EE5512 Power System Operation and Control

Lecture 1 – Overview (Part A)

Spring 2022

Raheel Zafar
Department of Electrical Engineering
Lahore University of Management Sciences
[email protected]

About Me
• Received B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical Engineering (Power) from
UET Lahore
• Worked as a Lecturer at UET Lahore for one and a half years
• Served as an Assistant Professor at GIK Institute and UMT Lahore
• Worked at NESCOM and NTDC for four years
• Received Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from UNSW Sydney
• Major focus on volt/VAR control and optimization in smart distribution grids

• Joined LUMS in July 2021 and have been doing teaching and research in
the area of Power Systems (e.g., planning, operations, and control)

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 Outline
• Course overview
• Learning objectives
• Grading policy
• Textbook(s)/supplementary readings
• Office hours
• Power system structure [Physical layer]
• Generation system
• Transmission system
• Distribution system
• Supply/utilization
• Power system structure [Economic layer]
• Planning
• Operations
• Control

Learning Objectives
i. Explain the fundamental concepts related to economic operation and
control of power systems.
ii. Apply different techniques for solving economic load dispatch, unit
commitment, and optimal power flow problems.
iii.Analyze active power-frequency control and automatic generation control
under different scenarios in power system operation.
iv.Describe the important concepts of voltage control and voltage stability
problems.

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 Grading Policy
• Assignment(s) (3 - 4): 10%
• All assignments will contribute towards final grade

• Quiz(s) (4-5): 20%

• N-1 policy will be applicable | mix of surprised and announced quizzes

• Midterm examination: 30%

• 120 minutes | closed book | closed notes | calculators allowed

• Final examination: 40%

• 180 minutes | closed book | closed notes | calculators allowed

Textbook(s)/Supplementary Readings
• Textbook
• Power Generation, Operation, and Control by A. J. Wood, B. F. Wollenberg, and G.
B. Sheble, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
• Power System Voltage Stability by C. W. Taylor, 1st Edition, McGraw Hill, 1994.
• Additional/Supplementary Readings
• Power System Operations by A. J. Conejo and L. Baringo, 1st Edition, Springer, 2018.
• Power System Analysis by H. Saadat, 3rd Edition, PSA Publishing, 2010.
• Power System Operation and Control by S. Sivanagaraju and G. Sreenivasan, 1st
Edition, Pearson, 2009.
• Power System Analysis by John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson, 13th Reprint,
Tata McGraw-Hill, 2003.

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 Office Hours
• Office hours (Wednesday 02:00 PM - 03:00 PM)
• In-person session with the students
• Discussion about technical content
• Office location: 9-249, Tesla Wing, SBASSE

• Meeting outside office hours

• Students are welcome to email me for scheduling meetings
• Appointment based session
• Discussion about technical content
• Meeting can be in-person at my office or virtual over Zoom

Power System Structure

Power systems have three main layers:
1. Physical layer
• Generation system
• Transmission system
• Distribution system
• Supply/utilization
2. Economic layer
• Planning
• Operations
• Control
3. Regulatory layer
• Centralized operation
• Market operation

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 Power System Structure [Physical Layer]
• The physical layer of a power
system includes four subsystems:
• Generation system
• Transmission system
• Distribution system
• Supply/Utilization
• Each of these subsystems has a
different voltage level.
• This necessitates the use of
transformers.
• Figure on the right is a relatively
simplistic illustration of the physical
layer of a typical power system.

Power System Structure [Physical Layer] cont..

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines standard voltage ranges

related to electrical power systems and equipment.
• ANSI Standard C-84.1-1989
• Low Voltage (LV): Voltages below 1 kV
• Medium Voltage (MV): Voltages between 1 kV and 69 kV
• High Voltage (HV): Voltages from 69 kV to 230 kV
• Extra High Voltage (EHV): Voltages between 230 kV and 1000 kV
• Ultra High Voltage (UHV): Voltages equal or greater than 1000 kV
• Substation or grid station
• It is used to switch generators, equipment, circuits or lines in and out of a system.
• It is also used to change AC voltage levels and/or change AC to DC or DC to AC.
• The substation that converts 500 kV to 220 kV is knows as 500 kV substation.

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 Power System Structure [Physical Layer] cont..

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Power System Structure [Physical Layer] cont..

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 Power System Structure [Physical Layer] cont..

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Electrical Power Systems

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 Generation System
• The generation subsystem includes
the production facilities that
generate electricity.
• Production facilities rely on nuclear
or fossil fuels, and on renewable
sources.
• Fossil fuel facilities include oil, coal,
and natural gas-fired power plants.
• Renewable facilities include hydro,
wind, solar, and biomass power
plants.

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Generation System cont..

• Nuclear power plants are generally in decline due to potential security issues
and the costly long-term handling of nuclear residuals.
• However, once built, their operation does not entail any direct environmental
impact.
• Oil and coal-fired power plants are also in decline due to their high
environmental impact in terms of three important pollutants: nitrogen oxides
(NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
• Natural gas-fired power plants are increasingly common due to their efficiency
and high flexibility, which allow to compensate demand and renewable-
production fluctuations.
• Furthermore, they have a limited environmental impact and are economically
competitive.

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 Generation System cont..

• Once built, hydroelectric facilities entail no environmental impact and have high
operational flexibility.
• However, the operation of hydroelectric power plants depends on a limited resource,
namely, its reservoir water content.
• Suitable geographical locations to build hydroelectric power plants are limited, and in
many places exhausted.
• Weather-dependent renewable facilities such as solar- and wind-based power plants
entail no environmental impact.
• However, their production is stochastic (variable, and to some extent, unknown in
advance).
• Thus, they need back-up from controllable (dispatchable) facilities such as natural gas-
fired power plants.
• Also, the storage facilities help integrating an increasing level of weather-dependent
renewable production.

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Transmission System
• The transmission system is the network of
electricity freeways that allow moving
bulk electrical energy from production
centers to consumption areas.
• It is the backbone of the electrical grid.
• Busbars are the nerve-centres of the
power system where various circuits are
connected together.
• Busbars are nodes of electrical circuit.
• Most transmission systems are meshed
networks instead of radial ones.

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 Distribution System
• The distribution system is the network
of electrical highways and roads that
allow moving electricity from the
transmission system to the actual
consumption centers.
• Distribution networks are generally
meshed circuits; however, they are
usually operated radially for protection
reasons.
• Substation reduces the voltages from
transmission to distribution level.
• Supply transformers reduce the voltage
from distribution to consumption level.

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Supply/Utilization
• Supply subsystem comprises the LV wires that surround every commercial
facility and home.
• It also includes supply transformer that interconnects such LV network and
distribution grid.
• Industrial facilities typically include dedicated distribution and supply
subsystems.
• Supply subsystem includes metering equipment for billing purposes.

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 Power System Structure [Economic Layer]
Depending on the time framework, we
distinguish different problems in any power
system:
1. Long-term planning problems
• Electric energy systems have to be built,
reinforced, and expanded, which leads to long-
term planning problems
• These problems span from 1 to 20 years into the
future
2. Operations problems
• Once built, electric energy systems need to be
operated to supply the electrical demand while
pursuing economic objectives (e.g., minimum
supply cost) and satisfying technical constraints
• Operations problems span from 1 month to
minutes

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Power System Structure [Economic Layer] cont..

3. Control stage
• Minutes prior to power delivery, supply security becomes paramount
• The objective is then to supply the demand with security with respect to eventual
contingencies involving both generating units, transmission lines, and/or power
transformers
• At this control stage, economic issues play a secondary role
• The control stage spans from 10 minutes to real-time control

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 Planning
• Long-term planning problems span from 1 to 20 years and pertain to networks,
both transmission and distribution, as well as to production facilities, i.e.,
generating units.
• Long-term planning entails a high level of uncertainty since planning decisions
affect the operation of the system up to the distant future (e.g., 20 years from
now).
• The transmission network is generally reinforced and expanded by publicly
regulated entities, namely:
• By national transmission & despatch company (NTDC) in Pakistan
• By regional transmission organizations (RTOs) in the USA
• By transmission system operators (TSOs) in Europe

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Planning cont..

• The objective of NTDC/RTO/TSO is to ensure that a reliable network is in

place to make it possible that the energy produced is efficiently delivered
from production to consumption centers.
• Generating units are usually built and operated by private corporations
(i.e., power producers) pursuing maximum profit.
• Thus, power producers build generating units to operate them through
their life spans for a profit, and compete among themselves for the supply
of electricity.

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 Operations
• Power system operations involve decisions within a time frame of 1 month to
minutes in advance to power delivery.
• Three different operation decisions:
1. Operation planning decisions that are made around 1 month prior to power delivery and
that pertain typically to fuel procurement (nuclear fuel, coal, oil, and natural gas), hydro
resource management, and preventive maintenance of both production and
transmission/distribution facilities.
2. Operation decisions within a day that involve the procurement of the reserve (backup
power ready to take over if contingencies occur) and scheduling of generating units for
production.
3. Operation decisions within minutes of power delivery that involve the actual dispatching
of generating units ensuring a reliable supply of energy while complying with technical
requirements, particularly voltage levels and transmission line limits.

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Control
Active and reactive power controllers take full control of the operation of the
system during the last minutes prior to power delivery:
1. Active power controllers
• Ensure that the system frequency is kept close to 60/50 Hz by compensating active power
deviations
• They also ensure the active power flows over interconnecting tie-lines are kept at
prespecified target values that are based on economic agreements
• Active power reserves are used for this purpose
2. Reactive power controllers
• Ensure a healthy voltage profile throughout the power grid by using the reactive power
reserves in generating units and capacitor banks, as well as by modifying the
transformation ratio of power transformers (through on-load tap changers).
• Additionally, over-voltage conditions might be controlled using reactance banks.

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 Suggested Readings
• Conejo | 1.2

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Thank you!

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