PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL MODEL MAKING

FOR THE EDUCATED OBSERVER

BY JP RUTLEDGE

INTRODUCTION

Architectural model making is the process of turning architectural ideas into tangible, three-
dimensional (3-D) models. Models, in architecture, refer to physical, scaled replications of
designs, ideas, or plans for the construction of objects. The genre of model making within
architecture encompasses a wide variety of projects. Projects could be simple replications of
homes, theoretical designs of landscapes, or intricate models of cities. Despite the wide variety
of projects, model making has a similar process for each modeling purpose.

The general purpose of all model making projects is to create a physical replica of a design for
observation. However, who the observer is, as well as the specific necessity of the model,
changes what type of model is created.

There are three types of models. The first type of model is conceptual. Conceptual models are
used to show 3-D versions of shapes, forms, and ideas that form part of the overall building
project. Conceptual models are used to demonstrate whether a form or shape is attainable for the
desired structure that is to be built. Architects build these models as concepts to be observed by
those in the designing process.

The second type of model is working. Working models are made with higher quality, and higher
specificity, than conceptual models. The purpose of a working model is to demonstrate if the
structural design can work in real life, as well as to demonstrate how the design may work.
Architects build these models for those in the design process or for clients.

The final type of model is presentation. Presentation models have the highest level of detail,
illustrating the finished structure as it would be in real life. Presentation models often include lots
of context (such as lighting, surroundings, and landscapes) that bring the model to life.
Presentation models are mainly observed by clients or investors.

The history of model making goes back thousands of years. The earliest model, found in what is
now Bulgaria, dates to about 4600 BCE. However, these early clay models of ancient homes
were not used for the same purposes as modern models. Rather, these first models were buried
with the deceased as a funerary item. The first architectural model dates to around 200 BCE
during the Han Dynasty of China. These models came around the same time bricks began to be
used for building. During the Renaissance, designers would sometimes build scale models of
structures to illustrate how a building was to be constructed. One such designer, Filippo
Brunelleschi, left his model of the Florence Cathedral incomplete, ensuring his complete control
over the project. However, even this model lacked the modern details of twentieth and twenty-
first century models.

During the twentieth century, architectural model making began to mix with artistry. Some
models were created to be abstract, unbuildable ideas. Others were made with a wide range of

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materials, giving the model a more realistic look than models of the past. In the age of
technology, computers and 3-D printing have allowed for a more precise, efficient model making
process. However, model making by hand still allows architects to create models that are beyond
what modern technology can currently produce.

Model making requires a wide array of materials and hardware. Various versions of cardboard,
foam, wood, metal, acrylic, and other crafty materials are used for constructing models. Cutting
hardware such as knives (scalpel, x-acto, OLFA), cutting mats, and cutting rulers are also
needed. To hold the materials together, architects use specific kinds of glues and adhesives
(depending on the material). Glues and adhesives may include superglues, wood glues, polyvinyl
acetates (PVAs), glue guns, clear synthetic resins, spray mounts, glue syringes, and tapes. Some
model making projects may include machines such as 3-D printers. All model making projects
require a smooth, clean, and sturdy desk or surface for model making. Some architects buy
specialty desks, known as drafting tables, which can be adjusted for the various needs of the
drafting and model making processes.

The model making process involves six main steps. These steps include defining the model’s
purpose, choosing a scale, building a foundation, choosing materials, fabricating the model, and
adding details.

CLAY MODEL FROM HAN DYNASTY

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DEFINING THE MODEL’S PURPOSE

Before the architect begins building a model, he or she must define the purpose of the model they
have been assigned to make. Defining the model’s purpose is the part of the process where the
architect determines whether the model will be conceptual, working, or presentation.

To define the model’s purpose, the architect will first be hired by a client or, if the project is
larger, by investors. The clients and investors have various needs. Some clients need a small
model of a home. In other cases, investors want to see a model of an entire city. Knowing what

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the project is helps the architect begin to consider what model will be best for the client or
investor.

Next the architect will decide if the model will be conceptual, working, or presentation. If the
architect wants to make a model to illustrate an idea, then the architect will choose to make a
conceptual model. If the architect wants to test, or show a client, a function within the entire
project, then the architect will make a working model. Finally, an architect will make a complete
presentation model to show the client or investors what the complete project will look like.

Once the architect has defined the purpose of the model, he or she will decide one more factor
before beginning the building process of the model.

CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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CHOOSING A SCALE

Choosing a scale is the part of the process where the architect will decide the size of the finished
model. In architecture, a scale is defined as a measurement resulting in an accurate representation
of a real-world object in a reduced or enlarged state.

Although the United States uses imperial units of measurement such as the inch, most of the
world measures in meters. As a result, most architects learn to use a metric scale. For example,
an architect will use one centimeter of model to represent one meter of the real-world object. In
this case, the scale would be 1:100 (pronounced one to one hundred), since one meter is 100
times larger than one centimeter.

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Scales range from 1:1 to 1:5000 depending on the purpose of the model. Some models are put on
display inside rooms, so architects must also be thoughtful about space. Transportation is also a
concern to architects, as large scales such 1:1 are difficult, if not impossible, to transport.

Generally, models representing interior designs or parts of a real-world project will range from
1:1 to 1:10. Models representing room plans are typically scaled at 1:20 to 1:25 while entire floor
plans range from 1:50 to 1:100 in scale. The largest projects (such as construction sites and city
plans) will range from 1:200 to 1:5000 in scale. While outlier scales such as 1:1 and 1:5000 are
uncommon, they are used from time to time.

Once the architect has determined the scale, he or she will draw the plans (a to-scale outline of
the model) using a process known as drafting. In modern times, architects have begun to rely on
computers to draw plans. Despite which method an architect chooses, the model’s scaled plans
will be printed and laid on a table before beginning the next part of the process.

1:1000 SCALE MODEL

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BUILDING A FOUNDATION

Building a foundation is the part of the process where an architect constructs the base in which
the model will be built on. A foundation is more than just a base to support the model. Rather, a
foundation is a continuation of the model itself. Architects will build their foundations with
presentation in mind.

For basic models, an architect will usually construct a flat foundation. However, if the model is
for presentation, or if the real-world surroundings are an important part of the project, an
architect will consider the shape of the earth while constructing the base. An architect will
consider the placement of the model in relation to hills, valleys, or other contours in the land.

The material used for the base is also important. Materials help the audience to see what the
architect wants the audience to see. Some architects want materials that are hyper-realistic.

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Hyper-realistic materials usually consist of painted or colored cardboards, foams, papers, or,
most commonly, chipboard. For flat foundations, architects typically use harder materials such as
plastics, wood, or stone.

To build the foundation, the architect will cut the desired material to the scale of the model.
Some foundations will extend beyond the models to show the real-world surroundings. For hills,
architects will typically layer materials to show the rise and fall of the earth around the model.
Once the foundation is complete, the architect will lay and stick the printed plans over the top of
the foundation, or mark with a writing utensil the outlines of the plans on the foundation itself.

Once the foundation has been established, the architect can begin focusing on the actual model.

3-D PRINTED MODEL WITH LAYERED FOUNDATION

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CHOOSING MATERIALS

Choosing materials is the part of the process where the architect picks which materials to use in
the construction of the model. Like the foundation, the materials used for the model vary
according to the model’s purpose. However, an architect should allow congruency between the
materials used for the foundation and the materials used for the model. Materials vary in price,
shape, color, and texture, so architects will choose materials carefully.

Paper is the cheapest material. Paper comes in various thicknesses and colors. Architects use
paper for models meant for studying. Rarely, if ever, will a presentation model be made from
paper.

For translucent models, architects will often use trace or mylar. Both trace and mylar are
inexpensive and see-through.

Often free, and easy to access, corrugated cardboard is used to layer models. Architects can make
quick models using this material. Like paper, most presentation models are not made of
cardboard.

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Chipboard is the most used material for model making. The board resembles wood, can be
painted, and is easy to cut. Chipboard is used for a variety of models. Additionally, chipboard is
inexpensive, so architects build lots of models with the material.

Foams are a more expensive material. However, foam is easy to shape, as it is easily cut with any
blade or knife. Architects use foam to shape odd geometric shapes such as spheres and cones.
Most architectural models are only partly made of foam, as full foam models are not appealing or
realistic in look.

Another good material that architects use for creating odd shapes is clay. Clay is relatively
cheap. Clay is very soft and easy to mold. However, once the clay is dry the clay cannot be
reshaped.

For presentation models, architects use professional-looking, sturdy materials. Museum board is
easy to cut, allowing clean edges. The color of museum board is light and warm, great for
appealing presentation models. Wood and cork also make great, warm-colored materials. Both
materials come in various types. Wood and cork can be used on all parts of the model. Finally,
plastic is a hard material that comes in all different types and forms. While these materials look
great for presentations, they are also more expensive. Architects use these materials sparingly.

Architects are not limited to using any of the materials listed above. Architects are often creative
with their materials. Architects are more concerned with the functionality and presentation of the
materials than with the materials themselves. Architects also consider details such as material
thickness, since materials that are too thick can mess up the scale of the model.

Once an architect has chosen the materials to be used, he or she can begin the fabrication
process.

MODEL MADE FROM CARDBOARD

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FABRICATING THE MODEL

Fabricating the model is the part of the process when the architect begins constructing the model
on top of the foundation, using the chosen scale and materials. Fabricating the model is the
longest, and most specific, part of the model making process. While modern technologies have
made fabricating the model using 3-D printing a possibility, all architects are required to learn
how to fabricate a model from scratch while in undergraduate school.

The first step in the fabrication process is cutting. Architects use a combination of scalpels, x-
acto knives, and OLFA cutters to cut out the frame of the model. Using the scaled plans,
architects will mark out the shapes of the model’s frame on the desired material with a pencil or
marker. The architect then places the material on a cutting mat. Cutting mats allow the architect
to make deep cuts without dulling the blade or cutting the desk. Cutting mats contain a grid of
perfect squares and lines that help the architect keep cuts straight. Finally, the architect will take
a cutting ruler (typically made of metal) and one of the three cutting utensils to cut out the frame
along the drawn-on marks.

There are some cuts that require different cutting equipment. For instance, acrylic is best cut by a
laser saw. There are also some marks that are not cut all the way through, but rather are cut
halfway through and turned into a hinge. The hinge helps the architect make corners without
wasting glue.

Once the cutting is finished, the architect will begin building the inside frame, or skeleton, of the
model. Like building a house, the frame is built to provide support to the model. Not every
model will have a frame, however. Models of houses or buildings will typically include a scaled
replica of the real-world frame. The architect will start by gluing the wall columns to the
foundation. If the model has multiple stories, the architect will work on one floor plan at a time,
completing the interior design of the bottom floor before moving to the next story. Afterwards,
the architect connects the roof frame to the wall columns, giving support to the entire structure.

Next, the architect will add the walls to the model. Walls will be stuck to the inside, outside, or
both sides of the wall columns, depending on the purpose of the model. To save time, and add a
more realistic effect, architects will add details such as colors or siding to the walls before
attaching them to the wall columns.

Finally, the architect will add a roof, or top, to the model. Like the walls, an architect may add
details such as replica shingles to the roof before being attached to the frame.

In terms of glues and adhesives used during the fabrication process, most architects will use fast-
drying glues for models not used in presentations. For presentation models, where attention to
detail is required, architects will go with glues and adhesives that are subtle and unnoticeable.
Some glues and adhesives do not work with certain materials, so architects will choose their
glues and adhesives according to the materials being stuck together.

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Since not every model is the same, not every fabrication process is the same. Some models
represent multiple buildings and structures while others represent one room within a structure.
However, a bottom to top fabrication is used by all architects despite the model being
constructed.

One final aspect that architects must consider during fabrication is cleanliness. Architects keep
their workspace very organized. After cutting, architects will promptly sweep up all the left over
scraps. When using glues and adhesives, architects will wash their hands regularly to avoid
getting glue over the model.

Once the model has been fabricated, details can be added to give the model a hint of realism.

EXAMPLE OF A PRESENTATION MODEL IN AIN DUBAI

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ADDING DETAILS

Adding details is the final part of the model making process. This part of the process is when
architects add texture to the model to represent a real-world structure. Not every model includes
the same number of details. However, models that are to be viewed by clients or investors, such
as presentation models, should include professional-looking details.

Details can be on the model themselves, or they can be in the surroundings. Details such as
gutters, windows, window frames, doors, and air conditioning units are just some of the details
that architects may include on the models. These features may be made of the same material as
the model, or from different materials. Some architects will also include lights inside their
models as a visual aid.

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Details in the surroundings may include grass, roads, trees, and people. Surrounding details
should represent the real-world surroundings of the real-world project. Depending on the scale
used for the model, some details (such as trees) can be purchased already assembled.
Ultimately, architects use details to bring the model together. The details tell the audience a
story. Details are what architects use to make their models an artwork.

DETAILED LANDSCAPE
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CONCLUSION

In summary, an architect must include a lot of planning in the beginning phases of the model
making process. Starting with defining a purpose, the architect must decide if the model is
conceptual, working, or presentation. Next, the architect will choose a scale for the model
ranging from 1:1 to 1:5000. Then, the architect creates a foundation for the model using the
appropriate material. Afterwards, the architect chooses the materials to be used for fabricating
the model. With these materials, the architect will fabricate the model from the bottom to the top,
starting with the frame. Finally, the architect will add details to the model. These details provide
a finished, realistic look to the model.

There is a common misconception that architecture is about drawing buildings. Model making
proves that this perception is false. Architecture is a highly technical art form. Architecture
includes science, math, creativity, and attention to detail. Drawing is only a small part of an
architect’s job.

Finally, the education required of an architect should be noted. All architects are required to
attend an accredited undergraduate and master’s program after high school. Such programs can
take up to 8 years to complete. Additionally, some architects further their education by receiving
a doctorate in architecture. This education is required since architectural mistakes could result in
disaster in the real-world structure.

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“Architectural Model Making - Model Bases + Scale : An Architect's Guide (part 4).” YouTube,
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“Architectural Model Making Techniques and Tutorial (a step-by-step model build).” YouTube,
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Carr, K.E. “Han Dynasty Architecture – Ancient China.” Quatr.us Study Guides, 5 Jun. 2017.
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“Hobs 3D - Types of 3D Printing & Finishes.” YouTube, uploaded by Hobs Group, 6 Apr. 2018,
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Hubbard, Brandon. “The 10 Best Drafting Tables.” The Architect’s Guide, 1 May 2020,
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“3 Types of Architectural Models.” YouTube, uploaded by Balkan Architect, 28 Jul. 2018,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Jaefv2UWkw.

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