Ref Es Uttermean

Student’s full name: Lê Công Tuyền
Student’s code: 220000684

Group: 30ENG023_NNA D2020 (N04)
REFLECTION
ON ENGLISH SEMANTICS
UTTERANCE MEANING
"UTTERANCE MEANING is what a speaker means in a specific circumstance when he

or she makes an utterance. ".
The presupposition is defined as "what a speaker or writer presumes the message's
recipient already knows. John used to write poetry, so the statement "John doesn't write
poems anymore" implies that he did. And Would you like another beer? assumes that the
caller has already drank at least one beer.
Presuppositions are inferences made about what is believed to be true in the statement
rather than something that is explicitly stated to be true.
"Speakers frequently hold unstated presuppositions about the world, and these
presuppositions, which some linguists refer to as presuppositions, may affect the meaning
of a statement. ".
You can convey information subtly by using presuppositions. When someone says, "My
brother is wealthy," we infer that they have a brother even though it isn't stated explicitly.
In a conversation or discourse, this kind of information is frequently exchanged. After a
conversation has ended, we frequently realize that something that was told to us was not
specifically mentioned. It is frequently assumed that fact.
An utterance still has the same underlying assumption. beneath its NEGATION. An
utterance continues to be predicated on the same idea. beneath its INTERROGATION.
An utterance's presupposition may be cancelled. beneath its EXTENSION
Presuppositions come in many different varieties. the underlying assumption of existence.
NP, or possessive noun phrase. a complete sentence: X had/has/will have an indefinite
NP.
Aspects of speech like facial expression, gesture, and posture, known as paralinguistic
features, are among the characteristics of utterances in spoken or oral language. In
addition to ellipses, which are words that the listener inserts into spoken language to fill
in gaps, prosodic features also include stress, intonation, and tone of voice. Additionally,
non-fluency features are present in other aspects of utterances in spoken languages, such
as voiced/unvoiced pauses (i.e. e. Umms, tag questions, false starts, and when someone
starts speaking again to correct themselves are all examples of these phrases. Fillers (i.e.
e. Accent/dialect, simple conjunctions (such as "and," "but," etc.), deictic expressions
(such as "over there!"), deictic expressions (i.e. ), as well as colloquial lexis (commonly
used informal words).
Unlike utterances made impromptu in spoken language, those in writing are planned.
There are frameworks that can be used to represent this type of language in writing. The
conversation is structured using adjacency pairs, or an utterance and the response to that
utterance, which is a feature of discourse structure (which is also present in spoken
language). (First," "secondly," etc.) Discourse markers are used to structure conversation.
). A semantic field can be created by the words that are used in a text or spoken; this is
referred to as lexis. For instance, the lexical options adore, admire, and care can be used
to create a semantic field of love.
A word or phrase that appears in written or spoken form, such as in a script, possesses a
number of qualities. Included in these are paralinguistic features, which are ways of
communicating without using words but are added to an utterance to provide meaning.
Facial expressions, laughter, eye contact, and gestures are a few paralinguistic examples.
Pitch, intonation, and stress are examples of prosodic features, which describe the sound
of a person's voice as they speak. Ellipsis can be used in spoken or written language, for
example, when a speaker conveys a statement but leaves out certain words because they
are already understood by the listener. A: Juice, please. B: Thank you. A: How warm is
the room? B: Cold.
When producing utterances, non-fluency features also appear. Speech mistakes and
corrections occur as people consider what to say during conversations. For instance, the
"umm," "erm," etc. voiced or unvoiced pauses Un-voiced pauses are identified by the
symbol (both in voiced pauses and in transcripts). (Relating to the length of the pause, for
example) or . Non-fluency features also include tag questions, which the speaker employs
to see if the listener is following along with what they are saying. False alerts happen
when the speaker is voicing an utterance but stops and starts again, typically to correct
themselves.
Fillers, which include words like "like" and "and stuff," usually give the speaker a
moment to collect their thoughts before continuing, are another characteristic of
utterances. Accent/dialect, which refers to the way words are voiced, pronounced, and the
various types of lexis used around the world, is another characteristic. "Wow! Look over
there!" is an example of a deictic expression. Simple conjunctions are words that join
other words in speech, such as "and," "but," and similar words. Colloquial lexis is a form
of informal speech, where the utterance is typically more laid-back.
Conversational implicature aims to close the communication gap between what is said
and what is understood.
People may infer various conversational implications from a particular utterance.
In other words, implicatures are inferences that cannot be drawn from isolated utterances,
unlike presuppositions and entailments. They are reliant on the utterance's context and the
mutual understanding between the speaker and the hearer.
It is possible to suspend or reject conversational implicature. The speaker can explicitly
suspend or deny that he or she intended to communicate such meaning in various ways
because conversational implicature is part of what is communicated but not said.
Conversational implicatures are conclusions drawn from utterances on specific occasions
and not from isolated sentences, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. In this way,
the implicature problem is similar to the puzzle of how a hearer deduces the indirect
illocutions of utterances.
an approach to conversational implicature analysis that is based on the co-operative
principle and its four central tenets of quality, quantity, relevance, and manner.
The cooperative principle, which is simply be as helpful to your hearer as you can and its
maxims, which are guidelines for the efficient and effective use of language in
conversation
The cooperative principle states, "Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage
at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you
are engaged.
Make an effort to make your contribution true to the quality maxim, more specifically:
(I) Avoid saying anything you think is untrue.
(ii) Don't assert anything for which you lack sufficient justification.
Quantity is everything.
(i) Be as detailed in your contribution as necessary for the exchange's current goals.
(ii) Don't include more information in your contribution than is necessary.
The relevance dictum.
Make sure your contribution is pertinent.
the Manner maxim.
be cautious, and in particular:
(i) Steer clear of obscurity.
(ii). Avoid ambiguity
(iii). Be succinct
(iv) Maintain discipline.
References
Tô Minh Thanh (2007) English Semantic

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Student’s full name: Lê Công Tuyền

Student’s code: 220000684

"UTTERANCE MEANING is what a speaker means in a specific circumstance when he

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