TEST CODE 02238020

FORM TP 2013242 MAY/JUNE 2013

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

PHYSICS

UNIT 2 - Paper 02

2 hours 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This paper consists of SIX questions in TWO sections. Answer ALL

questions.

2. For Section A, write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

3. For Section B, write your answers in the spaces provided at the end of each
question in this booklet.

4. All working MUST be shown.

5. You may use a silent, non-programmable calculator to answer questions,

but you should note that the use of an inappropriate number of figures in
answers will be penalized.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright © 2011 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.
 -3-

LIST OF PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Speed of light in free space c = 3.00 X 108 m S-1

Permeability of free space J.l o 4n x 10-7 H m'

Permittivity of free space eo 8.85 x 10-12 F m"

-1- = 9.0 x 109m F'"

4n eo

Elementary charge e 1.60 x 10-19 C

Planck's constant h = 6.63 X 10-34 J s

Unified atomic mass constant u 1.66 x 10-27 kg

(Energy equivalence: lu 931 MeV/c 2)

Rest mass of electron me 9.11 x 10-3 1 kg

Rest mass of proton mp 1.67 x 10-27 kg

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m S-2

1 Atmosphere Atm 1.00 x 105N m?

Avogadro's constant NA = 6.02 X 1023 per mole

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SECTION A

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

1. (a) With the aid of a diagram, derive the formula for the equivalent resistance oftwo resistors
in parallel.

[6 marks]

(b) Figure 1A is a potential divider circuit which splits up the 32 V from the battery into
voltages, VI and V 2 , Figure lB is the equivalent circuit to Figure l A.

i
VI R1

32V VT
1 32V VT

i V2 Req

1
Figure lA Figure IB

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(i) Calculate the equivalent resistance, R eq in Figure lB.

[2 marks]

(ii) Determine the voltage, V2.

[1 mark]

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(c) The calculations above assume that the output resistance of the 32 V battery is zero. In
practice this may not be so. In order to determine the internal resistance ofthe battery, an
ammeter is inserted in the circuit at Y and the resistance of R 1 is reduced.

The terminal voltage, V1" ofthe battery is monitored using a high resistance digital voltmeter.
The readings of the ammeter (I) and the voltmeter (V T ) are recorded and tabulated. These
are shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1

VTN I/A

30 0.8

28 1.6

26 2.5

24 3.3

22 4.1

(i) Use the results above to plot a graph of I against VT on the grid provided on
page 7. . [3 marks]

(ii) The slope, S, of the graph is related to the internal resistance, r, by S = _1

r
0- 1•
Find S and hence determine the internal resistance, r, of the battery.

[3 marks]

Total 15 marks

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(}')')1 SUl?Olr A PF ?O 11
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2. Figure 2 shows the gain-frequency curve (the gain-frequency response) of a general purpose
operational amplifier (op-amp).

Gain
106 1--- -

10 1

10 1 102 103 104 105 106 107

Frequency/Hz

Figure 2

(a) Use the graph to determine the

(i) open loop d.c. gain of the amplifier

[1 mark]

(ii) unity gain bandwidth of the amplifier

[1 mark]

(iii) open loop bandwidth of the amplifier.

[1 mark]

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(b) The op-amp with frequency response shown in Figure 2 is to be used as a non-inverting
amplifier with the feedback resistance R, = 330 k Q and input resistance R, = 3.3 k Q.

(i) Draw the circuit diagram for this amplifier and label the resistors with their
values.

[3 marks]

(ii) Calculate the gain of the amplifier.

[2 marks]

(iii) Use the open loop gain-frequency curve in Figure 2 to determine the closed loop
bandwidth of this amplifier.

[2 marks]

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(iv) Deduc e the gain of the amplifier when the input resistance is made infinite
ly large
(so that it can be effectively remov ed from the circuit).

[2 marks]

(v) What would be the input imped ance of the resulting circuit?

[1 mark ]

(vi) Identify the practical applica tion for the circuit and state why it is
suited for this
application.

[2 marks]

Total 15 marks

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3. (a) Describe the phenomenon of 'photoelectric emission'.

[3 marks]

(b) Identify the property of a light source that would make it suitable for a demonstration of
this phenomenon and give a reason why this property makes it suitable.

[2 marks]

(c) Calculate the energy (in eV) of a light photon of wavelength 200 nm.

[3 marks]

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(d) The Iight source in Part (c) is used in a photoemission experiment with a metal whose
work function is, <I> 4.6 eV. Calculate the maximum velocity of the electrons ejected
from the surface.

[3 marks]

(e) The data in Table 2 were obtained for a photoemission experiment using Caesium.

TABLE 2

Stopping Potential Wavelength

VIV
s
Nnm
2.8 253
2.3 280
1.9 313
1.3 365
1.0 405

(i) On the grid provided on page 13, plot a graph of ~. against A. Ensure that the A.
scale extends to 550 nm. [3 marks]

(ii) From the graph determine the cut-off wavelength for Caesium.

[1 mark]

Total 15 marks

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SECTIONB

Answer ALL questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided at the end of each question.

4. (a) Figure 3 shows a model of an electron gun similar to that found in older television sets and
oscilloscopes. Electrons from a thermionic emitter are accelerated to high velocities by
the potential difference between the plates and pass through a small hole in the negative
plate. .

accelerating plates
thermionic ~
+
emitter ~ - +
+
+ electron beam
+
+
/
+ -----

High voltage
power supply

Figure 3

(i) By equating the gain in kinetic energy of the electrons to the work done in
accelerating them, show that the velocity, vI!' of the emerging beam electrons is
given by:

V
I!
=~2e
m
V p

I!

where Vp is the potential difference between the plates.

(ii) Calculate the velocity of the electrons in the emerging electron beam when
Vp 25 kV. [4 marks]

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 - 15 -

(b) Figure 4 shows a long solenoid which has 1000 turns per metre and carries a current of
lOA.

'\
'\
electron-7 I '\

beam
I
I
'\~ electron beam
'\
I '\
I '\

SIDE VIEW
END VIEW
,..--- entry hole

TOP VIEW
phosphorescent
screen
1000 turns per metre

Figure 4

(i) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field inside the solenoid.
[3 marks]

(ii) The solenoid is placed with its long axis horizontal so that a tiny hole (shown
exaggerated in the diagram) faces upward and is displaced from the axis by a radial
distance X. An electron beam is directed through the hole as shown in Figure 4.

a) Explain the effect on the electron's horizontal velocity component, resulting

from its interaction with the B-field.

b) Describe the effect on the electron's vertical velocity component.

c) Describe the resultant motion of the electrons and the nature of the image
produced on the phosphorescent screen when the B-field is large enough to
prevent the electrons from touching the interior of the solenoid.
[8 marks]

Total 15 marks

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5. Some modem cars incorporate an electronic system for turning on the headlights automatically
whenever the light levels of the surroundings fall below a certain threshold. Other specifications
of this type of system are:

• the lights can only come ON if the ignition switch S1 (logic A) is ON

• the headlights AUTO switch S2 (logic B) must be ON for the lights to come ON
• lighting level (logic C) below threshold is to be taken as logic 0

(a) Use logic Y to represent the output of this system and draw up the truth table for the
operation ofthe headlight automatic switching circuit. Write the logic equation represented
by this truth table. [3 marks]

(b) The circuit shown in Figure 5 is proposed for implementing the headlight auto switching
system.

12 V
12V

Switching "-
Amplifier Headlight

Relay

Figure 5

(i) In this circuit, the open loop operational amplifier is used to compare the surrounding
lighting level with a preset value. Explain how this is done.

(ii) Justify the need for the light dependent resistor (LDR) in the circuit.

(iii) Describe how a relay functions, stating why this device is necessary in the circuit.
[7 marks]

(c) (i) Replace the circuit in the dashed box, P, with one consisting of NAND gates
only.

(ii) The 7400 chip has 4 NAND gates. How many 7400 chips are required for the
NAND-equivalent circuit drawn in Part c (i) ? [5 marks]

Total 15 marks

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6. (a) A radioactive sample initially contains No radioactive particles. Its decay constant is A
and it decays to N particles in time, t. Write the equation describing this decay.
[1 mark]

(b) A capacitor, C, initially charged to voltage, Yo' will discharge through a resistance, R,
according to the equation V= Vo exp (-th), where r is called the time constant.

(i) Write the equation expressing r, in terms of Rand C.

(ii) If the capacitive discharge is used to model radioactive decay, where voltage is
the analogue of number of particles, what would be the relationship between time
constant, 't and decay constant, A?

(iii) Given that t 1l2 is the half-life ofa radioactive sample, use the decay equation from

Part (a) to show that t 1/2 = O.~9 . [5 marks]

(c) The circuit shown below is used to model the decay ofthe radioactive isotope Francium-221,
which has a half-life of 288 s. 8 1 is initially switched to terminal a.

81
R

I ·r
a

r--:~
32yl- c yo

1
Figure 6

(i) Describe the change in the voltages across Rand C, both of which initially had no
voltage across them.

(ii) After a sufficiently long time, the voltages across Rand C become fairly stable and
8 1 is then switched to terminal b, so that the voltage across C models the decay of
the Francium-221 isotope. Using a value of R = 1 Mil, calculate the value of C
needed to model the radioactive decay of Francium-221. [6 marks]

(d) (i) State what is meant by the term 'activity' of a radioactive nucleus and write its
expression in mathematical form.

(ii) A sample of Francium-221 contains 1012 atoms. Calculate its activity.

[3 marks]

Total 15 marks

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02238020/CAPE 2013