Oil and Fats Processing

Manufacturing Process
Processing of Oils and Fats

A. Raw Materials
a. Groundnuts
Groundnuts are a popular source of food throughout the world, consumed
either as peanut butter or crushed and used for groundnut oil or simply consumed
as a confectionary snack. Groundnuts are cultivated in the tropical and subtropical
regions of the world on sandy soils. Yields of groundnut vary from about 400 kg to
several tonnes per hectare, depending on the production system, but on the average,
the global yield is 2500–2700 kg per hectare
b. Olives
Olives are small fruits that grow on olive trees (Olea europaea). They belong
to a group of fruit called drupes, or stone fruits, and are related to mangoes,
cherries, peaches, almonds, and pistachios. Olives are very high in vitamin E and
other powerful antioxidants. Studies show that they are good for the heart and may
protect against osteoporosis and cancer. The healthy fats in olives are extracted to
produce olive oil, one of the key components of the incredibly healthy
Mediterranean diet.
c. Dates
Dates are tropical fruit that is grown on a date palm tree in small clusters.
Scientifically it is known as Phoenix dactylifera is the tastiest and highly nutritious
fruit. It has dark brown skin, soft flesh and is uniquely sweet.
d. Animal or Vegetable Fats

Animal fats and oils are lipids derived from animals: oils are liquid at room
temperature, and fats are solid. Chemically, both fats and oils are composed of
triglycerides. Vegetable fats, also known as vegetable oils, are extracted from plants
and are often used for cooking. In addition, vegetable fats are found in some
processed foods, such as margarine, salad dressings, mayonnaise, and cookies. The
most widely known vegetable oils in everyday food preparation include soybean oil,
coconut oil, olive oil and sunflower oil.
B. Process Flow Diagram

C. Equipment
a. Centrifuge
An oil centrifuge works on the principle of differential settling using a high
centrifugal force to separate oil from solid and liquid contaminants. The centrifuge
exerts up to 10,000 Gs of force to separate particles as small as 1 micron from the
oil. It also separates any immiscible liquid contaminants from the oil.
b. Magnetic Separator
Magnetic separator is a device that uses a magnet to remove impurities and
other magnetic materials from metal. Magnetic separators can be used before,
during and after the production of a material and can be adjusted to attract different
types of magnetic materials at different intensity levels.
c. Deshelling Machine
It is designed to remove shell from nut. This machine detaches the hard shell
from de husked groundnut via a rotating disc cutter. An operator is required to hold
the groundnut during the de shelling process.
d. Crusher
The Crushing machine is designed to crush the raw materials into small
pieces in order to meet the flaking condition in oil pressing plant. After
crushing, it could increase the superficial area of raw material, beneficial for
adjusting moisture and temperature when cooking.
e. Screw Oil Press

Screw oil press is advanced oil extracting machinery, characterized by its
high oil yield with good quality, simple design and convenient operation. The screw
oil press machine is for squeezing various oil materials, such as peanuts, rapeseeds,
cotton seeds, sunflower seeds and soybeans etc.
f. Filters
Filters are used in just about every equipment package within the oil and gas
industry. They are used to remove impurities from different process systems such
as fuel gas, glycol dehydration units or glycol dehydrators, oil lubrication, and even
the main inlet gas feed to a gas plant
g. Solvent Extraction Machine
h. Water Refining Machine
i. Oil Bleaching Machine
j. Deodorizing Machine
D. Products
a. Olive Oils
Olive oil is a liquid, healthy dietary fat extracted from pressing fresh,
whole olives. Whole olives are pressed, typically by a machine, and the oil is
collected and stored away from air and light exposure.
b. Groundnut oil
Groundnut oil may be a vegetable oil derived from groundnuts. It’s
conjointly known as groundnut oil. The oil includes a strong peanut flavor
and aroma. Groundnut oil is wide utilized in preparation, as well as cooking,
basting, and therefore the manufacture of margarines and shortenings.
Groundnut oil process method, based on mechanical pressing technology, is
mostly grouped into three stages:
groundnut seeds preparation,
groundnut pressing and rude
groundnut oil processing.
c. Soybean Oil
Soybean oil is made by extracting oil from whole soybeans. This
process involves dehulling and crushing soybeans, separating the oil from
the rest of the bean, and distilling and refining it to remove contaminants
that may affect the flavor, smell and color of the oil.
E. Quality Assurance
The quality of fats and oils is dictated by several physical and chemical
parameters that are dependent on the source of oil; geographic, climatic, and
agronomic variables of growth in the case of plant oils as well as processing
and storage conditions. Thus, quality assurance criteria may depend partly
on the type of oil under investigation as well as on other factors that may
vary depending on the intended use and regulations that vary from country
to country. The parameters evaluated for quality assurance of edible oils are
those related to the makeup of the oil or their properties
F.
Safety Processes
Hazards and Their Prevention
Hydrogen presents a high risk of explosion and fire in the hydrogenation
process. Burning oils and fats may emit highly irritant fumes such as acrolein. The
solvents, such as hexane, used for the extraction of oils are highly flammable,
although they are commonly used in closed systems. Precautions against fire and
explosion include:
 elimination of all sources of ignition

 use of explosion-proof equipment and spark-proof tools
 prohibition of smoking
 ensuring fire exits are not blocked and are well maintained
 provision of appropriate fire extinguishers
 development of procedures for spills and leaks of hydrogen and
flammable solvents
 training of staff in firefighting procedures.
Electrical installations present a risk of electrical shock in damp and steamy

conditions. All equipment, conductors and so on should be suitably protected with
special attention to any portable equipment or lights. Ground fault circuit
interrupters should be installed on electrical equipment in wet or steamy areas.
Injuries from moving machinery parts can be prevented by efficient and well
maintained machinery guarding.
Excessive noise from equipment should be minimized by engineering
controls if possible.
Protective clothing, boots, aprons and gloves will prevent many injuries; face
shields are necessary to protect the eyes from splashes of corrosive or hot material.
Oils are processed at high temperatures, and physical discomfort can result,
especially in the tropics, unless effective measures are taken.
G. Research and Development

1. Biodiesels
Biodiesel derives from animal fats, non-edible vegetable oils, and by-
products of oil & fats; it is a renewable fuel. Biodiesel can be used both in its pure
form or by blending it with conventional diesel for automotive / heating purposes. It
can help reduce the consumption of petrol. Ethanol and propanol are the alcohols
that are a part of biodiesel production. But the Biodiesel produced with methanol,
where you find methyl ester, the alkaline catalyst, is the most economical. Canola,
Soybean, Vegetable oil, and palm oil are a few other acronyms of Biodiesel. While
Biodiesel is slowly rising to fame, many companies are yet to use the by-products
and convert them into renewable fuel.
2. Lecithins
Sunflower seeds and soybeans are a significant source of derivation for

Lecithins. Corn and animal fats are also a few other options of derivation. Cosmetics,
medication, and other food preparations use Lecithins since it helps extend the shelf
life. Lecithin acts as an emulsifier in a wide range of food. The presence of
phosphatidylcholine makes Lecithin important for various health benefits like
supplements preparation cholesterol reduction and helps improve digestion and
immune function. Although there aren't any known dangers of using Lecithin,
humans prone to allergies from various foods had better watch out since it could
lead to severe reactions.
3. Oleochemicals
Vegetable oils/ fats go through a lengthy splitting, purification, and reaction

process. While the process itself is long, it has proven lucrative due to its application
in cosmetics, chemical industries, and lubricants. Oleochemical derivatives are in
great demand for emulsifier surfactants and work as additives to improve polymer
characteristics. The oils and fats manufacturing companies are on the verge of
realising the value of Oleochemicals and their marketability. However, the next few
years will see a tremendous change in this area, considering this is quite a lucrative
opportunity that has remained unexplored over the years.
Economics
A. Local Product
1. Cooking Oil
B. International Product
2. Refined Oils
References
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/groundnut
https://pharmeasy.in/blog/health-benefits-of-dates/
https://www.vinmec.com/en/news/health-news/nutrition/what-is-vegetable-fat/
https://texanabrands.com/blogs/news/where-olive-oil-comes-from-a-brief-history-of-
olive-oil-types-of-olive-oil-and-more#:~:text=Olive%20oil%20is%20a%20liquid,from
%20air%20and%20light%20exposure.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/manufacturing-groundnut-oil-production-refining-
ajay-kr-gupta
https://kumarmetal.com/five-trending-innovations-in-the-oils-and-fats-processing-
industry-to-look-for-in-2022/

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Oil and Fats Processing

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Manufacturing Process

Processing of Oils and Fats

d. Animal or Vegetable Fats

B. Process Flow Diagram

e. Screw Oil Press

g. Solvent Extraction Machine

h. Water Refining Machine

i. Oil Bleaching Machine

 elimination of all sources of ignition

Electrical installations present a risk of electrical shock in damp and steamy

G. Research and Development

Sunflower seeds and soybeans are a significant source of derivation for

Vegetable oils/ fats go through a lengthy splitting, purification, and reaction

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