft” and “-logia”, meaning a “subject or interest.”
 The term has come to mean “practical applications of what we know about nature” using scientific principles for the betterment
of the human situation.

ANCIENT ERA

People in the Ancient Era were concerned with…

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
 it is located in southern most tip of ancient mesopotamia
 Known for their high degree of coopetation with one another and their desire for great things.

CUNEIFORM
 Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing known. It means “wedge-shaped,” because people wrote it
using a reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped mark on a clay tablet. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes,
as well as works of literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh have been found.
 The first writing system developed by the Sumerian.
 Word pictures and triangular symbols.

URUK CITY
 It is considered to be the first city in the world.

GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR
 Neo-Sumerian ziggurat.
 Built during the Early Bronze Age.
 Served as the sacred place of their chief god
 The Great Ziggurat was built as a place of worship, dedicated to the moon god Nanna in the Sumerian city
of Ur in ancient Mesopotamia.
 king Ur-Nammu build the great ziggurat of ur
IRRIGATION & DIKES
 The Sumerians were the first ones to establish irrigation on a large scale. They made canals, dikes, and
ditches to ensure that their crops have enough water. When the flood season of the rivers is over, the
farmers drain excess water through canals
 The farmers in Sumer created levees to hold back the floods from their fields and cut canals to channel
river water to the fields. The use of levees and canals is called irrigation, another Sumerian invention.
 One of the worlds most beneficial engineering works.

SAILBOATS
 Ushering in the Age of Sail, which transformed early trade and transport, the ancient Mesopotamian
Ubaid culture (modern-day Iraq) was the first to use sailboats, as a means of crossing the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers around which the culture was based
 The Sumerian sailboat was constructed from light materials which not only enabled it to float but allowed
the boats to easily be ferried from land to sea and back again. As the Sumerian sailboats became
increasingly used for battle or tactical maneuvering, the design of the boat evolved.

WHEEL
 The wheel was invented in the 4th millennium BC in Lower Mesopotamia(modern-day Iraq), where the
Sumerian people inserted rotating axles into solid discs of wood. It was only in 2000 BC that the discs
began to be hollowed out to make a lighter wheel. This innovation led to major advances in two main
areas.

PLOW
 Able to dig the ground where seas would be planted
 It is estimated that the ancient Sumerians invented the plow between 3100 and 1500 B.C. The plow was
designed to utilize domestic animals as a means of easing the workload on farmers. Oxen were harnessed
to a wooden plow and pulled it through the fields to loosen the soil for easier planting of crops.
 They called this the seeder plow. As the plow moved forward, seeds dropped from the funnel into the soil.
This made planting crops much easier. These advances helped the Sumerians produce a large surplus of
food.

ROADS
 To facilitate faster and faster travel

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
 The Babylonians used the innovations of the Sumerians, added to them, and built an empire that gave the
world, among other things, codified laws, a tower that soared above the earth, and one of the Seven
Wonders of the World. Geographically, the empire of Babylonia occupied the middle and southern part of
Mesopotamia.
 The Babylonians, formerly known as the Amorites

HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 the civilization of ancient Egypt began in the Nile River valley of northeastern Africa. Ancient Egypt
was one of the world's first civilizations. It is also one of the most famous civilizations in history.The ancient
Egyptians built huge pyramids, temples, palaces, and tombs.
 The ancient Egyptian civilization, famous for its pyramids, pharaohs, mummies, and tombs, flourished for
thousands of years.
PAPYRUS
 Clay tablets were very fragile , heavy and delicate to handle
 The word papyrus refers both to the writing support invented by the ancient Egyptians

Three advantages of using papyrus

HEIROGLYPHICS
 A system of writing using symbols by the egyptian civilization
 The word hieroglyph literally means "sacred carvings". The Egyptians first used hieroglyphs exclusively
for inscriptions carved or painted on temple walls. This form of pictorial writing was also used on tombs,
sheets of papyrus, wooden boards covered with a stucco wash, potsherds and fragments of limestone.
 Egyptian hieroglyphs were used for record-keeping, but also for monumental display dedicated to royalty
and deities.

WIGS
 wigs served a dual purpose: they signaled high rank in Egypt's strict social hierarchy and helped protect
shaven scalps (a sign of nobility) from the sun. Wigs also helped maintain hygiene levels by reducing the
incidence of head lice.

COSMETICS
 In ancient Egypt, makeup was important both for appearance as well as for protection. Both men and
women used to use various cosmetics and rubbed them all across their skins to protect it from the drastic
atmospheric conditions and strong sun.
 Cosmetics were not only used to enhance personal appearance but also for one's health. The ingredients
used in these ointments, oils, and creams helped to soften one's skin, protect from sunburn, protect the
eyes, and improve one's self-esteem

GREEK CIVILIZATION
 The Greeks made important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.
Literature and theatre was an important aspect of Greek culture and influenced modern drama. The
Greeks were known for their sophisticated sculpture and architecture.

ALARM CLOCK
 Invented to tell an individual when to stop or when to start , they made use of water that drop into drums
which sound it alarm
 The water alarm clock was invented in 427 B.C. by Plato a Greek philosopher. In the past times people used
to wake up by the sunrise, but what happened when they wanted to wake up before sunrise or after? That
is why the water alarm clock was invented.

WATER MILL
 Use in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was necessary formed of food processing.
 Watermills were an important piece of mechanical equipment first built in the ancient Greek hilly areas
around the 3rd century B.C. It helped in the process of milling and graining whole grains in a larger-scale
supply model, replacing the human force to accomplish such a task.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION
 Strongest political and social entity in the west

NEWSPAPER
 Known as gazzete
 It contains announcement of the roman empire
BOUND BOOKS / CODEX
 Estinguish by handwritten sequential pages bound together and enclose between a case to form a single
fortable of reading material
 The Romans streamlined the medium by creating the codex, a stack of bound pages that is recognized as
the earliest incarnation of the book. The first codices were made of bound wax tablets, but these were
later replaced by animal skin parchment that more clearly resembled pages.
 Ancient historians note that Julius Caesar created an early version of a codex by stacking pages of papyrus
to form a primitive notebook, but bound codices did not become popular in Rome until the first century or
thereabouts. Early Christians became some of the first to adopt the new technology, using it extensively
to produce copies of the Bible.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
 One of the most visual contributions of the ancient roman empire to the world.
 Roman architecture is known for concrete-domed buildings, the innovative use of the arch, the
amphitheatre design, the basilica, the triumphal arch, and residential apartment blocks.

ROMAN NUMERAL
 Roman numerals are the symbols used in a system of numerical notation based on the ancient Roman
system. The symbols are I, V, X, L, C, D, and M, standing respectively for 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000.
 Roman numerals are a number system that was invented by the ancient Romans for the purpose
of counting and performing other day-to-day transactions. Roman numerals use just seven letters, with
the quantity and order of these letters determining the value of the final number.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION
 Considered as the oldest civilization in asia
 Known as the middle kingdom
 The Chinese civilization has made countless contributions to the world, including the invention of
compass, paper, gunpowder, silk, noodle, porcelain, and paper money and other things that are a part of
our lives today. There were also many great works of architecture, such as, the Great Wall.
 The Chinese civilization is one of the world's ancient calcinations, aged almost 5,000 years. Its first written
records date back to IV millennia BC. The Chinese civilization originated in Hwang Ho and Yangtze river
basins

SILK
 The production of silk originates in China in the Neolithic (Yangshao culture, 4th millennium BC). Silk
remained confined to China until the Silk Road opened at some point during the later half of the first
millennium BC. China maintained its virtual monopoly over silk production for another thousand years.
 Silk was a status symbol in ancient China.

TEA PRODUCTION
 The history of tea dates back to ancient China, almost 5,000 years ago. According to legend, in 2732 B.C.
Emperor Shen Nong discovered tea when leaves from a wild tree blew into a pot of boiling water in his
garden. Finding the flavor enjoyable, he is said to have begun researching the plant.

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

GUN POWDER
 gunpowder is called huo yao, meaning flaming medicine. 
 Gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rocketry, and pyrotechnics,
including use as a blasting agent for explosives in quarrying, mining, building pipelines and road building.