Chapter 2- Part 1
Kinematics
One Dimension Motion:
Motion Along a straight Line
Eng. Abdullah Bani Domi
Physics 301
❑ Definition of Motion
⚫ Motion is the action of changing location or
position of objects.
⚫ The study of motion without regards to the forces
or energies that may be involved is called
kinematics (ignoring the agents that caused the motion).
⚫ Kinema means movement in Greek.
❑ Basic Quantities in Kinematics
⚫ Mathematical description of motion
⚫ Position
⚫ Time Interval
⚫ Displacement
⚫ Velocity; aabsolute value: speed
⚫ Acceleration
❑ Position Vector
❑ Position definition:
◼ Its magnitude is the distance between the object and the origin
◼ Defines a starting point: origin (x = 0), x relative to origin
◼ Direction: positive (right or up), negative (left or down)
❑ Position has units of [Length]: meters.
x = + 2.5 m
x=-3m
❑ Displacement Vector x = x f (t f ) − xi (ti )
f stands for final and i
❑ Displacement is a change of position in time. stands for initial
◼ Displacement:
x = x2 - x1
where
x2 = final position
x1= initial position
❑ It is a vector quantity.
❑ It points from the initial position to final position of
the object.
❑ It has both magnitude (equal the distance
between the two positions) and direction: + or –
sign
❑ Position has units of [Length]: meters (m).
❑ Displacement Vector
Ahmad is at position x = 23 m. He then undergoes a displacement ∆x = –50 m.
What is her final position?
A.–27 m x0 = 23
∆x = –50 m
B.–50 m Xf=?
C.23 m ∆x =xf-xi
-50= xf-23
D.73 m -50+23=xf
Xf=-27
❑ Determine Displacement
In these examples, position is determined with respect to the origin,
displacement wrt x1
❑ Average Velocity
❑ Velocity is the rate of change of position.
❑ Velocity is a vector quantity.
❑ Velocity has both magnitude and direction
❑ Velocity could be negative or positive or zero depending on the direction of the partial velocities.
❑ Velocity has a unit of [length/time]: meter/second.
◼ Average velocity
x x f − xi
Average Velocity = displacement
vavg = =
elapsed time t t
◼ Average speed (scalar)
total distance
S= savg =
t
◼ Speed: the magnitude of velocity (always positive).
◼ Speed is a scalar quantity
Speed vs. Velocity
◼ Cars on both paths have the same average velocity
since they had the same displacement in the same
time interval
◼ The car on the blue path will have a greater average
speed since the distance it traveled is larger
Graphical Interpretation of Velocity
⚫ On a graph of x vs. t, the
average velocity is the slope of
the straight line that connects
two points
Graphical Interpretation of Velocity
◼ Velocity can be determined from a
position-time graph
◼ Average velocity equals the slope of the
line joining the initial and final positions
◼ An object moving with a constant
velocity will have a graph that is a
straight line
⚫ Average velocity is therefore a vector quantity
o Positive slope means positive average velocity
o Negative slope means negative average velocity
Average Velocity, Non Constant
◼ The motion is non-constant velocity
◼ The average velocity is the slope of the
straight line joining the initial and final
points
Notes on Slopes
◼ The general equation for the slope of any line is
change in vertical axis
slope =
change in horizontal axis
◼ The meaning of a specific slope will depend on the
physical data being graphed
• Example : find the average velocity for
the student motion represented by the
graph shown in Fig. 2-9 between the
times t1 = 1.0 s and t2 = 1.5 s.
❑ Instantaneous velocity and speed
❑ Instantaneous means “at some given instant”.
Instantaneous velocity:
x dx
v = lim =
t → 0 t dt
❑ It is a vector quantity.
❑ It is obtained at any instant from the average velocity by
shrinking the time interval closer and closer to zero.
❑ Dimension: length/time (L/T), [m/s].
❑ It is the slope of the tangent line to x(t). x dx
Instantaneous velocity v(t) is a function of time.
v x = lim =
t → 0 t
❑
dt
❑ Instantaneous speed: is the magnitude of the
instantaneous velocity vector.
Example 2-2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
⚫ The graph shows the
position and velocity of an
elevator cab over time.
⚫ The slope of x(t), and so also
the velocity v, is zero from 0
to 1 s, and from 9s on.
⚫ During the interval bc, the
slope is constant and
nonzero, so the cab moves
with constant velocity (4
m/s).
❑ Velocity Example.1:
- A squirrel runs in a straight line, westerly direction from one tree to another,
covering 55 meters in 32 seconds. Calculate the squirrel’s average velocity:
• vavg = ∆x / ∆t
• vavg = 55 m / 32 s
• vavg = 1.7 m/s west
❑ Example.2:
You drive a beat-up pickup truck along a straight road for 8.4 km at 70 km/h, at which point the truck runs out of gasoline and stops.
Over the next 30 min, you walk another 2.0 km farther along the road to a gasoline station.
(a) What is your overall displacement from the beginning of your drive to your arrival at the station?
(b) What is the time interval Δt from the beginning of your drive to your arrival at the station?
(c) What is your average velocity vavg from the beginning of your drive to your arrival at the station? Find it both numerically and
graphically. X X2
1
8.4 Km 2 Km
❑ Solution:
a) Δx=x2-x1= 10.4 km – 0= 10.4 km.
c)
b) We first write:
❑ Example.3:
❑ Example.4:
❑ Example.5:
❑ Example.6-Instantaneous Velocity:
- position of a ball tossed vertically upward is described by the equation y=15.0t -4.9t2,
where y is in meters and t in second. The ball's velocity at t = 1.7 is:
- V= 15- 9.8t.
- V (@ t=1.7)= 15- 9.8(1.7)= -1.66 m/s.
❑ Average Acceleration
❑ Changing velocity (non-uniform) means an acceleration is present.
❑ Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
❑ Acceleration is a vector quantity.
❑ Acceleration has both magnitude and direction.
❑ Acceleration has a dimensions of length/time2: [m/s2].
❑ Definition:
◼ Average acceleration
v v f − vi
aavg = =
t t f − ti
◼ If the signs of the velocity and acceleration of particle are the same, the speed of the particle
increases.
◼ If the signs are opposite, the speed decreases.
⚫ Instantaneous acceleration (or just acceleration), a,
for a single moment in time is:
o Slope of velocity vs. time graph
VELOCITY
A
C
+ -
C
E Moving forward; Moving backward;
L +
E Speeding up Slowing down
R
A
TI
O
- Moving forward; Moving backward;
Slowing down Speeding up
N
Example.1
• 2.6.6. In which one of the following situations does the car have an
acceleration that is directed due north?
• a) A car travels northward with a constant speed of 24 m/s.
• b) A car is traveling southward as its speed increases from 24 m/s to 33
m/s.
• c) A car is traveling southward as its speed decreases from 24 m/s to 18
m/s.
• d) A car is traveling northward as its speed decreases from 24 m/s to 18
m/s.
• e) A car travels southward with a constant speed of 24 m/s.
Example.2
• A wombat moves along an x axis. What is the sign of its acceleration if
it is moving (a) in the positive direction with increasing speed, (b) in
the positive direction with decreasing speed, (c) in the negative
direction with increasing speed, and (d) in the negative direction with
decreasing speed?
2-3 Acceleration
Example 2-3 Acceleration
⚫ The graph shows the velocity and
acceleration of an elevator cab
over time.
⚫ When acceleration is 0 (e.g.
interval bc) velocity is constant.
⚫ When acceleration is positive
(ab) upward velocity increases.
⚫ When acceleration is negative
(cd) upward velocity decreases.
⚫ Steeper slope of the velocity-
time graph indicates a larger
magnitude of acceleration: the
cab stops in half the time it takes
to get up to speed.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
❑ acceleration Example.1:
A particle’s position on the x axis is given by:
x = 4 - 27t + t3
• with x in meters and t in seconds.
(a) Because position x depends on time t, the particle must be moving. Find the particle’s
velocity function v(t) and acceleration function a(t).
(b) Is there ever a time when v = 0?
• Solution:
• a) Differentiating the position function, we find v = -27 + 3t2,
(b) Setting v(t) = 0 yields: 0= -27 + 3t2 ………………………………… t= ±3 s
❑ Example.2:
❑ Example.3:
❑ Quadratic equation
❑ Equations for motion with constant acceleration
❑ Velocity as a function of time:
v = v0 + at
❑ Displacement as a function of time:
x = v0t + at 1
2
2
0 0
❑ Equation which relates velocity and position:
v = v0 + 2ax
2 2 0 0
2 Summary Summary
Displacement
Position
⚫ Change in position (vector)
⚫ Relative to origin
Eq. (2-1)
⚫ Positive and negative directions
Average Speed
Average Velocity ⚫ Distance traveled / time
⚫ Displacement / time (vector)
Eq. (2-3)
Eq. (2-2)
2 Summary Summary
❑ Example.1:
previous equations apply?
❑ Example.2:
1- An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 s until is
finally lifts off the ground. Determine the distance traveled before take off.
2- A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a time of 5.21
seconds for a distance of 110 m. Determine the acceleration of the car.
3- A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.5 m/s to 46.1 m/s in 2.47
seconds. Determine the acceleration of the car and the distance traveled.
4- A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over a
distance of 35.4 m. Determine the acceleration of the bike.
❑ Free Fall Acceleration
y
❑ Earth gravity provides a constant
acceleration. Most important case of
constant acceleration.
❑ Free-fall acceleration is independent
of mass.
❑ Magnitude: |a| = g = 9.8 m/s2
❑ Direction: always downward, so ag is
negative if we define “up” as positive,
a = −g = −9.8 m/s2
❑ Try to pick origin so that xi = 0
A pitcher tosses a baseball up along y axis, with an initial speed of 12 m/s.
❑ Example.1:
a) How long does the ball take to reach its maximum height?
b) What is the ball’s maximum height above its release point?
c) How long does the ball take to reach a point 5.0 m above its release
point?
a) Solution:
v = v0 + at
t= v – v0 =
0 – 12 = 1.2 s
-9.8
b) Solution:
𝟐 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 −𝒗𝟎𝟐 𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟐
𝒗 − 𝒗𝟎 = 𝟐𝒂 (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎) 𝒚= = = 7.3 m
𝟐𝒂 𝟐(−.𝟗.𝟖)
𝒚𝟎=0
A pitcher tosses a baseball up along y axis, with an initial speed of 12 m/s.
❑ Example.1:
a) How long does the ball take to reach its maximum height?
b) What is the ball’s maximum height above its release point?
c) How long does the ball take to reach a point 5.0 m above its release
point?
a) Solution:
v = v0 + at
t= v – v0 =
0 – 12 = 1.2 s
-9.8
b) Solution:
𝟐 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 −𝒗𝟎𝟐 𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟐
𝒗 − 𝒗𝟎 = 𝟐𝒂 (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎) 𝒚= = = 7.3 m
𝟐𝒂 𝟐(−.𝟗.𝟖)
𝒚𝟎=0
A pitcher tosses a baseball up along y axis, with an initial speed of 12 m/s.
❑ Example.1:
a) How long does the ball take to reach its maximum height?
b) What is the ball’s maximum height above its release point?
c) How long does the ball take to reach a point 5.0 m above its release
point?
c) Solution:
We have : a= -g.; 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎= 5m
𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒈 𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒕 + (−𝟗. 𝟖) 𝒕𝟐 𝟒. 𝟗𝒕𝟐 - 𝟏𝟐 𝒕 + 𝟓 =0
𝟐
t= 0.53 s and t= 1.9 s
❑ Example.2:
❑ A stone is thrown from the top of a building with an initial
velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward, at an initial height of
50.0 m above the ground. The stone just misses the edge
of the roof on the its way down. Determine
❑ (a) the time needed for the stone to reach its maximum
height.
❑ (b) the maximum height.
❑ (c) the time needed for the stone to return to the height
from which it was thrown and the velocity of the stone at
that instant.
❑ (d) the time needed for the stone to reach the ground
❑ (e) the velocity and position of the stone at t = 5.00s
❑ Example.2:
A truck covers 40 m in 8.5 s while smoothly slowing down to a
final speed of 2.80 m/s. (a) What was its initial speed?
(b) Find its acceleration.
(a) solution:
(b) solution: v = v0 + at
𝒗−𝒗𝟎 𝟐.𝟖−𝟔.𝟔𝟏 𝒎
𝒂= = = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟖
𝒕 𝟖𝟓
𝒔𝟐
.
❑ Example.1:
A ball is dropped from rest on a cliff (a) what is the speed of the
ball 5 seconds later? (b) what is the velocity of the ball at this
time? (c) How far does it travel during this time? (d) what is the
displacement of the ball?
(a) solution: v0= 0
vf=??
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = +𝟒𝟗 𝒎/𝒔 a= -9.8
t=5 s
𝒗𝒇 = 𝟎 + −𝟗. 𝟖 𝟓 = −𝟒𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
(b) solution: 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = −𝟒𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
(c) solution:
𝟏 𝟏
d= 𝒗𝟎𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 = 𝟎 + (−𝟗. 𝟖)(𝟓)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎
𝟏
d= 𝒗𝟎𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎
𝟐
(d) solution: displacement = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎
❑ Example.2:
A ball is thrown downward at an initial speed of 15 m/s from
the top of a cliff (a) what is the speed and velocity of the ball 8
seconds later? (b) How far does it travel during this time and
what is the displacement?
(a) solution: v0= -15 m/s
vf=??
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = +𝟗𝟑. 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔 a= -9.8
𝒎 t=8 s
𝒗𝒇 = −𝟏𝟓 + −𝟗. 𝟖 𝟖 = −𝟗𝟑. 𝟒 … … … … … . . 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝒔
(b) solution:
𝟏 𝟏
d= 𝒗𝟎𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 = −𝟏𝟓(𝟖) + (−𝟗. 𝟖)(𝟖)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎
d= 𝒗𝟎𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 = −𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎
𝟐
displacement
❑ Example.3:
A stone is dropped from the top of a building and hits the
ground 5 seconds later. How tall is the building?
v0= 0 m/s
a= -9.8
solution:
𝟏 𝟏 h=??
d= 𝒗𝟎𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 = 𝟎 𝟓 + −𝟗. 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
d= -122.5 m ………….. displacement
t=5 s
The tall is 122.5 m. Yf= 0
A stone is thrown downward from the top of a cliff at 24 m/s
❑ Example.4:
and hits the ground 7 seconds later. How tall is the cliff?
v0= 24 m/s
a= -9.8 Solution:
𝟏 𝟏
d= 𝒗𝟎𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 = −𝟐𝟒 𝟕 + −𝟗. 𝟖 𝟕 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
d= - 408.1 m ………….. displacement
t=5 s
Yf= 0 The tall is 408.1 m.
❑ Example.5:
A rock is released from rest on a 700m building (a) How long it
take to hit the ground? (b) what is the speed and velocity of the
ball just before it hits the ground?
(a) solution:
d= -700m v0= 0 m/s
𝟏 𝟏 a= -9.8
d= 𝒗𝟎𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 ====) − 𝟕𝟎𝟎 = −𝟎 𝒕 + −𝟗. 𝟖 𝒕 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
−𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝟐
= 𝒕
−𝟒.𝟗 700 m
𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 = 𝒕
t= 11.95 s
t=?? S
(b) solution: Vf=??
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕
𝒎
𝒗𝒇 = 𝟎 + −𝟗. 𝟖 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟓 = −𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟏 … … … … … … … … … 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝒔
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = +𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
❑ Example.6:
A ball is thrown straight up into the air at 49 m/s. (a) how high
𝒗𝒇 = 𝟎
does it go? (b) how long is it in the air? B
d=??
(a) solution: 𝟎= 𝟒𝟗𝟐+ 𝟐 −𝟗. 𝟖 𝒅
𝒗𝒇𝟐 = 𝒗𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 (𝒅) 0= 2401 – 19.6 d
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟏 𝟏𝟗.𝟔 𝒅
= 𝐝 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦
.𝟏𝟗.𝟔 𝟏𝟗.𝟔
C
A
(b) solution:
v0= 49 m/s
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕 d=??
a= -9.8
0= 49 + (-9.8) t t=8 s
− 𝟒𝟗 − 𝟗.𝟖𝒅
= t t=5 s t=5 s
− 𝟗.𝟖 − .𝟗.𝟖
t= 5 s
The total t= 10 s
❑ Example.7:
A stone is launched straight up into the air and returns back to
the ground 14 seconds later (a) What is the initial speed of the
ball? what is the maximum height attained by it? 𝒗𝒇 = 𝟎
B
(a) solution: 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕
0= 𝒗𝟎 + (-9.8) (7) 𝒗𝟎 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔 t= 7 s t= 7 s
(b) solution: C
𝒗𝟎= ?? A t= 14 s
𝟏 𝟏
d= 𝒗𝟎𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 ====)𝒅 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟔 𝟕 + −𝟗. 𝟖 𝒕𝟕 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒅 = 240.1 m
Another solution, you can use the following equation
𝟏
𝒅 = [𝒗𝟎 + 𝒗𝒇] t
𝟐
𝟏
𝒅= [𝟔𝟖. 𝟔 + 𝟎] 7= 240.1 m
𝟐
❑ Example.8:
A ball is launched vertically from the ground at a speed of 35
m/s. (a) What is the velocity of the ball when it reaches a height
of 50 m? How long will it take to reach this height? 𝒗𝒇 = 𝟎
B
𝒗= - 15.56 m/s
(a) solution: 𝒗= 15.56 m/s D E
𝒗𝒇𝟐 = 𝒗𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 𝒅
𝒗𝒇𝟐 = (𝟑𝟓)𝟐 + 𝟐(−𝟗. 𝟖) 𝟓𝟎 d= 50 m
𝒗𝒇𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒𝟓 … … . . 𝒗𝒇= 𝟐𝟒𝟓 = ± 15.56 m/s
t= ?? s
(b) solution: C
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕 𝒗𝟎= 35 m/s A
15.56 = 35+ (-9.8) (t)
Solve for t……… t= 1.974 to reach point D
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕
-15.56 = 35+ (-9.8) (t)
Solve for t……… t= 5.168 to reach point E
❑ Example.9:
A rock is thrown upward at 30 m/ s from a 200m cliff relative to
sea. (a) How long it will take to hit the water? (b) How fast is it
moving when it hits the water? (c) What is the maximum height
attained relative to the sea? (d) how far did the ball travelled?
(e) What is the net vertical displacement of the ball?
B
Solution (a)
d= -200m
𝟏 𝟏
d= 𝒗𝟎𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 ====) − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒕 + −𝟗. 𝟖 𝒕 𝟐
𝒗𝟎= 30 m/s 𝟐 𝟐
A Rearrange the equation:
𝟒. 𝟗 𝒕 𝟐 - 𝟑𝟎 𝒕 + 200 = 0
d(from A to C) = -200 m
−𝒃± 𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 −(−𝟑𝟎)± (−𝟑𝟎)𝟐 −𝟒(−𝟒.𝟗)(𝟐𝟎𝟎)
t= =
𝟐𝒂 𝟐(𝟒.𝟗)
200 m t=
(𝟑𝟎)±69.426
(there are two solutions, neglect the
𝟗.𝟖
negative solution)
c t= 10.15 s
Solution (b)
❑ Example.9:
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕 = 𝟑𝟎 + −𝟗. 𝟖 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 = -69.47 m/s
Speed= 69.47 m/s (answer)
Solution (c)--- first calculate the displacement from point A
to point B
𝒗𝒇𝟐 = 𝒗𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 (𝒅)
B 𝟎𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐(−𝟗. 𝟖) (𝒅)
45.92 m d= 45.92 m
the maximum height attained relative to the sea= d+ 200
𝒗𝟎= 30 m/s ========= 245.92 m
A
245.92 m Solution (d) 45.92 m
distance= 45.92 + 245.92
d= 291.84 m
245.92 m
200 m
Solution (e)
net vertical displacement = - 200 m
c d= 291.84 m (negative y direction)
0r 45.92 – 245.92= -200
