Comparative Study of Howland Current

Source Configurations for Accurate

Biomedical Devices
st nd rd
1 Hanen Nouri 2 Emna Ben Ayed 3 Dhouha Bouchaala
Professorship for Measurement and Electrical Department Electrical Department
Sensor Technology, Technische National Engineering School of Sfax National Engineering School of Sfax
Universität Chemnitz Sfax, Tunisia Sfax, Tunisia
Chemnitz, Germany Digital Research Center of Sfax Digital Research Center of Sfax
Email: [email protected] Sfax, Tunisia Sfax, Tunisia
Email:[email protected]

th th
4 Houda Ben-Jmeaa Derbel 5 Olfa Kanoun
Electrical Department Professorship for Measurement and
National Engineering School of Sfax Sensor Technology,
Sfax, Tunisia Technische Universität Chemnitz
Email: [email protected] Chemnitz, Germany
Email: [email protected]

Abstract—Embedded bioimpedance devices are in high should fulfil the following requirements: maximum
demand for the improvement of the healthcare systems. current of 1 mA to ensure patient safety, stable current
These devices require an accurate and stable current over a wide frequency range up to 1 MHz and high
source with a high output impedance in the frequency
range from 5 kHz to 1 MHz for a load range from 100
output impedance in the range of 1 MΩ at 1 MHz. The
Ω to 10 kΩ. The output impedance should be higher Howland circuit has been widely used for medi- cal
than 10 MΩ at 5kHz and 1 MΩ at 1 MHz. In this paper, applications and bioimpedance analysis for tissue
a comparison between the inverting single configuration characterization, because of its simplicity and good
and the inverting dual configuration of the Howland performance comparing to other current sources [9],
current source is dis- cussed. For the evaluation of the
circuit performances, two parameters are considered: [10]. In fact, it is based on operational amplifiers
resistor configurations and amplifier characteristics. The matched with some resistors. The Howland circuits can
results shows that the inverting dual configuration using be split into two configurations: single and dual
the operational amplifier AD8021 with a very high configuration. The single configuration of the Howland
bandwidth has the highest output impedance values current source uses a single operational amplifier
(higher than 1 MΩ at 1 MHz).
connected with five resistors and generated with a
Index Terms—Bioimpedance spectroscopy, Howland
current source, output impedance, resistor configura- voltage source connected to the inverting input of the
tion, amplifier characteristics. amplifier. The main advantage is that it has both positive
and negative feedbacks. The main drawback of the basic
I. INTRODUCTION Howland circuit is the waste of power consumption
Biomedical devices are implemented for the di- introduced by the input resistor. To solve this problem
agnosis of many diseases such as cancer tumours [1], another configuration is proposed [11] by splitting the
[2], lung edema [3], [4] and meningitis [5] and the positive feedback resistor of classic Howland into two
characterization of the patholoical status of patients resistors. There- fore, the power consumption of the
[6]. Embedded bioimpedance devices are based on input resistor is reduced. The single configuration is
bioimpedance spectroscopy technique [7]. This used due to its simplicity and accuracy [11]–[13]. The
technique is non-invasive, fast, cost effective [8] and inverting single configuration using the operational
can be implemented as alternative of complicated amplifier LT1037 fulfils the output impedance and
and expensive biomedical methods such as X-ray, reaches 1 MΩ at 1MHz [11]. While the output
magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound. One of impedance for the non-inverting configuration fails to
the important component for the portable biomedical reach high output impedance at 1 MHz using the
device is the current source. The excitation signal operational amplifiers THS4021 and AD825 [12], [14].
In the dual configuration, an operational amplifier is
added in the feedback as a voltage follower. The main

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 aim of this configuration is to improve the output In order to get a very high output impedance, the
impedance of the current source. In [11], the output denominator of the equation (2) should be very low
impedance increased by 0.6 M from the inverting (almost equal to zero). The balance condition for
single configuration to the inverting dual configura- this configuration can be written as follows:
tion using the same amplifier and the same balance
condition. Moreover, the inverting dual configuration
R4R3 = R1(R2a + R2b) (3)
developed by [15] using AD8021 reaches 60 M at 5
kHz and more than 1 M at 1 MHz.
The aim of this work is to design a current source Table I illustrates three cases of resistors with
with a high output impedance that can deliver a respect of the balance condition (Eq. 3) to study
precise electrical current over wide frequency range the influence of the resistors values on the
up to 1 MHz. The simulation and comparison of the output impedance [17].
inverting single configuration and the inverting dual
configuration are evaluated using selected oper-
ational amplifiers from literature, AD8021, LT1037 TABLE I: Resistor configurations
and AD825. Three cases of resistor balance R R
Resistor [k ] R1=R2 R4 2a 2b
condition are considered. Four parameters are Case 1 6 3 1 2
considered for evaluation of both circuits: output Case 2 10 10.5 4.5 6
impedance, output current, error and flatness. Case 3 30 3.5 0.5 3

II. KEY METRICS CASES STUDY FOR THE

BEHAVIOUR OF THE OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
The operational amplifier characteristics influence
SIMULATION
the VCCS performance. Three operational amplifiers
The output impedance of the Howland current are selected for simulation with different characteris-
source configurations is highly dependent on
tics values: Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR),
the resistor values and the operational amplifier
bandwidth, open-loop gain and slew rate (TABLE II).
charac-teristics [16]. The Howland circuit, as a
voltage to current converter, converts the input
voltage Vin to an output current. TABLE II: Selected amplifiers
CMRR Bandwidth Open-loop gain Slew rate
Amplifier
[dB] [dB] [dB] [V/ s]
AD8021 98 490 86 120
LT1037 130 60 - 15
AD825 80 41 76 125

III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The output impedance and the output current were

simulated from 5 kHz to 1 MHz using LTSPICE
software for both the inverting single configuration
and the inverting dual configuration. A comparison
between the two configuration is also illustrated by
Fig. 1: Inverting single configuration of Howland considering the following evaluation parameters:
current source output impedance, flatness and error.

The output current and the output impedance

can be defined as following: A. Single configuration of Howland current source
R4(R3 + R2a)
Iload = Vin [11]. [13]. Figure 2 depicts the simulation results of the
R1R2b(R1 + R4) inverting single configuration with the three cases of
[12]. (
R3R2b(R1 + R4) resistor configurations using different amplifiers as
(2)
Z = R R +R R RR [14].
1) mentioned in TABLE II.

out 1 2b 1 2a 4 3

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 Single Configuration/ AD8021 Single Configuration/ LT1037 Single configuration/ Rload=200 Single configuration/ Rload=10 k
60 30 160 160
Case 1 Case 1
55 Case 2 28 Case 2
Case 3 Case 3
26 150 140
50
24
45 140 120
22

40 20
130 100
18
current in M

Output current in M

in A

in A
35

O ut put c ur r en
16

O ut put c ur r ent
30 120 80

t
14
Outpu

25
12
t

110 60
20 10

8
15 100 40
AD825 AD825
6 AD8021 AD8021
10 LT1037 LT1037
4 90 20
5
2

0 0 80 0
4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz

(a) (b) (a) (b)

Single Configuration/ AD825
6

5:5
Case 1
Case 2
Fig. 3: Output current simulation for single configu-
Case 3

5 ration using three selected operational amplifiers

4:5
for the case 3 (a) Load= 200 (b) Load= 10 k
4
in M

3:5
impedanc

3
Output e

2:5 MHz when the 10 k load is used for both amplifiers

2
AD825 and LT1037. While the load value does not
influence the current value for AD8021 in the whole
1:5

0:5 frequency range. Furthermore, the output current for

0
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7 the amplifier LT1037 has lower current value which
can be explained by the influence of the internal
Frequency in Hz

(c) resistor of the amplifier. In order to compare the

Fig. 2: Output impedance simulation for single selected configurations, two parameters should be
con-figuration using three resistors cases with considered for the evaluation. The error and flatness
three se-lected operational amplifiers (a) depend on the change of the load and the change of
AD8021 (b) LT1037 (c) AD825 the frequency, respectively (Eq. (4), Eq. (5)).
I I
max min
For AD8021 in figure 2(a), all cases fulfil the I
requirement of a high output impedance at low and Error = min samefrequencydifferentloads

high frequencies. Though, the case 3 has the highest Imax I

(4)
min

output impedance value of 52 M at 5 kHz and it F latness = I

min sameloaddifferentfrequencies

decreases to reach 2.8 M at 1 MHz. The output

impedance for AD825 and LT1037 decreases directly (5)
starting from low frequencies and reaches k range at
high frequency for the three cases as shown in figure TABLE III: Different amplifiers selected for the
2(b,c). For all selected amplifiers, it has been proven simulation
that the case 3 with the resistor configuration R1 = R3 Error
Flatness
Amplifier (10 3) 3
=30 k , R2a =0.5 k , R2b =3 k , R4 = 3.5 k has the 5 kHz 1 MHz (10 )
highest output impedance. Furthermore, from the AD8021 0.19 0.06 0.25
simulated amplifiers, only one amplifier, AD8021, fulfil LT1037 158.9 154.53 0.14
the mentioned requirements for the single AD825 0.7 64.28 64.07
configuration.
The output current was simulated with the case 3 Table III shows that the error is smaller at low
and different amplifiers from 5 kHz to 1 MHz. Figure 3 frequencies than the error at high frequencies. The
illustrates the simulation results with two loads 200 amplifiers LT1037, AD825 have not only the
and 10 k . The simulated current output is 0.15 mA. biggest error at 1 MHz but also the highest
As it is shown in Figure 3, the output current changes flatness. While the amplifiers AD8021 has the best
slightly by increasing the load from 200 to 10 k . The performances among the simulated amplifiers as it
output current drops before 1 presents the lowest values of error and flatness.

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 B. Dual configuration of Howland current source 300
Dual Configuration/ AD8021

Case 1
300
Dual Configuration/ LT1037

Case 1
280 Case 2 280 Case 2
Case 3 Case 3
260 260

240 240

220 220

200 200

180 180

Output current in M

Output current in M
160 160

The inverting dual configuration of the Howland 140 140

current source is constructed by adding a buffer in

120 120

100 100

the negative feedback path of the inverting single 80 80

60 60

configuration as displayed in figure 4. The advantage 40 40

of this configuration in comparison with the inverting

20 20

0 0
4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

single configuration is adding a second amplifier with Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz

high output impedance to the negative feedback. (a) (b)

Dual Configuration/ AD825
9
Case 1
Case 2
8 Case 3

in M
5

Outpu curren
t
4

t
3

0 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10
Frequency in Hz

(c)
Fig. 5: Output impedance simulation for dual
config-uration using three resistors cases with
three selected operational amplifiers (a)
AD8021 (b) LT1037 (c) AD825

Fig. 4: Inverting dual configuration of Howland

cur-rent source

For the case 3, the output current shows a stable

Figure 5 shows th output impedance values in the behaviour for the three amplifiers when the 200 load
frequency range from 5 kHz to 1 MHz. For the is used as shown in figure 6(a). This value drops at
amplifier AD8021, all simulated cases give a high high frequency especially for LT1037. For AD825,
output impedance and the case three reaches 290 M lower output current is generated same as for the
at 5 kHz and drops to 16 M at 1 MHz. In the case of inverting single configuration which confirms that the
LT1037, only case 3 achieves the required output reason is the internal structure of this amplifier. This
impedance range. However the other cases problem can be solved by changing the input of
accomplish the requirements only at 1 MHz and then power supply for the amplifier. The error and flatness
drops to 93 k and 124 k at 1 MHz for case 1 and case for the inverting dual configuration in case 3 are
2, respectively. However, the amplifier AD825 is not illustrated in table IV. LT1037 has the smallest error
able to achieve high output impedance in the range at 5 kHz. AD825 has the worst performance of 23
of interest with all the cases. That can be explained 3 3
10 and 25 10 for flatness and error at 11 MHz,
by the limited bandwidth of the amplifier compared by respectively. While AD8021 has a good performance
the two other used amplifiers. for this configuration.

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 156
Dual configuration/ Rload=200
156
Dual configuration/ Rload=10 k TABLE V: Output impedance for different
155:8 155:5
amplifier in case 3
155:6
155 Single configuration Dual configuration
155:4
154:5
Amplifier [k ] [k ]
155:2 5 kHz 1 MHz 5 kHz 1 MHz
Output current in A

Output current in A
154
155 AD8021 52 340 2 840 290 530 16 780
154:8 153:5
LT1037 29 293 77.17 280 950 601.84
153 AD825 5 448.8 29.01 8 695.5 43.35
154:6

AD825 152:5 AD825

154:4 AD8021 AD8021

154:2
LT1037
152
LT1037
IV. CONCLUSION
154
10
4
10
5
10
6
151:5
10
4
10
5
10
6 In the biomedical field, obtaining stable and accu-
rate voltage controlled current source requires high
Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz

(a) (b) output impedance which is affected by the resistor

values and the choice of the operational amplifier.
Fig. 6: Output current simulation for dual configu- Through simulations, operational amplifiers charac-
ration using three selected operational amplifiers teristics and peripheral components values have
for the case 3 (a) Load= 200 (b) Load= 10 k been studied and compared. The results have shown
that the inverting dual configuration of the Howland
current source has higher output impedance using
TABLE IV: Different amplifiers selected for the AD8021 over the frequency range of interest from 5
simulation kHz to 1 MHz with the resistor configuration: R1

Error = R3 =30 k , R2a =0.5 k , R2b =3 k , R4 = 3.5 k .

3)
Flatness The output impedance is 300 M and 16 M for 5
Amplifier (10
5 kHz 1 MHz (10 3) kHz and 1 MHz, respectively
AD8021 0.06 0.12 0.06 V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
LT1037 0.03 12.84 16.86
AD825 0.06 25.87 23.76 The authors would like to thank the German
Aca-demic Exchange Service (DAAD) for
funding this project.
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Title: Comparative Study of Howland Current Source Configurations for Accurate Biomedical Devices
Authors: Hanen Nouri, Emna Ben Ayed, Dhouha Bouchaala, Houda Ben-Jmaa Derbel and Olfa Kanoun

Conference: Nanotechnology for Instrumentation and Measurement Workshop, 2019

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