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Class 9 Economics Chapter 2 Ncert Notes

The document discusses people as a resource for a country's economy. It defines human capital as the skills and education level of a population, which can be invested in to increase productivity and economic growth over time. Countries that invest heavily in education and healthcare, like Japan, see high returns. There are traditional divisions of labor between men and women as well as between economic sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Improving population quality through literacy, health, and skill development leads to faster economic growth. India has focused on improving access to education and healthcare over the decades to develop its workforce across all sectors.

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377 views2 pages

Class 9 Economics Chapter 2 Ncert Notes

The document discusses people as a resource for a country's economy. It defines human capital as the skills and education level of a population, which can be invested in to increase productivity and economic growth over time. Countries that invest heavily in education and healthcare, like Japan, see high returns. There are traditional divisions of labor between men and women as well as between economic sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Improving population quality through literacy, health, and skill development leads to faster economic growth. India has focused on improving access to education and healthcare over the decades to develop its workforce across all sectors.

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hariharanrevathy
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Chapter 2 – People as Resource

Overview
People as Resource is a way of referring to a country’s working people in terms of their existing
productive skills and abilities. Like other resources, the population is also considered as a human
resource. When the existing ‘human resource’ is further developed by becoming more educated
and healthy, it is called human capital formation. Investment in human capital (through
education, training, medical care) yields a return just like investment in physical capital.

Human capital is superior to other resources like land and physical capital. Total productivity
adds to the growth of the economy. Investment in human resource (via education and medical
care) can give high rates of return in future. Countries, like Japan, have invested in human
resources.

Economic Activities by Men and Women


The activities in Economics are divided into three sectors i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary.
Primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining
and quarrying. Secondary sector includes manufacturing. Tertiary sector includes trade,
transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance, etc. These
activities are termed as economic activities. Economic activities have two parts — market
activities and non-market activities. Market activities involve remuneration to anyone who
performs i.e., activity performed for pay or profit. These include production of goods or services,
including government service. Non-market activities are the production for self-consumption.
These can be consumption and processing of primary product and own-account production of
fixed assets.

There was a division of labour between men and women. Men were paid for their services but to
the contrary women were not paid for their services. Education played an important role for
individuals to make better use of economic opportunities. Most women used to work in places
where there was no job security. In this sector, employment was characterised by irregular and
low income. Basic facilities were missing like maternity leave, childcare and other social security
systems. However, women with high education and skill formation were paid highly.

Quality of Population
The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person indicated by life
expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country. It ultimately decides the
growth rate of the country and a literate and healthy population were an asset.

Education
Education contributes to the growth of society and enhances the national income, cultural
richness and increases the efficiency of governance. Literacy is needed for citizens to perform
their duties and enjoy their rights properly. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan, which was introduced in the
year 2010 provides elementary education to all children in the age group of 6–14 years. To
encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status, a mid-day
meal scheme was introduced. The 12th plan focused on increasing access, quality, adoption of
state-specific curriculum modification, vocationalisation and networking on the use of
information technology, distance education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distance and IT
education institutions.

Health
Improvement in the health status of the population has been the priority of the country. The
National Policy, too, aimed at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare and
nutritional service, especially for the underprivileged segment of the population. India over the
last five decades has developed its manpower required in the primary, secondary and tertiary
sector.

Unemployment
In India, we have unemployment in rural and urban areas, though the nature of unemployment
differs in rural and urban areas. In rural areas, unemployment was seasonal and disguised. In
urban areas, unemployment was educated unemployment. Seasonal unemployment occurred
when people were not able to find jobs during a few particular months of the year. In disguised
unemployment people appeared to be employed. Educated unemployment became a common
phenomenon in urban areas. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource, tends to
increase economic overload, has a detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy. In
India, statistically, the unemployment rate is low.

In the primary sector, employment structure is characterised by self-employment. Agriculture is


the most labour absorbing sector of the economy. But, in recent years, there has been a decline
in the dependence of population on agriculture. Some of the surplus-labour in agriculture has
moved to either the secondary or the tertiary sector. In the secondary sector, small scale
manufacturing was the most labour absorbing. In case of the tertiary sector, various new
services are now appearing like Biotechnology, Information Technology and so on.

To access the notes of Geography, History and Civics of Class 9, visit the CBSE Class 9 Social
Science Notes page at BYJU’S. Stay tuned for more updates on CBSE and NCERT. Download the
BYJU’S App and subscribe to YouTube channel to access interactive Maths and Science videos.

Frequently asked Questions on CBSE Class 9 Economics Notes


Chapter 2: People as Resource

What is a ‘Resource’?
Resources are anything that has utility and adds value to our life.

What are reasons for Unemployment?


1. Discrimination 2. Slow industrial growth 3. Decreased economic growth

What is ‘Sarva Siksha Abhiyan’?


Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is Government of India’s flagship programme for achievement of
Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) in a time bound manner, as mandated by 86th
amendment to the Constitution of India for children of age 6 -14 years.

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