• This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook

• Big Ideas Algebra 2

• By Larson, R., Boswell
• 2022 K12 (National Geographic/Cengage)
• Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.

Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
[email protected]
• Using Properties of Rational Exponents
• 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 (Product Property)
𝑚𝑚
• 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚 (Power of a Product Property)

• 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
= 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (Power of a Power Property)
𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
• = 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚−𝑛𝑛 (Quotient Property)
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
• = (Power of a Quotient Property)
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚

−𝑚𝑚 1
• 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
(Negative Exponent Property)
• Simplify the expression. Write your • Try 292#1
answer using only positive • 6𝑏𝑏0
exponents.
• Example 292#3
3𝑤𝑤 4
• 2𝑥𝑥
•e
• Called the natural base
• Named after Leonard Euler who discovered it
• (Pronounced “oil-er”)
1 𝑛𝑛
• Found by putting really big numbers into 1 + 𝑛𝑛 = 2.718281828459…
• Irrational number like π
• Simplifying natural base expressions • Try 305#3
• Just treat e like a regular variable 11𝑒𝑒 9
• 22𝑒𝑒 10
• Example (305#5)
• 5𝑒𝑒 7𝑥𝑥 4
• Evaluate the natural base • Try 305#31
expressions using your calculator • 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑒𝑒 0.4𝑡𝑡
• Example 305#29
• Rewrite in the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
• 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 −0.75𝑡𝑡
• Assignment (20 total)
• Properties of Exponents: 292#1-4;
• Simplifying e: 305#1-10 odd;
• Changing e to decimal: 305#25-28 all;
• Mixed Review: 306#43, 45, 51, 53 (no graph), 55 (no graph)
WRIGHT
Work with a partner.
Calculate how much time you will spend on your homework the last week of
the 36-week school year. You start with 1 second of homework on week one
and double the time every week.
• Exponential Function
• y = bx
• Base (b) is a positive number
other than 1

• Exponential Growth
• Always increasing and rate of
change is increasing
• b>1
• y-intercept is (0, 1)
• Horizontal asymptote y = 0
• b is the growth factor
• Exponential Decay
• Always decreasing and rate of
change is decreasing
• 0<b<1
• y-intercept is (0, 1)
• Horizontal asymptote y = 0
• b is the decay factor
• Example 298#9
• Determine whether each function
represents exponential growth or
exponential decay. Then graph the
function.
1 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 6
• Try 298#11
• Determine whether each function
represents exponential growth or
exponential decay. Then graph the
function.
4 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = 3
• Exponential Growth Model (word • Exponential Decay Model (word
problems) problems)
• 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 1 + 𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡 • 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 1 − 𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡
• y = current amount • y = current amount
• a = initial amount • a = initial amount
• r = growth percent • r = decay percent
• 1 + r = growth factor • 1 – r = decay factor
• t = time • t = time
• Example: 298#20
• The population P (in millions) of Peru during a recent decade can be
approximated by 𝑃𝑃 = 25.25 1.01 𝑡𝑡 , where t is the number of years since
the beginning of the decade.
• (a) Determine whether the model represents exponential growth or decay

• (b) identify the annual percent increase or decrease in population

• (c) Estimate when the population was about 29 million

• Try 298#19
• The value of a mountain bike y (in dollars) can be approximated by the model
𝑦𝑦 = 200 0.65 𝑡𝑡 , where t is the number of years since the bike was purchased.
• (a) Determine whether the model represents exponential growth or decay

• (b) Identify the annual percent increase or decrease

• (c) Estimate when the value of the bike will be $50

• Compound Interest • Example: 299#39
𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 • Find the balance in the account
• 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃 1 +𝑛𝑛 earning compound interest after 10
• A = amount at time t years when the principal is
• P = principle (initial amount) P250,500.
• r = annual rate r = 5.15%, compounded Semi-
annually
• n = number of times interest is
compounded per year

• Try 299#41
• Assignment: 20 total
• Graphing Exponential Growth and Decay: 298#7-15 odd
• Exponential Growth and Decay Models: 298#19-22, 44
• Compound Interest: 299#35, 39, 40, 41, 42
• Mixed Review: 300#53, 54, 55, 61, 63
• Logarithms are exponents • Try 312#15
• log 𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 = exponent of b to get a • log 3 3
• Example: 312#13
• log 3 81
• Calculator has two logs • Try 312#25
1
• Common Log: log = log10 • ln 3

• Natural Log: ln = log 𝑒𝑒

• (Some calculators can do log of any

base.)
• Example: 312#23
• log 6
• Definition of Logarithm with Base b

•log 𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 ⇔ 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦
• Read as “log base b of y equals x”

• Logs = exponents!!

• Logs and exponentials are inverses

• They undo each other
• They cancel each other out
• Example: 312#1 • Try 312#7
• Rewrite as an exponential • Rewrite as a log
• log 3 9 = 2 • 62 = 36
• Simplify log expressions • Try 312#35
• If exponential with base b and log • log 3 32𝑥𝑥
with base b are inside each other,
they cancel
• Example: 312#31
• 7log7 𝑥𝑥
• Assignment (20 total)
• Evaluate logs: 312#13, 15, 17, 23, 25
• Rewrite logs as exponentials: 312#1, 3, 5
• Rewrite exponentials as logs: 312#7, 9, 11
• Simplify expressions: 312#31, 33, 35, 37
• Mixed Review: 314#75, 77, 79, 83, 85
• Product Property
• log 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢 + log 𝑏𝑏 𝑣𝑣

• Quotient Property
𝑢𝑢
• log 𝑏𝑏 𝑣𝑣 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢 − log 𝑏𝑏 𝑣𝑣

• Power Property
• log 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛 log 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢
• Expand logarithms • Try 327#15
𝑥𝑥
• Rewrite as several logs • ln 3𝑦𝑦

• Example: 327#13
• log 10𝑥𝑥 5
• Condense logs • Try 327#23
• Try to write as a single log • 6 ln 𝑥𝑥 + 4 ln 𝑦𝑦

• Example: 327#25
1
• log 5 4 + 3 log 5 𝑥𝑥
• Change-of-Base Formula • Try 327#29
log𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢 • Evaluate log 4 7
• log 𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢 = log𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
• This lets you evaluate any log on a
calculator

• Example: 327#31
• Evaluate log 9 15
• Assignment: 20 total
• Expand logs: 327#11-17 odd
• Condense logs: 327#21-27 odd
• Change-of-base formula: 327#29-35 odd
𝐼𝐼
• Problem Solving: 327#37-38 (Use 𝐿𝐿 = 10 log 10−12)
• Mixed Review: 328#46, 47, 51, 57, 59, 61
• Exponential Function
• y = bx
• Base (b) is a positive number other
than 1
• In general
• 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐−ℎ + 𝑘𝑘
• a is vertical stretch
• If a is −, reflect over x-axis
• c is horizontal shrink
1
• Shrink by 𝑐𝑐
• h is horizontal shift
• k is vertical shift
• Horizontal asymptote: y = k
• Graph Exponential Functions
• Find and graph the horizontal
asymptote
• Make a table of values
• Plot points and draw the curve
• Make sure the curve is near
the asymptotes at the edge of
the graph
• Example: 320#17
• (a) Describe the transformations. (b)
Then graph the function.
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥−3
• Try 320#15
• (a) Describe the transformations. (b)
Then graph the function.
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
• Logarithmic Function
• 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
• Base (b) is a positive number
other than 1

• Logarithms and exponentials are

inverses
• x and y are switched
• Graphically, reflected over y = x
• Horizontal asymptote becomes
vertical asymptote
• In general • Graph Logarithmic Functions
• 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 log 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − ℎ + 𝑘𝑘 • Find and graph the vertical
• a is vertical stretch asymptote
• If a is −, reflect over x-axis • Make a table of values
• c is horizontal shrink • You may need to use the
1 change-of-base formula
• Shrink by 𝑐𝑐
• Plot points and draw the curve
• h is horizontal shift • Make sure the curve is near
• k is vertical shift the asymptotes at the edge of
• Vertical asymptote: x = h the graph
• Example: 320#27
• (a) Describe the transformations. (b)
Then graph the function.
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = − log 1⁄5 𝑥𝑥 − 7
• Try 320#25
• (a) Describe the transformations. (a)
Then graph the function.
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 3 log 4 𝑥𝑥 − 5
• Find the inverse • Try 313#51
• Isolate log or exponential part • 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 − 9
• Switch x and y
• Then rewrite as exponential or
log
• Example: 313#47
• 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥 − 1
• Assignment: 15 total
• Graph Exponential Functions: 320#15, 17, 21
• Graph Logarithmic Functions: 313#57, 59; 320#25, 27
• Find Inverses: 313#43, 45, 47, 51
• Mixed Review: 322# 53, 55, 62, 65
• Solving Exponential Equations • Try 334#1
• Method 1) if the bases are equal, • 23𝑥𝑥+5 = 21−𝑥𝑥
then exponents are equal
• Example: 334#3
• 5𝑥𝑥−3 = 25𝑥𝑥−5
• Solving Exponential Equations • Try 334#11
• Method 2) take log of both sides • 3𝑒𝑒 4𝑥𝑥 + 9 = 15
• Example: 334#9
• 5 7 5𝑥𝑥 = 60
• Solving Logarithmic Equations • Try 334#19
• Method 1) if the bases are equal, • log 2 3𝑥𝑥 − 4 = log 2 5
then logs are equal
• Example 334#17
• ln 4𝑥𝑥 − 12 = ln 𝑥𝑥
• Solving Logarithmic Equations • Try 334#22
• Method 2) exponentiating both • log 3 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 2
sides
• Make both sides exponents
with the base of the log
• Example: 334#21
• log 2 4𝑥𝑥 + 8 = 5
• Assignment (20 total)
• Solve Exponential Equations: 334#1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
• Solve Logarithmic Equations: 334#17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29
• Mixed Review: 336#75, 77, 79, 83, 87
• Choosing Functions to Model Data
• For equally spaced x-values
• If y-values have common ratio (multiple)  exponential

• If y-values have finite differences  polynomial

• Determine the type of function • Try 342#1
represented by each table.
• Example: 342#3
• Use the regression feature on a • NumWorks
graphing calculator • Choose Regression from homescreen
• TI-84
• In Data tab, enter points
• Enter points in STAT  EDIT
• Go to Graph tab
• To see points go Y= and
highlight Plot1 and press • To change regression type, press
ENTER to keep it highlighted OK and choose a different
regression
• Press Zoom and choose
ZoomStat • Read the answer off the bottom of
the graph
• Go to STAT  CALC  ExpReg for
exponential OR LnReg for
logarithmic
• Determine whether the data show • Try 342#19
an exponential relationship. Then
write a function that models the
data.
• Example 342#20
• Assignment: 15 total
• Determine Type of Model: 342#1-4
• Find Model from Table: 342#19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32
• Mixed Review: 344#39, 41, 47, 49
• 4𝑥𝑥+3 = 64𝑥𝑥−6
• 33𝑥𝑥−5 = 271−2𝑥𝑥
• 6 5 3𝑥𝑥 = 63
• 5𝑒𝑒 5𝑥𝑥 − 15 = 125
• ln 3𝑥𝑥 + 15 = ln 2𝑥𝑥
• log 4 2𝑥𝑥 + 5 = log 4 10