Name: ___

Date: ___

EXERCISE
Objectives
1. Identify the major bones of the skeleton and classify each bone according to its shape.
2. Recognize and define the various bone markings
3. Demonstrate and explain the effect of heat and acid on bone tissue.
4. Label the major components and describe the function of each component.

Activity Proper
A. Bone Markings
1. Match the terms in column B to the descriptions in Column A.

Column A Column B
1. sharp, slender process a. condyle
2. round or oval opening through a b. crest
bone
3. small rounded projection c. epicondyle
4. Shallow depression d. process
5. narrow ridge of bone e. facet
6. Air-filled cavity f. ramus
7. large rounded projection g. fissure
8. Large, irregularly shaped projections h. sinus
9. structure supported on neck i. foramen
10. Raised area on or above a condyle j. spine
11. armlike projection k. fossa
12. rounded, articular projection l. trochanter
13. narrow opening m. head
14. Projection or prominence n. tubercle
15. canal-like structure o. meatus
16. Smooth, nearly flat articular surface p. tuberosity

B. Classification of Bones

2. The four major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular.
Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?

3. Write examples of bones for each bone classification

Long Short Flat Irregular

 C. Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone
4. To identify the structures marked by leader lines and braces in the diagrams, use the
terms listed below (some terms are used more than once).

Key
a. articular cartilage b. articular cartilage c. articular cartilage
d. compact bone e. compact bone f. compact bone
g. diaphysis h. diaphysis i. diaphysis
PROXIMAL j. endosteum k. endosteum l. endosteum
EPIPHYSIS
ENDOSTEUM

COMPACT BONE
PROXIMAL EPIPHYSEAL
EPIPHYSIS LINE YELLOW BONE MARROW

COMPACT BONE

PERIOSTEUM
RED BONE
MARROW
CAVITY
COMPACT
BONE

DIAPHYSIS PERIOSTEUM

NUTRIENT ARTERY

MEDULLARY
TRABECULAE
OF SPONGY
EPIPHYSEAL BONE
LINE

DISTAL
EPIPHYSIS
ARTICULAR
CARTILAGE

5. Match the terms in question 4 to the information in the table below.

1. contains spongy bone in adults EPIPHYSIS

2. scientific term for bone shaft DIAPHYSIS
3. made of compact bone OSTEONS
4. Contains fat in adult bones BONE
MARROW CAVITY
5. site of blood cell formation RED BONE
MARROW CAVITY
6. growth plate remnant EPIPHYSEAL LINE
7. major submembranous site of osteoclasts
PERIOSTEUM
8. major submembranous site of osteoblasts
ENDOSTEUM
 6. What differences between compact and spongy bone can be seen with the naked eye?
Compact bone is very smooth, dense & thick. Spongy bone has a lot of open spaces.

7. What is periosteum’s function?

The periosteum is known to have three roles: (1) a source of osteocytes/chondrocytes
that differentiate from pluripotent undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, (2) a scaffold for
the proliferation of osteocytes/chondrocytes, and (3) a source of growth factors.

D. Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone

8. Trace the route taken by nutrients through a bone, beginning with the periosteum and ending
with an osteocyte in a lacuna.

Periosteum, perforating canals, central canals, canaliculus, lacunae, osteocyte

9. Below are several descriptions of bone structure. Choose the appropriate term from the
key and enter its letter in the blank to identify the structure involved. Then, on the right
photomicrograph of bone (208 X), identify all of the structures named in the key and
bracket an osteon.

Key b. central canal d. lacunae

a. canaliculi c. concentric lamellae e. matrix

1. site of osteocytes LACUNAE

2. inorganic salts deposited in an organic ground substance MATRIX
3. minute canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon CANALICULI
4. layers of bony matrix around a central canal CONCENTRIC
LAMELLAE
5. longitudinal canal carrying blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
CENTRAL CANAL

CONCENTRIC LAMELLAE

CANALICULI

LACUNAE

CENTRAL CANAL

MATRIX

E. Chemical Composition of Bone

10. What role does the organic matrix play in bone?

11. Identify the key organic bone components

 12. The majority of the inorganic material in bone is calcium salts. What are the calcium
salts used
for?

13. Baking removes from bone. Soaking bone in acid removes

.

F. Examining the Chemical Composition of Bone

Materials Needed
Fresh chicken bone
Chicken bone that has been soaked in vinegar for 5-7 days
Chicken bone that has been baked at 250 0F for 2 hours
Mallet
Disposable gloves and safety glasses

Instructions
1. Put on disposable gloves and safety glasses.
2. Examine a fresh chicken bone and one that has been soaked in vinegar for several days.
Note the texture and flexibility of each bone. The acidity of vinegar removes the
inorganic salts from the extracellular matrix of the bone.

Which component of bone is damaged or changed as a result of exposure to acid?

3. Now examine a chicken bone that has been baked at 250 °F for 2 hours. Exposing the
bone to high temperature denatures the protein and other organic substances from the
extracellular matrix of the bone.

Which component of bone is damaged or changed as a result of exposure to high

temperature?

4. Strike each bone with a mallet and describe what happens in each case.
Vinegar-soaked bone:
Baked bone:

5. Cleanup and dispose the materials used in this activity.

G. Ossification: Bone Formation and Growth in Length

14. Compare and contrast events that occur on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the
epiphyseal plate.

Epiphyseal face:

Diaphyseal face:
H. Cartilages of the Skeleton

15. Identify each type of cartilage described below (in terms of its body location or function)
using the key choices.

Key
a. elastic
b. fibrocartilage
c. hyaline

1. supports the external ear

2. meniscus in a knee joint
3. between the vertebrae
4. connects the ribs to the sternum
5. forms the walls of
6. most effective at resisting compression
7. the epiglottis
8. most springy and flexible
9. articular cartilages
10. most abundant