INTERNET OF THINGS

Chapter 1

COMPANY PROFILE
Robosap Innovations Private Limited is a Bootstrapped startup incorporated
in 2017, located in Nipani, Belagavi, Karnataka focused on IOT, Robotics
and Electronics for DIY makers and Hackers. Robosap Innovations Private
Limited aims at building smart Gadgets for Smart People. Robosap
Innovation is a Bootstrapped Technology Start-Up with prime focus on
building smart IOT hardware and software, CNC's, 3D printing, Robots and
beyond that. Since its Incorporation Robosap has worked on number of
industrial projects including hardware as well as software related to Robotics,
Automation and 3D printing. Robosap Innovations Launched its software
wing in the name of 6Software which focuses on web Application
development, Mobile Development and Game development. Robosap
Innovations Pvt Ltd has also delivered number of technical talks and
workshops on Arduino, Raspberry pi etc. To School, College and
Engineering Graduates. In 2018 Robosap Innovations Launched its own E-
commerce venture www.robosap.in, A robotic and Electronic Super store;
which deals with Robotics Components, Self-Learning Kits for students and
Makers, CNC, 3D printing and all electronic components. At present
Robosap Innovations is working on own product development in IOT space
focused on making Day to Day living smart and easier with IOT and
Robotics. Some of the upcoming Products of Robosap Innovations are
Waterbot: IOT Water Management device. Optimum: A humanoid
framework for Everyone etc.

Robosap Innovations Private Limited has a mission to carry on the business

of IOT based Innovative Products on Robotics, emended systems,
Agricultural and Automation systems, Software designing, development,
customization, implementation, maintenance, testing and bench marking.

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In 2020 Robosap Innovations launched two more startups in Robotics,

Agriculture and AI domain focusing on implementing AIOT related products
in Agricultural, Robotics and health care sector. In 2020 amid Covid19
Pandemic Robosap Innovations launched a new startup and sister company
Cuniks Innovations. Cuniks Innovations is majorly focused on developing
Automation & Robotic systems & devices which will solve the problems of
the society, of various sectors like Industrial, Commercial, Lifestyle, Civil,
etc, by making the use of technologies like Internet of Things, Artificial
Intelligence, Machine Learning etc.

Cuniks is a engineering and technology development organization focusing

on the research, development and production of various Automation products
related to Industry 4.0 and IOT.

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Chapter 2

INTRODUCTION
As a part of internship we performed different projects including basics
of IoT . We performed tasks such as Visitor Counter, Soil Moisture Indicator,
LCD display Interfacing and Counting, Web Application Development and
Complete IOT based Home Automation system development. Before we
started with our internship activities, we were to perform a deep literature
review on internet of things. The literature review is given in this chapter.

The Internet of Things describes a world in which everyday objects

are connected to a network so that data can be shared. But it is really as much
about people as the inanimate objects. Many millions of us already carry
‘smart’ phones in the INDIA but a phone is not smart. It helps its user to make
smarter decisions. Smart phones are only the beginning. In the future we will
carry sensors that measure our health and how we move around the
environment in which we live. These will help us to socialize and navigate
the world in ways that we can barely imagine.

There is a danger of trivializing the importance of the Internet of

Things through examples that are used to stereotype it - for example, the
‘fridge that orders fresh milk’. The Internet of Things has the potential to have
a greater impact on society than the first digital revolution. There are more
connected objects than people on the planet. The networks and data that flow
from them will support an extraordinary range of applications and economic
opportunities. However, as with any new technology, there is the potential for
significant challenges too. In the case of the Internet of Things, breaches of
security and privacy have the greatest potential for causing harm.

There is no unique definition available for Internet of Things that is

acceptable by the world community of users. In simple words, when the
objects or things connected with each other using standard protocols and

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standard infrastructure so that they can communicate between each other and
all these objects/things can be monitored and controlled by anywhere and
anytime using internet then it can be called as Internet-of-Things (IoT). In
system architecture all the things such as objects in smart homes, vehicle,
electronic gadgets, etc. are connected to internet. Internet of Things is
maturing and continues to be the latest, most hyped concept in the IT world.
Over the last decade the term Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted attention
by projecting the vision of a global infra- structure of networked physical
objects, enabling anytime, anyplace connectivity for anything and not only
for anyone. The Internet of Things can also be considered as a global network
which allows the communication between human-to-human, human-to-things
and things-to-things, which is anything in the world by providing unique
identity to each and every object [5]. IoT describes a world where just about
anything can be connected and communicates in an intelligent fashion that
ever before. Most of us think about “being connected” in terms of electronic
devices such as servers, computers, tablets, telephones and smart phones. In
what’s called the In- Internet of Things, sensors and actuators embedded in
physical objects—from roadways to pacemakers—are linked through wired
and wireless networks, often using the same Internet IP that connects the
Internet.

The Internet of Things was initially inspired by members of the RFID

community, who referred to the possibility of discovering information about
a tagged object by browsing an internet address or database entry that
corresponds to a particular RFID or Near Field Communication technologies.
In the research paper “Research and application on the smart home based on
component technologies and Internet of Things”, the included key
technologies of IoT are RFID, the sensor technology, nano technology and
intelligence embedded technology. Among them, RFID is the foundation and
networking core of the construction of Internet of Things [8]. The Internet of
Things (IoT) enabled users to bring physical objects into the sphere of cyber
world. This was made possible by different tagging technologies like NFC,

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RFID and 2D barcode which allowed physical objects to be identified and

referred over the internet. IoT, which is integrated with Sensor Technology
and Radio Frequency Technology, is the ubiquitous network based on the
omnipresent hardware resources of Internet, is the Internet contents objects
together. It is also a new wave of IT industry since the application of
computing fields, communication network and global roaming technology
had been applied. It involves in addition to sophisticated technologies of
computer and communication network outside, still including many new
supporting technologies of Internet of Things, such as collecting Information
Technology, Remote Communication Technology, Remote Information
Transmission Technology, Sea Measures Information Intelligence Analyzes
and Controlling Technology etc.

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) is a networking technology that allows computers

and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal. Vic Hayes has been
named as father of Wireless Fidelity. The precursor to Wi-Fi was in- vented
in 1991 by NCR Corporation in Nieuwege in the Netherland. The first
wireless products were brought on the market under the name Wave LAN
with speeds of 1 Mbps to 2 Mbps. Today, there are nearly pervasive Wi-Fi
that delivers the high-speed Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
connectivity to millions of offices, homes, and public locations such as hotels,
cafes, and airports. The integration of Wi-Fi into notebooks, hand- helds and
Consumer Electronics (CE) devices has accelerated the adoption of Wi-Fi to
the point where it is nearly a default in these devices. Technology contains
any type of WLAN product support any of the IEEE 802.11 together with
dual band, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n. Nowadays entire cities
are becoming Wi-Fi corridors through wireless APs.

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Chapter 3

ARCHITECTURE OF IoT

Fig. 3.1: Architecture of IoT.

Technology has a wide variety of applications and use of Internet of Things is

growing so faster. Depending upon different application areas of Internet of Things, it
works accordingly as per it has been designed/developed. But it has not a standard
defined architecture of working which is strictly followed universally. The architecture
of IoT depends upon its functionality and implementation in different sectors. Still, there
is a basic process flow based on which IoT is built.

So. here in this article we will discuss basic fundamental architecture of IoT i.e., 4 Stage
IoT architecture.

So, from the above image it is clear that there is 4 layers are present that can be divided
as follows: Sensing Layer, Network Layer, Data processing Layer, and Application
Layer.
These are explained as following below.

1. Sensing Layer –
Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this Sensing layer. These Sensors or
Actuators accepts data (physical/environmental parameters), processes data and
emits data over network.

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2. Network Layer –
Internet/Network gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are present in
this layer. DAS performs data aggregation and conversion function
(Collecting data and aggregating data then converting analog data of sensors
to digital data etc). Advanced gateways which mainly opens up connection
between Sensor networks and Internet also performs many basic gateway
functionalities like malware protection, and filtering also sometimes decision
making based on inputted data and data management services, etc.
3. Data processing Layer –
This is processing unit of IoT ecosystem. Here data is analysed and pre-
processed before sending it to data centre from where data is accessed by
software applications often termed as business applications where data is
monitored and managed and further actions are also prepared. So here Edge
IT or edge analytics comes into picture.
4. Application Layer –
This is last layer of 4 stages of IoT architecture. Data centres or cloud is
management stage of data where data is managed and is used by end-user
applications like agriculture, health care, aerospace, farming, defence, etc.

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Chapter 4

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS,
SPECIFICATIONS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

The following hardware requirements are used as a part of internship. We

have carried out different tasks during our internship the hardware
requirements for them are given below:

 The Microcontroller Board

The microcontroller board is required on the transmitter side as well as
receiver side. The transmitter side is to read the data from the joystick and
send it wirelessly to the robotic vehicle. The receiver side is to take
appropriate decisions of the robot.
Thus, two microcontroller boards are used in this project.

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small

computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory,
and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of
Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip,
as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed
for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in
personal computers or other general-purpose applications.

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices,

such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices,
remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other
embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that
uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices,
microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices

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and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog

components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.

Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate
frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (single-digit
milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain
functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other
interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most
peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for
long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve
performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a digital
signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.

The microcontroller used here is ATMELS AVR ATMEGA

MICROCONTROLLER. A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC,
uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a
processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often
included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM.
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the
microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose
applications.
The Atmel AVR is a CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega achieves throughputs approaching 1MIPS per MHz, allowing the
system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

The features of microcontroller are:

1. The high-performance Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller
combines 32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities.
2. 1KB EEPROM, 2KB SRAM.
3. 23 general purpose I/O lines.

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4. 32 general purpose working registers

5. Three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external
interrupts.
6. Serial programmable USART
7. A byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface
8. SPI serial port
9. 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF
packages)
10. Programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator
11. Five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between
1.8-5.5 volts.

By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device

achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power
consumption and processing speed.

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Fig. 4.1: ATmega328P-AU.

 Relay Board:
Relays are electromechanical switches. They have very high current rating
and both AC and DC motors can be controlled through them because motor

will be completely isolated from the remaining circuit. Two common

available SPDT relays are shown in the picture below.

Fig. 4.2: Relay.

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Working of a relay: Relays consist of a electromagnet, armature, spring and

electrical contacts. The spring holds the armature at one electrical contact and
as soon as a voltage is applied across the electromagnet, it coils the armature,
changes its contact and moves to another electrical contact. The figure below
describes its working.

Terms associated with relays:

 Normally Open (NO): contacts connect the circuit when the relay is
activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive.
 Normally Closed(NC): contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is
activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive.
 Change Over (CO): It is the common contact.
 COIL: It is the electromagnet coil inside relay.

Relay ratings:

 Coil rating: It is the Voltage at which the coil gets fully activated. Some also
have coil resistance mentioned on them. Relay coil voltage rated 6V and 12V
are the most commonly available.
 Contact rating: It depends on whether AC or DC current is passing through
the contacts. The blue coloured relay shown in the start of this page has a
rating of 12A at 120V AC, 5A at 250V AC and 10A at 24V DC.

Relay triggering circuit:

Depending upon a relay's coil rating, some may require current greater than
100mA. If an IC cannot provide this much current, a transistor is used as a
switch to trigger the relay as shown below. Don't avoid the protection diode
(D1 shown in circuit) as it will protect transistor from back emf induced in
relay coil.

Relay triggering circuit

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Switching speed of a relay is slow, around 10ms. Relays are used to drive an
AC load from a small DC circuit, or to drive a high current consuming motor.
A sound of tic -tic while car wiper is on, this is the sound of relay inside the
car that drives the wiper motor.

 Buzzer

Fig. 4.3: Buzzer.

Buzzers can be both fun and useful in electric circuits. We’ll use them a lot
in Make Crate projects, so let’s take a look at what is going on inside a buzzer
to produce sound.The buzzer consists of an outside case with two pins to
attach it to power and ground. Inside is a piezo element, which consists of a
central ceramic disc surrounded
by a metal (often bronze) vibration disc. When current is applied to the buzzer
it causes the ceramic disk to contract or expand. Changing this then causes
the surrounding disc to vibrate. That’s the sound that you hear. By changing
the frequency of the buzzer, the speed of the vibration’s changes, which
changes the pitch of the resulting sound.
 IR Sensors

Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with

longer wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the
nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (nm) to 1 mm.
This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately
430 THz down to 300 GHz. Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects
near room temperature is infrared.

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Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by astronomer William

Herschel, who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the light spectrum
beyond red light, by means of its effect upon a thermometer. Slightly more
than half of the total energy from the Sun was eventually found to arrive on
Earth in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted
infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth's climate.

Infrared light is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change

their rotational vibrational movements. Infrared energy
elicits vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole
moment, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states
for molecules of the proper symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy examines
absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared energy range.

Infrared light is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications.

Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or
animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared
astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of
space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view
highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared
thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to
observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of
electrical apparatus.

Thermal-infrared imaging is used extensively for military and civilian

purposes. Military applications include target acquisition, surveillance, night
vision, homing and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate
chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm (micrometers). Non-military uses
include thermal efficiency analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial
facility inspections, remote temperature sensing, short-ranged wireless
communication, spectroscopy, and weather forecasting.

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 Natural infrared sensor

Fig. 4.4: IR Sensor.

Sunlight, at an effective temperature of 5,780 kelvins, is composed of

nearly thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half infrared. At
zenith, sunlight provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt per square meter
at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared radiation, 445 watts is visible
light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet radiation.
On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of the
Sun, almost all thermal radiation consists of infrared in various wavelengths.
Of these natural thermal radiation processes only lightning and natural fires
are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more
infrared than visible-light energy.

In general, objects emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of

wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of
interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific
bandwidth. Thermal infrared radiation also has a maximum emission
wavelength, which is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of
object, in accordance with Wien's displacement law.

Feature summary
 operating voltage: 4.5 V to 5.5 V
 average current consumption: 33 mA (typical)
 distance measuring range: 20 cm to 150 cm (8″ to 60″)
 output type: analog voltage
 output voltage differential over distance range: 2.0 V (typical)

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 update period: 38 ± 10 ms
 package size: 29.5 × 13.0 × 21.5 mm (1.16″ × 0.5″ × 0.85″)
 weight: 4.8 g (0.17 oz)

4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Arduino IDE:

Fig. 4.5: The Arduino IDE.

The software used to program the microcontroller is the Arduino IDE.

Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project
and user community that designs and manufactures kits for building digital
devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world.
Arduino boards may be purchased preassembled, or as do-it-yourself kits; at
the same time, the hardware design information is available for those who
would like to assemble an Arduino from scratch.

The project is based on a family of microcontroller board designs

manufactured primarily by Smart Projects in Italy, and also by several other
vendors, using various 8-bit AtmelAVR microcontrollers or 32-bit Atmel
ARM processors. These systems provide sets of digital and analog I/O pins
that can be interfaced to various extension boards and other circuits. The
boards feature serial communications interfaces, including USB on some
models, for loading programs from personal computers. For programming the
microcontrollers, the Arduino platform provides an integrated development

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environment (IDE) based on the Processing project, which includes support

for C and C++ programming languages. The Arduino board is connected to
pc and the program is burnt onto the microcontroller board. The figure below
shows the Arduino integrated development environment for compiling and
uploading the programs to Arduino board.

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Chapter 5

IOT PROTOCOLS
The two major protocols are MQTT and HTTP.

5.1 MQTT

MQTT (MQ Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight open messaging protocol

that provides resource-constrained network clients with a simple way to
distribute telemetry information in low-bandwidth environments. The
protocol, which employs a publish/subscribe communication pattern, is used
for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication.

Created as a low-overhead protocol to accommodate bandwidth and CPU

limitations, MQTT was designed to run in an embedded environment where
it could provide a reliable, effective path for communication. Suitable for
connecting devices with a small code footprint, MQTT is a good choice for
wireless networks that experience varying levels of latency due to
occasional bandwidth constraints or unreliable connections. The protocol has
applications in industries ranging from automotive to energy to
telecommunications.

Although MQTT started as a proprietary protocol used to communicate with

supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems in the oil and gas
industry, it has become popular in the smart device arena and today is the
leading open source protocol for connecting internet of things (IoT) and
industrial IoT (IIoT) devices.

While the TT in MQTT stands for Telemetry Transport, the MQ is in

reference to a product called IBM MQ. Although the spell-out for MQTT is
sometimes given as Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, there is no
message queuing in MQTT communication.

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Aimed at maximizing the available bandwidth, MQTT's publish/subscribe

(pub/sub) communication model is an alternative to traditional client-server
architecture that communicates directly with an endpoint. By contrast, in
the pub/sub-model, the client that sends a message (the publisher) is
decoupled from the client or clients that receive the messages (or the
subscribers). Because neither the publishers nor the subscribers contact each
other directly, third parties- the brokers- take care of the connections between
them.

MQTT clients include publishers and subscribers, terms that refer to whether
the client is publishing messages or subscribed to receive messages. These
two functions can be implemented in the same MQTT client. When a device
(or client) wants to send data to a server (or broker) it is called a publish.
When the operation is reversed, it is called a subscribe. Under the pub/sub
model, multiple clients can connect to a broker and subscribe to topics in
which they are interested.

If the connection from a subscribing client to a broker is broken, then the

broker will buffer messages and push them out to the subscriber when it is
back online. If the connection from the publishing client to the broker is
disconnected without notice, then the broker can close the connection and
send subscribers a cached message with instructions from the publisher.

An IBM writeup describes the pub/sub model: "Publishers send the messages,
subscribers receive the messages they are interested in, and brokers pass the
messages from the publishers to the subscribers. Publishers and subscribers
are MQTT clients, which only communicate with an MQTT broker. MQTT
clients can be any device or application (from microcontrollers like the
Arduino to a full application server hosted in the Cloud) that runs an MQTT
library."

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Fig. 5.1: MQTT.

The MQTT broker is the center of every Publish / Subscribe protocol.

Depending on the implementation, a broker can manage up to
thousands of simultaneously connected MQTT clients. The broker is
responsible for receiving all messages, filtering the messages,
determining who subscribed to each message and sending the
message to those subscribed clients. The Broker also holds the
sessions of all persistent clients, including subscriptions and missed
messages. Another task of the Broker is the authentication and
authorization of clients. Usually the broker is extensible, which
facilitates custom authentication, authorization and integration with
backend systems. Integration is especially important, because the
Broker is often the component directly exposed on the Internet,
serves many clients and has to forward messages to downstream
analysis and processing systems. In short, the Broker is the central
hub through which every message must be routed. It is therefore
important that your broker is highly scalable, can be integrated into
back-end systems, is easy to monitor and, of course, is fail-safe.

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5.2 HTTP Protocol

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is the best example of IoT network protocol.
This protocol has formed the foundation of data communication over the web.
It is the most common protocol that is used for IoT devices when there is a
lot of data to be published. However, the HTTP protocol is not preferred
because of its cost, battery-life, energy saving, and more constraints.

Additive manufacturing/3D printing is one of the use cases of the HTTP

protocol. It enables computers to connect 3D printers in the network and print
three-dimensional objects and pre-determined process prototypes.

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Chapter 6

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
1. Cost reduction.
2. Efficiency and productivity.
3. Business opportunities.
4. Customer experience.
5. Mobility and agility

Disadvantages
1. Security and privacy. Keeping the data gathered and transmitted by IoT
devices safe is challenging, as they evolve and expand in use. ...
2. Technical complexity. ...
3. Connectivity and power dependence. ...
4. Integration. ...
5. Higher costs (time and money

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Chapter 7

APPLICATIONS
1. Health care: IoT has applications in healthcare that benefit patients, families,
physicians, hospitals and insurance companies. IoT for Patients - Devices in
the form of wearables like fitness bands and other wirelessly connected
devices like blood pressure and heart rate monitoring cuffs, glucometer etc.
2. Industrial automation: Connecting industrial equipment (e.g., PLC, robots,
actuators, sensors) to the cloud - and sharing real-time data - can drastically
impact the efficiency, production and uptime and helps to develop next
generation machines. Getting started with IoT is only the basis for
improvement.
3. Smart city: Not just internet access to people in a city but to the devices in it
as well – that’s what smart cities are supposed to be made of. And we can
proudly say that we’re going towards realizing this dream. Efforts are being
made to incorporate connected technology into infrastructural requirements
and some vital concerns like Traffic Management, Waste Management,
Water Distribution, Electricity Management, and more. All these work
towards eliminating some day-to-day challenges faced by people and bring in
added convenience.
4. Smart grids: One of the many useful IoT examples, a smart grid, is a holistic
solution that applies an extensive range of Information Technology resources
that enable existing and new gridlines to reduce electricity waste and cost. A
future smart grid improves the efficiency, reliability, and economics of
electricity.
5. Industrial internet: The Industrial Internet of Things consists of
interconnected sensors, instruments, and other devices connected with
computers’ industrial applications like manufacturing, energy management,
etc. While still being unpopular in comparison to IoT wearables and other

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uses, market researches like Gartner, Cisco, etc., believe the industrial
internet to have the highest overall potential.
6. Smart farming: Farming is one sector that will benefit the most from the
Internet of Things. With so many developments happening on tools farmers
can use for agriculture, the future is sure promising. Tools are being
developed for Drip Irrigation, understanding crop patterns, Water
Distribution, drones for Farm Surveillance, and more. These will allow
farmers to come up with a more productive yield and take care of the concerns
better
7. Smart supply chain: Supply-chains have stuck around in the market for a
while now. A common example can be Solutions for tracking goods while
they are on the road. Backed with IoT technology, they are sure to stay in the
market for the long run.

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Chapter 8

PROJECT: SMART SOIL MOISTURE

INDICATOR USING ARDUINO UNO
8.1 Introduction:

Soil moisture is basically the content of water present in the soil. The
soil moisture sensor consists of two conducting plates which function as a
probe. This sensor is used to measure the volumetric content of water.

It can measure the moisture content in the soil based on the change in
resistance between these two conducting plates. It uses capacitance to
measure the dielectric constant of the soil. Dielectric constant can be called
as the ability of soil to transmit electricity.

To make it to operate in Analog Mode, we need to connect analog

output of the sensor to ADC input of the Arduino. While monitoring the
sensor we will get ADC values from 0-1023. The moisture content will be
measured in percentage, so we have to map the values from 0 -100 and then
that will be displayed on Serial Monitor.

8.2 List of components:

1. Arduino UNO
2. Soil Moisture Sensor Module
3. 16×2 LCD Display
4. 10KΩ Potentiometer (for LCD)
5. Breadboard
6. Connecting wires
7. Power Supply
8. Test setup with 3 cups of soil

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 Arduino UNO: The microcontroller used here is ATMELS AVR ATMEGA

MICROCONTROLLER. A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC
or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a
processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often
included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM.
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the
microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose
applications.
The Atmel AVR is a CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega achieves throughputs approaching 1MIPS per MHz, allowing the
system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

 Soil Moisture Sensor Module: The main component of the project (apart
from the Arduino UNO) is the Soil Moisture Sensor. It consists of two parts:
The main Sensor and the Control Board. Sensor part of the Soil Moisture
Sensor consists of a couple of conductive probes that can be used to measure
the volumetric content of water in soil.

 16×2 LCD Display: A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line
and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel
matrix. The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix display is capable of
displaying 224 different characters and symbols.

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8.3 Block diagram

Power Supply Buzzer

ATmega328P
Soil Moisture
Sensor LCD Display

Fig. 8.1: Block diagram of Soil Moisture Indicator Using Arduino Uno.

8.4 Circuit diagram

Fig. 8.2: Circuit diagram of Smart Soil Moisture Indicator Using Arduino Uno.

The design of the circuit is very simple. Connect the probe to the board and
provide power supply to the board. Take the analog out pin from the board
and connect it to Analog IN pinA0 of the Arduino.

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To view the results, I have used a 16×2 LCD Display, where I have connected
its data pins D4 – D7 to Arduino Pins 5 – 2. All the additional connections
are mentioned in the circuit diagram.

 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram and upload the code to
Arduino.
 Place the soil moisture probe in a “dry” pot and check for readings. In my
case, it was around 13%.
 Similarly, place the probe in other pots (after properly cleaning the probe) and
check for readings.
 You can adjust the sensitivity of the sensor with the help of the potentiometer
on the board of the sensor.
8.5 Code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
const int rs = 7, en = 6, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
int j=0;
int prev=0;
int pres=0;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" Soil Moisture ");
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
j=analogRead(A0);
j=map(j,0,982,148,0);
pres=j;
if(j>100)

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j=100;
else if(j<0)
j=0;
lcd.setCursor(6,1);
lcd.print(j);
lcd.print("% ");
prev=j;
delay(500);

The output of this project is shown below:

Fig. 8.3: Smart Soil Moisture Indicator using Arduino Uno.

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Chapter 9

CONCLUSION
From the internship activity performed we can conclude that the
internship training has helped us to understand in deep the concepts of the
Internet of things. Through the period of internship, we were given a deep
exposure to the internet of things theory as well as practical application of the
same. We were able to get the knowledge of the industry standard IOT
protocols and were able to implement the same in the tasks provided. We
were able to perform hardware interfacing as well as develop the software
required for interfacing and controlling the hardware using IOT.

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REFERENCES
[1] Dr. V. Bhuvaneswari, Dr. R Porkodi, “The Internet of Things (IoT)
Applications and Communication Enabling Technology Standards: An
Overview”, International Conference on Intelligent Computing Applications,
2014, pp. 324-329.

[2] Lianos, M. and Douglas, M. (2000) Dangerization and the End of

Deviance: The Institutional Environment. British Journal of Criminology, 40,
261-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.2.261

[3] Nunberg, G. (2012) The Advent of the Internet: 12th April, Courses.

[4] Kosmatos, E.A., Tselikas, N.D. and Boucouvalas, A.C. (2011)

Integrating RFIDs and Smart Objects into a Unified In- ternet of Things
Architecture. Advances in Internet of Things: Scientific Research, 1, 5-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ait.2011.11002

[5] Aggarwal, R. and Lal Das, M. (2012) RFID Security in the Context of
“Internet of Things”. First International Confe- rence on Security of Internet
of Things, Kerala, 17-19 August 2012, 51-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2490428.2490435

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