Laxmi Nayakodi

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON CONSTRUCTION WORK
CHAPTER 1:
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE
S M CONSTRUCTIONS is listed under civil contractors in Solapur Road Vijayapur,
Karnataka. They focus on achieving excellence in all areas of their work,including project
quality, timeliness, safety, reporting, etc. These contractors provide the best craftsmanship and
effective management and consistently try to provide top notch construction services. They take
up commercial, residential, institutional, and industrial projects to name a few. Apart from
costruction, the contractor also carry out renovation work.
VISION
“Be one of the leaders in the engineering and construction consultancy services business and
provide global, flexible, speedy, low cost and innovative technology solutions and best in class
quality services to Strengthen Indian construction services”
MISSION
“We demonstarate the work to understand our client’s needs, and work closely with them to
achieve the targets, objectives, expections and satisfy them. We are highly commited to
providing our clients with the highest quality of services at a competitive price and in schedule
time”
OBJECTIVES
• Crearing standout designs for each project. Delivering unparalleled service to exceed
client requirements.
• Maintaining honestly, ethical behaviour, accountability and integrity.
• Responding quickly to the changing market conditions.
• Improving job site productivity through effective job controls.
• Creating an environment that fasters growth and development of our biggest assest our
people
DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 1

CHAPTER 2:
ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Construction Department workers play a vital role in department the look of films: they are
responsible for building, painting and plastering all the sets required for productions. They work
closely with the Art and Design Department to ensure that the Director’s and the production
Designer’s ideas are visually realized on sets.The Construction Department is overseen by the
Construction Manager, who is responsible for ensuring that all the required work is completed
to deadline, within budget, and to the specification set by the production Designer. Once
appointed, Construction Manager are responsible for hiring in the required number of
Carpenters, Painters, Riggers and Plasters, as well as for coordinating the purchase of all the
necessary material and tools. In addition to excellent craft skills in their chosen field, member
of the Construction Department must also have strong creative abilities. They are often required
to create structure in a specific period or historical style, or they may be required to ‘distress’
their work, so that it looks worm and lived in rather than brand new. They must have an
excellent working knowledge of all the material available in their field, combined with highly
developed technical skills, far in advanced of those required by traditional domestic plasters,
painter, scaffolders or carpenters.
2.2 ROLES OF THE CONSTRUCTION TEAM MEMBERS
The Surveyor
The Role of Building Construction Project Team Member in Building Project Delivery
Surveyor is the custodian of land information. The size, topography, location, features on and
beneath the land upon which any development is built, is determined first by surveyors. Without
this information, no proper, adequate, effective and accurate planning, design and execution of
building projects can be carried out.

The Architect
The architect may help client to formulate his requirements in an understandable form, bearing
in mind any statutory conditions that may apply. It will be advantageous to the client bearing
in mind any statutory conditions that may apply. It will be advantageous to the client at this
stage if he could be shown work of a similar nature so that he could obtain a visual impression
of shape, type of materials, size etc. if this is not possible, pictorial sketches and/or model can
be used, but it is often difficult for the client to visualize the true structure from these very
artistic representations. Secondly, under the traditional procurement method, the architect may
need to help the client to bring together a team to give specific service such as that of a structural
engineer, quantity surveyor, builder, mechanical/electrical engineers, etc. Upon assessing cost
limits and time scaled, conceptual design can be produced for client to approve or Otherwise,
before more detailed drawings are prepared.
The cost of the building will have been broken down against element at this stage with
approximate values so that if costs are to be adjusted it can be done within elements e.g.,
substructure, internal finishes, M/E services, and so on. When general agreement has been
reached between the client, and the consultants, the architect can now start detail design and
preparation of contract drawings, schedules and specifications to enable tenders to obtained. It
is worthwhile to note that the situation whereby architectural drawings would have been
completed before the structural and building service s engineer’s designs are commenced and
inputs from a builder are obtained is not ideal and should not be encouraged by any member of
the building project team. With the completion of the tender documents, the architect and the
other consultants will assist the client in selecting the contractors to be invited to tender for the
construction of the building
During the construction stage, the architect should be visiting site periodically for inspections
to ensure that in general, the work being carried out on site is incompliance with architectural
design and specifications. Some projects may require the service of resident architect on
building project site.

The Engineers
Engineers are very important members of the design team whose responsibilities are to assist in
the overall design of the project within the scope of their specialist fields. Engineers such as
geotechnical, structural, electrical, mechanical, and will so on, will carryout various analyses
and calculations before arriving at the optimal design solution for a specific building.
Thereafter, they will produce drawings, specifications, schedules and other relevant data that
may be required for the overall design of the project and to assist the quantity surveyor in the
preparation of bills of quantities and costing and the client in his assessment of the suitability
of the project, regarding statutory requirements. During project execution stage, engineers
should visit the site
Periodically for inspections to ensure that in general, the work being carried out is in
compliance with their engineers drawings, schedules and specifications. They must also be
available to modify or re-design their individual aspects as may become necessary. Also some
projects may require services of resident engineers on the building project sites.
The duties of a Project Engineer:
Reviews all preliminary reports including advance planning studies for the project. Proper
shoulder widths, traffic and false wok clearance, approach slab status, and adequate stream flow
and scour provisions must be verified prior to developing the General plan.
Investigation statement or site data in District reports which appear uneconomical or

Inconsistent with policies.
• Reviews locations of existing utilities for possible conflict and relocation. Establishes
need to carry utilities or provides for future utilities.
• Reviews completed General Plans.
• Reviews General Plan prints distribution.
• Keeps record of Project Plan Prints distribution.
• Continually review details as they are being prepared.
• Reviews entire project for continually and completeness
• Reviews final estimates.
• Reviews road plans and dummy specifications.

The Builder
A Builder is the professional at the centre of the physical construction of buildings. His role in
building development process in general, is to construct the building. He does this by taking
charge of the activities on a building construction site in translating designs, working drawings,
schedules and specifications into a physical structure. He uses his production management
expertise, coupled with the necessary resources such as money, manpower, materials and
machineries, in the site execution of building projects. His expertise in Building production
management is the main professional input that he renders on building projects. In constructing
buildings, a Builder performs the following roles:
• Carry out Build ability and Maintainability analysis

• Prepare production Management Documents.
• Manage the Production Process on site.
• The Builder’s role in building development process starts from the planning/design stage
but takes prominence at the construction stage. The function of the Builder is the main
thrust of this book.
The Project Manager

While the responsibility for complying with specifications is firmly placed with the contractor,
the unspoken assumption is made that unless a client maintains his own representative (the
project manager) on the site to watch and inspect the works , the resultant structure or building
will not be in conformity with specified quality standard. While one may agree with the
statement, one will like to believe that it is in recognition of this statement of fact that all the
standard from of building contract always has a condition for the client to have a representative
on site. The role of the client representative o site is to inspect quality of material and the
workmanship to ensure that they all comply with drawings and specifications.
The person Capable of inspecting materials and the workmanship of works must be a
professional who is well trained in building construction, and with training in project
management. However, the size , type and complexity of a particular building project may make
it necessary to have in addition to the project manager, a resident builder, resident engineers
and a resident architect. When they are all on site representing the interest of the client, their
role are smaterials, and components specified by the project architect and also check dimensions

physically on site, the engineers will equally inspect materials specified by each one of them
(structural, electrical and mechanical) and their positioning in the works, the resident builder
will have to ensure by way of continuous inspections the implementation of construction
methodology and the project manager will ensure that the project quality management plan and
stage of work is in conformity with the design
SAFETY AND QUALITY

Safety was given importance on site and the Project Manager kept a track of safety Method in
entire project during the execution. Project Manager used to carry safety inspections on a
regular basis. Some of the safety rules followed strictly at site were: accompanied by the
concerned engineer of that particular area to be visited.
• No workmen below 14 years or above 65 years of age shall engaged for a job. Child
labours strictly prohibited.
• Eye protective equipment was used by the labours engaged in activities such as
welding, chipping and other jobs that require eye protection.
• Hand gloves were worn while handling sharp articles, hot material, corrosive
chemical, welding, cutting etc
• Adequate illumination at workplace was ensured before starting the job at night
• All scaffoldings/work platform was made strong enough to take the expected load.
• All Machine and tools were inspected before use. Defects were reported immediately
to Store manager .

2.3 MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRUCTION

A building structure is composed of different types of the material and these materials are called
as building materials. The materials used in building are on basis of the availability and cost.
To construct the residential building following materials are used:
1. CEMENT
Cement is a binding agent for construction materials. Cement is produced by burning at high
temperatures in a definite mixture of calcareous, siliceous, and aluminous raw materials and
crushing the resulting clinkers to a fine powder. Cement is the most costly ingredient in
concrete and is available in a variety of forms. When cement is mixed with water, a chemical
reaction starts, and the powder transforms into a paste that binds all the materials with it. The
properties of cement depend on the chemical composition, manufacturing process, and degree
of fineness. There are almost 16 types of cements used in construction, depending upon the type
of structure. The most common types of cement used are Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC).
• ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC)

Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement manufactured and
used worldwide. “Portland” is a generic name derived from a type of building stone
quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. OPC is suitable for most general
concrete jobs and mortar or stucco construction projects.
• PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT (PPC)

Manufacturers create Portland pozzolana cement by grinding pozzolanic clinker,
sometimes with additives of gypsum or calcium sulfate, with ordinary Portland cement.
Compared to OPC, it has a higher resistance to various chemical reactions within
concrete. PPC is often used for projects like bridges, piers, dams, marine structures,
sewage works or underwater concrete projects.

2. SAND
Sand is a material obtained naturally from the locations like rivers, seas, beaches, and desserts.
Sand is a granular material which consist of particles of finely divided rock. The major and the
most common component of sand is silica (SiO2 or Silicon dioxide), found usually in the of
quartz. Sand, consisting of tiny particles, is formed by the weathering of rocks. We all know
sand is one of the important building materials used for various purposes. In this article, we will
briefly discussed different types of sand used in construction. Usually, the major source of sand
is river, sea, etc. from where the sand can be obtained naturally. Other than such natural sources
of sand, it can also be manufacture artificially, about which we will further learn in detail.
Particle of sand are coarse than silt and fine than gravels. So, according to the Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS), earlier known as the Indian standard Institution (ISI), the size of sand particles
ranges from 0.075 mm to 4.75 mm. Based on the size of sand particles, it is further subdivided
into fine sand, medium sand, and coarse sand. The size range of the fine sand, medium sand,
and coarse sand is as given in the.
• COARSE SAND: It is one which contain 90% of particles of size greater than
0.6mm and less than 2 mm.
• MEDIUM SAND: Is one, which contain 90% & of particles size greater than
0.2 mm and less than 0.6 mm
3. FINE SAND: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and
less than 0.2 mm. Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of
concrete mixture.
Fig 1: FINE SAND

4. M-SAND: M-Sand is the short name for “Manufactured Sand”. This is artificial
sand, manufactured in the factory itself. Due to the increased in demand for good
quality sand, the quality of naturally occurring sand is decreased day by day. So to
compensate for the increasing demand & shortage of naturally occurring sand,
artificial sand is manufactured. It should be:
• Clear, angular and hard
• Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material Graded, which means it should be a mix of
fine, medium and coarse sand
• Free from contaminates like sea salt
• Consistent in moisture (water) content which should not exceed 7%
• When mixing concrete the moisture Content must be taken in to consideration.
Fig 2: M SAND
3. BUILDING STONES:
Many types of stones are available such as basalt, marble, limestone, sandstone, quartzite,
travertine, slate, gneiss, laterite, and granite which can be used as construction materials. The
stones used for building construction should be hard, durable, tough, and should be free from
weathered soft patches of material, cracks, and other defects that are responsible for the
reduction of strength and durability. Stones for construction purposes are obtained by quarrying
from solid massive rocks.

Each type of stone lend itself to various construction applications based on its properties. For
instance, certain types like basalt and granite have superior characteristic like high compressive
strength and durability and hence employed in major construction works. However, there are
stones that their characteristics (such low compressive strength and presence of deleterious
materials in their constituents) makes them suitable for minor construction works for example
gneiss. So, stones are used as building material and also for decorative purposes.
Fig 3: BUILDING STONES
4. AGGREGATES:
Aggregates are small pieces of rock that are mixed with a binding material to produce concrete
or mortar. The binding material used is cement, bitumen, etc. Thus, cement concrete &
bituminous concrete are produced, respectively.The size of the concrete quality aggregate
depends upon the usage of concrete. This concept shall be elaborated on later in this article. The
aggregate plays an important role in defining concrete properties.The texture, shape, size,
chemical nature, and gradation of aggregate affect the concrete quality. The choice of the wrong
aggregate for concrete can lead to the degradation of concrete quality that, ultimately results in
poor performance or failure, or both

Aggregates for concrete are divided into two categories:
• Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sive and retained on
150 micron.
• Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 20mm I.S. Sieve and retained on
4.75mm. Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular shapes and sizes.
Fig 4: AGGREGATES
5. BRICKS:
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry
construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now
used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing
soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types,
materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities.
Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks. Block is a similar term referring
to rectangular building unit composed of similar material, but is usually larger than a brick.
Lightweight (also called lightweight blocks) are made from expanded clay aggregate Usually,
we are using the bricks having size of 23x10x8 cm.

Characteristics of Bricks:
a. Bricks should be uniform in color, size and shape. Standard size of brick should
be maintained.
b. They should be sound and compact.
c. They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as air bubbles, stone
nodules etc. with sharp and square edges.
d. Bricks should not absorb more than 15 of their own weight of water when
immersed in water for 24 hours (15% to 20% of dry weight).
e. The compressive strength of bricks should be in range of 2000 to 5000 psi(15 to

35Mpa).
f. Brick should not change in volume when wetted.
g. Bricks should neither over burnt norunder-burnt.
h. Bricks should be sound proof.
i. Bricks should be non-inflammable and incombusible
Fig 5: BRICKS

6. STEEL
Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete. Concrete has low tensile,
but high compressive strength, the tensile deficiency is compensated by reinforcing the
concrete mass through insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars. Both branded and
unbranded bars are available. During construction make sure that steel reinforcement is
provided exactly as the Engineering design Specification.

CHAPTER 3
OBSERVATION TASKS PERFORMED
3.1 Conversation of units:
The unit conversation is used to convert theoretical book units. In the book we all are
used the units in meter. Centimeter. millimeter .. etc but in site we units in feet, inch, brass…etc.
Unit Conversion:
1’=12”=30cm=0.3m
½’=6”=15cm=0.15m
1”=2.54cm
1brass=10’x10’x1’=2.83cum
1m=3.28’
3.2 Standard dimension of building as per ISU:
Main wall thickness = 9” = 23cm = 0.23m
Partition wall = 4” = 10cm = 0.1m
Height of the lintel = 7’
Sill height = 3’
Floor to slab height = 3.0m = 10’ (for residential buildings)
Floor to slab height = 3.6 = 12’ (for residential buildings)
3.3 Grades of concrete involved in construction
M10 – 1:3:6
M15 – 1:2:4
M20 – 1:1.5:3

TABLE 1: LABOUR RATES
Mason Rs.550 /day

Carpenter Rs.650 /day
Painter Rs. 550 /day
Bar bender Rs. 550 /day
Fitter or blacksmith Rs. 600 /day
Male coolie Rs. 450 /day
Female coolie Rs. 350 /day
Plumber Rs. 550 /day
Tile polish for mosaics Rs. 550 /day
Helper for Carpenter / Bar bender Rs. 450 /day
TABLE 2: RATE OF MATERIALS
Coarse aggregate
40 mm Rs. 1200/brass
20 mm Rs.1400/brass
Fine aggregate
M sand Rs.5500/brass
River sand Rs.10000/brass
Cement Rs.300-350/bag
Steel Rs.50/Kg
Stones Rs. 1300/brass
Bricks
First class bricks Rs.5/piece
Second class bricks Rs.4.5/piece
Tiles
Granite Rs.60-400/sq. ft
Tandoor Rs.150-200/sq. ft
Vitrified tiles Rs.40-150/sq. ft
Wall tiles Rs.200-600/sq. m

3.4 STEPS INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Site Visit
• Planning according to owners requirements
• Testing of a soil
• Lineout
• Excavation
• Bed concrete
• Column marking on bed concrete
• Bar bending for footing
• Bar bending for column
• Placing, aligning and centering of footing mat and column
• Concrete for footing
• Fill the column up to plinth bottom
• Bed concrete for plinth wall
• Construction of plinth wall up to beam bottom
• Fill the murrum and compacting
• Plinth beam
• Fixing door frames and window grills
• Burnt brick masonry construction up to lintel level
• Bar bending and concreting for lintel
• Shuttering, bar bending and concreting of beam and slab
• Plastering
• Plumbing and sanitary work
• Flooring
• Painting
• Finishing.

3.5 PROJECT SITE DETAILS

SITE 1
OWNER OF THE SITE: Basavaraj Kumbar
LOCATION OF THE SITE: Adarsh Nagar Vijayapur
TYPE OF BUILDING Residential Building
CONSULTING ENGINEER: Shafiq Mulla
Fig 3.5.1: Plan of Residential Building of Site 1

3.6 BACKFILLING
Fig 3.6.1: Backfilling

Back-filling are the method of filling the building plinth, footing pits, excavated trenches, with
the construction soil (murrum), after completing the necessary construction work.
• Backfilling shall be carried out in layers and each layer shall be thoroughly compacted.
• Inadequate compaction is likely to cause settlement of backfilling resulting in

development of cracks in flooring.
• Mechanical rammers are preferable to hand rammers.
• Earth filling under floors should be done in layers not more than 6” in thickness.

• The layer should further, the earth used for filling should be free from grass, roots,
• Leaves and other foreign material. It should be also slightly moist which will help to
achieve optimum compaction
• It shall start from the lowest level in horizontal layers not exceeding 250 millimeters in
depth
• Back filling shall be done after the foundation has completely set back
• Each layer shall be done thoroughly compacted inadequate compaction is likely to cause
settlement of backfilling resulting in development of cracking in flooring.

3.7 STONE MASONARY
Fig 3.7.1: Stone Masonary
Stone masonry is a type of building masonry construction that uses stones and mortar. This
construction technique is used for building foundations, floors, retaining walls, arches, walls
and columns. The stones used for masonry construction are natural rocks. These natural rocks
are cut and dressed into proper shape in order to use it in masonry construction. Stones are one
of the most durable and strong building materials.

Classification of Stone Masonry
The two main classifications of Stone Masonry are:
1. Rubble Masonry
2. Ashlar Masonry
Rubble Masonry
This is the stone masonry type where stones employed are either undressed or roughly dressed.
These masonry constructions do not have a uniform thickness. The strength of the rubble
masonry is dependent on the:
• Quality of Mortar Used

• Use of Long through stones
• Proper filling of mortar between the stone spaces and joints
Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar masonry is constructed using accurately dressed stones that possess uniform and fine
joints. The thickness of the joints ranges about 3mm which is arranged in various patterns.
The size of the stone blocks must be in proportion with the thickness of the walls.
The various types of ashlar masonry are:
1. Ashlar Fine Masonry
2. Ashlar Block in Course
3. Ashlar Chamfered Masonry
4. Ashlar Rough Tooled Masonry
5. Rock or Quarry Faced Masonry
Stone masonry refers to the shaping of rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes and
then arranging the resulting stones together using mortar to form structures. The basic tools
used by stonemasons consist of a metal straight edge, mallet, and chisels.

3.8 BRICK MASONARY
Fig 3.8.1: Brick Masonary

• Brick should be uniform in color, color, size and shape. Standard size of brick should be
maintained.
• They should be sound and compact
• They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as air bubbles, stone nodules etc.
with sharp and square edges.
• Bricks should not absorb than 15 of their own weight of water when immersed in water
for 24 hours (15% to 20% of dry weight).
• The compressive strength of bricks should be in range of 2000 to 5000 psi (15 to 35
MPa).

• Usually we are using the bricks having size of 23x10x8cm.

• Before commencing masonry shall be preferably laid on composite mortar with mix
proportion as mentioned in the drawing. The mortar should spread over the entire top
surface of the brick.
• The mortar shall be racked out from the joints with a trowel of each course and is laid
to a depth of 10mm to 12mm, so as to ensure the good bond for plaster.

3.9 FOOTING REINFORCEMENT
Fig 3.9.1: Footing Reinforcement

In one-way RCC footing, the reinforcement is distributed uniformly across the full width of
footing . In two-way square footings, the reinforcement extending in both directions is
distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. Reinforcement detailing of footing is
as much important as site investigation for the structural design of footing. A good detailing
reflects the design requirement of the footing for structural stability. A good detailing of
reinforcement covers topics like cover to reinforcement based on environmental considerations
for durability, minimum reinforcement and bar diameters, proper dimensioning of footing. It is
desirable foundation should be detailed in both plan and elevation in drawings.


3.10 SITE 2
OWNER OF THE SITE: Rajendra Biradar
LOCATION OF THE SITE: Uppali Burj Vijayapur
TYPE OF BUILDING: Residential Building
CONSULTING ENGINEER: Shafiq Mulla
Fig 3.10.1: Plan of Residential Building of Site 2

3.11 TASK PERFORMED AT SITE 2
3.11.1 EXCAVATION WORK
Fig 3.11.1 : Excavation Work
Work procedure for excavation at construction site involves understanding of centre line and
excavation drawings, setting out of plan on ground, excavation of soil and removal of excess
soil. Quality checks such as recording ground level and marking of reference points should be
done. Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools, equipment
or explosives. It also includes trenching, wall shafts, tunnelling and underground. It is the
preliminary activity of the construction project.
Drawings Required for Excavation
1. Centerline Drawing or Gridline Drawing
Gridline drawings represents the grids marked in numbers and alphabets whose measurements
are shown for site marking out reference. These grid lines are so aligned that the line falls on
the excavation and footing.
2. Excavation Drawing
Excavation drawing represents the length, width and depth of the excavation. Excavation line
is marked in dotted line.

Scope of the work for Excavation
The major works done before, while and after excavation are as follows,
1. Setting out of corner benchmarks.

2. Survey for ground levels.
3. Survey for top levels
4. Excavation to approved depth.
5. Dressing of loose soil.
6. Making up to cut off level
7. Constructing dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches.
8. Marking boundaries of the building.
9. Constructing protection bunds and drains.
Working Procedure of Excavation

1. The first and primary step involved in the excavation is to find out the extent of soil
and Clearing of construction site is of unwanted bushes, weeds and plants.
2. Setting out or ground tracing is the process of laying down the excavation lines and
centre lines etc. on the ground before the excavation is started.
3. Maximum of 4 and minimum of 2 benchmarks are marked in the corner for the
measurement of level. These benchmarks are marked on permanent structures like,
plinth, road or tree.
4. The tracing is marked by lime powder.
5. With the reference of drawing and benchmarks the depth of the excavation is fixed.
6. Excavation is done by manual or machine means depending on the availability.
7. The excavated soil is to either removed out the site or stocked around the excavation
pit. Minimum of 1m distance must be maintained between the stocking of excess soil
and pit, so that due to rain or other forces the soil should not sweep into the pits.
8. Dressing of excavated pits is to be done as specified in the drawings.
9. If the site is located in loose soil area, proper shoring must be done to hold the loose
soil.
10. Construction of dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches are to provided if
needed.

11. All the sides of the building must be sealed for the safety propose.
Removal of Excess Soil
Estimate the excavated stuff to be re-utilized in filling, gardening, preparing roads, etc. As far
as possible try to carry excavation and filling simultaneously to avoid double handling. Select
and stack the required material in such a place that it should not obstruct other construction
activities. The excess or unwanted material should immediately be carried away and disposed
off.
Quality Checks for Filling

1.Recording initial ground level
2.Sample is approved for back filling.
3.Necessary marking/ reference points are established for final level of backfilling.
4.Back filling is being carried out in layers (15cm to 20cm).
5.Required watering, compaction is done.
6.Required density is achieved.
MACHINE USED: JCB, Breaker

3.12 PLINTH BEAM
Fig 3.12.1: Plinth Beam
A plinth beam is a rectangular stone block that supports the pillars and sub-columns of a
building. It serves as a wall dividing the ground floor from the ground level. The primary
purpose of a plinth is to distribute the weight of the columns across the foundation uniformly.
Applications of Plinth Beam

• It is mandatory to provide plinth beam in areas that prone to earthquake.
• Construction of plinth beam above the natural ground is another application of this type
of beam.


CHAPTER 4
OUTCOMES
OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP:
Internship is a class held at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the outside

working environment. The main aim of this internship is that to teach students
communication with different workers or employees, to improve practical skill what
they learned at class, up grading the theoretical knowledge in addition to the class,
improve their leadership skill, team playing skill and etc.
In my four months, with Pioneer constructions I have acquire much knowledge in

different tasks as explained below in different section. Those different knowledge gets
me a good performance in the internship period and I gain an experience that helps me
in the future.
1.IMPROVING PRACTICAL SKILL:
The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I
found a practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four weeks. The
knowledge we have learned in the class is helpful to get those practical or real work in
the site and totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus, I
found some knowledge in the site which helps me to work with the site environment
or site peoples.
Some of the practical knowledge I gain from the internship class was:
• Drawing study
• Instructions of Drawings
• Construction of formwork and centering works.

2 .IMPROVING COMMUNICATION SKILL:
Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order to get

some messages and knowledge. The communications systems within the building design and
construction enterprise have taken on a large role in the achievement of profitability and
efficiency. A basic understanding of communication systems is beneficial to all building
professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the success of the construction.
Construction is one of the places that ask a good communication skill either managing every
trade of work or asking what is gowning on over there. So, communication is an important
way of learning, which can be defined formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining
knowledge or skills and sharing what we know. Cool communication is important in the real
constructions world and it can appear in different forms as speaking, writing, and listening.
In the site the most things I gain is due to communication with other workers like engineers,
skilled and non-skilled workers, Forman etc. in some place/case it is very difficult to talk
workers and ask them what we want because of that they underestimate us and sometimes
they are not eager to tell.
3.TEAM WORKING:
Especially for engineers, involve in every piece of task and achieving good team
playing skill is essential for Effective completion of tasks and Increasing productivity.
This skill already exists in my personality in the campus due to different assignment
and project works that I work together with student. But this skill is more than this in
the construction site. In the construction site the work is already a team work and it
needs more closeness of workers to solve problems arise in different aspects,
misunderstanding in the drawing or working methodology and consult every work. We
the student at the site also works together as a team to get more understanding and
share ideas.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
EXPERIENCE:
It was a wonderful learning experience as a trainee engineer for 3 weeks, gained a lot of
insight regarding almost every aspect of site. I was given exposure in almost all
department of the site. The friendly welcome from all employees is appreciating, sharing
their experience and giving their piece of wisdom which, they have gained in a long
journey of work. I am very much thankful for the wonderful accommodation facilities
from this construction company. I hope the knowledge I have gained will help in my
future and shape my career. My internship construction company has been eager to give
a chance for me to take my internship career there and providing me with a supervisor
who had a major part in helping and teaching me in all my activities. This shows that The
S M CONSTRUCTIONS has been cooperative and helpful in giving chances for
conducting the internship activities by maintaining good working conditions. During the
internship period I have been conducting activities in the office and on the site. The
external guide who was my supervisor was providing me with the required explanations
and support, giving commands to execute certain activities and control and supervise my
activities. When conducting these activities well defined procedures were being followed
to conduct activities in the office and on the site. The existence of work division and
specified procedures has made it suitable for easier execution. Apart from the working
conditions and environments; there had been some challenges which I faced during the
program. Some of them were related to the office work while others are stringed to site
activities. In terms of getting benefits from the internship; I have been able to acquire
basic theoretical and practical skills which are important in my future working period
giving an understanding on the working methods used on the site and serving as a
wellprepared place to practice what I have observed in collaboration with other
stakeholders. From all the above points I conclude that the internship period has been
successfully utilized by conducting expected activities, participating in all important tasks
on the site, observing and noticing working procedures. The program has enabled me to
get theoretical, and practical knowledge that are common in my field of study.


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INTERNSHIP REPORT ON CONSTRUCTION WORK

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 1

ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT

2.2 ROLES OF THE CONSTRUCTION TEAM MEMBERS

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 2

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 3

The duties of a Project Engineer:

Investigation statement or site data in District reports which appear uneconomical or

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 4

• Carry out Build ability and Maintainability analysis

The Project Manager

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 5

SAFETY AND QUALITY

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 6

2.3 MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRUCTION

• ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC)

• PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT (PPC)

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 7

Fig 1: FINE SAND

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 8

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 9

Fig 3: BUILDING STONES

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 10

Aggregates for concrete are divided into two categories:

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 11

b. They should be sound and compact.

e. The compressive strength of bricks should be in range of 2000 to 5000 psi(15 to

f. Brick should not change in volume when wetted.

g. Bricks should neither over burnt norunder-burnt.

h. Bricks should be sound proof.

i. Bricks should be non-inflammable and incombusible

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 12

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 13

3.2 Standard dimension of building as per ISU:

Main wall thickness = 9” = 23cm = 0.23m

Partition wall = 4” = 10cm = 0.1m

Height of the lintel = 7’

Floor to slab height = 3.0m = 10’ (for residential buildings)

Floor to slab height = 3.6 = 12’ (for residential buildings)

3.3 Grades of concrete involved in construction

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 14

TABLE 1: LABOUR RATES

Mason Rs.550 /day

TABLE 2: RATE OF MATERIALS

River sand Rs.10000/brass

Stones Rs. 1300/brass

First class bricks Rs.5/piece

Second class bricks Rs.4.5/piece

Vitrified tiles Rs.40-150/sq. ft

Wall tiles Rs.200-600/sq. m

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 15

3.4 STEPS INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 16

3.5 PROJECT SITE DETAILS

Fig 3.5.1: Plan of Residential Building of Site 1

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, BLDEACET VIJAYAPUR 17

Fig 3.6.1: Backfilling

• Inadequate compaction is likely to cause settlement of backfilling resulting in