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This document discusses integration and antiderivatives. It defines an antiderivative as a function whose derivative is the integrand. It also states the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which relates the indefinite integral of a function to the definite integral between bounds and its antiderivative. Several basic integration rules are also provided, such as rules for constants, powers, exponentials, and logarithms. Examples of using these rules to evaluate indefinite integrals are given. The document concludes with examples of applied problems involving integration, such as finding antiderivatives or calculating definite integrals.

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Chang Seng Sin
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114 views3 pages

L5 PDF

This document discusses integration and antiderivatives. It defines an antiderivative as a function whose derivative is the integrand. It also states the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which relates the indefinite integral of a function to the definite integral between bounds and its antiderivative. Several basic integration rules are also provided, such as rules for constants, powers, exponentials, and logarithms. Examples of using these rules to evaluate indefinite integrals are given. The document concludes with examples of applied problems involving integration, such as finding antiderivatives or calculating definite integrals.

Uploaded by

Chang Seng Sin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTEGRATION

5.0 ANTIDERIVATIVES AND RULES OF INTEGRATION

A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval L if F ' ( x) = f ( x) for all x in L.

1 3
Example: Let F ( x) = x − 2 x 2 + x − 1 . Show that F is an antiderivative of f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x + 1
3

Theorem - Let G be an antiderivative of a function f. Then, every antiderivative F of f must be of the


form F(x) = G(x) + c, where c is a constant.

5.1 THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

The process of finding all antiderivatives of a function is called antidifferentiation, or integration.


We use the symbol  , called the integral sign to indicate that the operation of integration is to be
performed on some function f. Thus

 f ( x)dx = F ( x) + c
tells us that the indefinite integral of f is the family of functions given by F(x) + c. The function f to be
integrated is called the integrand, and the constant c is called the constant of integration. The
expression dx following the integrand f(x) reminds us that the operation is performed with respect to x.

5.2 BASIC INTEGRATION RULES

Rule 1 k dx = kx + c

x n +1
 x dx = + c (n ≠ −1)
n
Rule 2
n +1

kxn +1
 kx dx = +c
n
Rule 3
n +1

e kx
e + c OR  f ' ( x )e dx = e f ( x ) + c
kx f ( x)
Rule 4 dx =
k

1 f ' ( x)
Rule 5 x dx = ln x + c OR  f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x) + c

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Rule 6 The Sum Rule  [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx =  f (x) dx   g (x) dx

[ f ( x )] n +1
Rule 7  f ' ( x)[ f ( x)]n dx =
n +1
+c

5.3 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

 f ( x)
b
Let f be continuous on [a, b]. Then, dx = F ( x) a = F(b) – F(a) where F is any antiderivative
a

of f; that is F ' ( x) = f ( x) .

2 1
1 1
Examples: Evaluate (a)  ( − 2 ) dx (b)  3(2 x + 4) 2 dx
1
x x 0

5.4 APPLIED PROBLEMS IN INTEGRATION

1. Find the function f if it is known that f ' ( x) = 3x 2 − 4 x + 8 and f (1) = 9

2. The current circulation of the Investor’s Digest is 3000 copies per week. The managing director
of the weekly projects a growth rate of
2
4 + 5t 3
copies per week, t weeks from now, for the next 3 years. Based on her projection, what will the
circulation of the Digest be 125 weeks from now?

3. A study prepared by the marketing department of Universal Instruments forecasts that, after its
new line of Galaxy Home Computers is introduced into the market, sales will grow at the rate of
2000 − 1500e −0.05t (0 ≤ t ≤ 60)
units per month. Find an expression that gives the total number of computers that will be sold t
months after they become available on the market. How many computers will Universal sell in
the first year they are on the market?

4. Carlota Music Company estimates that the marginal cost of manufacturing its Professional
Series Guitars is
C ' ( x) = 0.002x + 100
dollars per month when the level of production is x guitars per month. The fixed costs incurred
by Carlota are $4000 per month. Find the total monthly cost incurred by Carlota in
manufacturing x guitars per month.

BUSFF025 Quantitative Methods for Business Page 2


Useful Resources

[1] http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/resources/RES-18-001Spring-2005/Textbook/index.htm This is a


complete textbook on calculus in pdf. Of particular interest is Chapter 3 (max/min problems)
and Chapter 5 (integration).
[2] http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/4/index.html Plenty of examples complemented by
animation, graphics. Good source for reading and understanding.
[3] http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Definite-Integrals.topicArticleId-39909,articleId-
39903.html Straightforward notes with many fully worked out examples. Good resource.

BUSFF025 Quantitative Methods for Business Page 3

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