Lecture-2 Module-1 Structural Analysis-II
Lecture-2 Module-1 Structural Analysis-II
Peshawar, Pakistan
By:
Prof. Dr. Bashir Alam
Civil Engineering Department
UET , Peshawar
Matrix Methods of Analysis
• Flexibility Method
In this method redundant constraints are removed and
corresponding redundant actions (forces or moment) are placed.
An equation of compatibility of deformation is written in terms of
these redundants and corresponding displacements. The
redundants are determined from these simultaneous equation.
Equations of statics are then used for calculation of designed
internal actions. In this method, actions are treated as basic
unknowns. This method will be described in detail in this lecture.
Matrix Methods of Analysis
𝐷 • Where f is the
D ∝ 𝐴 D = f A ---------(a) f = flexibility of spring
𝐴
Also ;
𝐴 • Where s is called
A ∝ D A = s D ---------(b) s =
𝐷 stiffness of spring
Flexibility Method of Analysis
P1 P2 P1 P1 P2
= +
∆1 ∆2 ∆ʹ1 ∆ʹ2 ∆ʹ2+∆ʺ2
∆ʹ1+∆ʺ1
As it is shown from fig. also i.e ∆1 = ∆ʹ1 + ∆ʺ1 & ∆2 = ∆ʹ2 + ∆ʺ2
Which shows the principle of superposition.
Flexibility Method of Analysis
• General procedure of flexibility method
This method is also called compatibility or static method. In this
method the degree of S.I is determined and the redundants are
identified. A coordinate is assigned to each redundant. Thus AR1,
AR2, AR3……….ARn are the redundants at 1,2,3……….n
locations.
…
𝐷𝑅𝑆𝑛 = 𝐷𝑅𝐿𝑛 + 𝑓𝑛1𝐴𝑅1 + 𝑓𝑛2𝐴𝑅2 +. . … … … . . + 𝑓𝑛𝑛𝐴𝑅𝑛
Flexibility Method of Analysis
𝑨𝑹 = 𝒇 −𝟏 • 𝑫𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝑹𝑳
𝐧∗𝟏 𝐧∗𝒏 𝐧∗𝟏
A
B c
fig.a
In the above fig.a the redundant action can be selected in
different way that are given on the next slide
Flexibility Method of Analysis
Step # 01: contd…
A
B c
AR
A
B c
AR
Step # 02: Apply the actual external loads on the BDS (Basic
determinate structure) and find the displacements at the
locations of redundant actions this will generate DRL
matrix.
Step # 03: Apply the redundant actions on the BDS (To standardize
the procedure, only a unit load of the constraining force
is applied in the +ve direction) this will generate
flexibility coefficient matrix.
Flexibility Method of Analysis
Step # 04: Apply compatibility at the location of the removed
redundants and solve the matrices to compute the
values of redundant actions.
𝑫𝑹𝑺 = 𝑫𝑹𝑳 + 𝒇 • 𝑨𝑹
−𝟏
𝑨𝑹 = 𝒇 • 𝑫𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝑹𝑳
Note: DRS is the support settlement or rotation only corresponding to the chosen redundant
actions if there is no support settlement or rotation at the redundant location then DRS = 0.
but if there is support settlement or rotation in the structure at a location other than
redundant location then the effect of that settlement or rotation will be taken in indirect
loading.
Step#03: BDS
structure acted upon A
f
B
by unit value of AR.
Computation of AR=1
flexibility coefficients
values. Step#04: Apply
compatibility at the
𝑫𝑹𝑺 = 𝑫𝑹𝑳 + 𝒇 • 𝑨𝑹 location of the removed
redundants and solve
𝑨𝑹 = 𝒇 −𝟏 • 𝑫𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝑹𝑳 the matrices to compute
the values of redundant
actions.
Flexibility Method of Analysis
Example: 02 Formulate the beam shown in fig below the
support A is rotated by some amount and support B is settled
with some displacement.
P1 P2
A B C
S.I = 2 degree
So two redundant actions should be chosen
Choose those as redundant which make the calculation easy.
Flexibility Method of Analysis
• Step # 01: Selection of redundant actions and assign coordinates
at those locations. There may more than one possibility.
P1 P2
Option 01: Vertical 1 2
A B C
reactions at B & C is
taken as redundant. AR1 AR2
P1 P2
Option 02: Vertical AR1 1 2
reactions at B &
moment at A is taken A B C
as redundant. AR2
DRS1
P1 P2
A B C
DRS2
• DRS1 & DRS2 are the initial support rotation & settlement corresponding to
the redundant actions 1 & 2.
• Remove all the loads and redundant constrains to get the primary structure.
A C
Basic determinate structure ( BDS) or
released structure or
Primary structure
Flexibility Method of Analysis
1 1ʹ k f11 2 f21
where A B C
f11 = rotation in the BDS at redundant location 1 due to unit moment
applied at that location
f21 = translation in the BDS at redundant location 2 due to a unit
moment/action applied at redundant location 1
Flexibility Method of Analysis
• Now a unit load is applied at the redundant location 2 as
shown. Compute the values of f12 & f22 .
1 f12 2 f22
B
A 1k C
where
𝑨𝑹 = 𝒇 −𝟏 • 𝑫𝑹𝑺 − 𝑫𝑹𝑳
Step # 05: Compute the member end actions which will be discussed in the next
classes .
Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal
Displacements
This theorem is referred to as the theorem of reciprocal displacements
and may be stated as follows: The displacement of a point B on a
structure due to a unit load acting at point A is equal to the
displacement of point A when the unit load is acting at point B, that is,
fBA=fAB