Lig emitting dicdes O

CLED)
A ph junehion ciode made up of Si or Ge hen
tosocrd biaoed emit hest. But diodes made up oft special
type of semicducing material k e Gallium Arsenide
phosphide C Ga As P), Galliun Phosphide CCraP) 6alliun
Avsenide CGaAs) os Gallium nibide
frswadd biased emit gE and are Called
(GaN ) ete ohen

dicdes. taut emihng

plastic Anode
encapsulation
Ctoansparent) Ancla
FN junchon
gglagP
insdated
edeeN
baoe w Cathocle
A Rw.
k cathode
K
Sybol
Constouchiom opahng pineiple
cathoda tesminal o r e r N *tpe
As shd u)in dia. Ha metalizaim for
Fezminnl it is at tte edae
fmternl is aomplete hile fos ansde
onlso a LGhl- TaAys can come out These LEDS opeate
a d tosnave curent. when LED is fos-dard
biaed
Small Votane
a v eelechns *om N Upe of materint are injeched ino
hem recombines oith holes
SOme oE
P tpe of matenals here
oF Ln autut
This vecombinnion emits Trasonasle level
ohen a tondard cusent of bekueen S mA and 20mA is applied.

Masimum tonsavd Cument can be 30 mA). Round LEDs are

availble in tha 3mm to Smm diameter plastic Packqes

Conmonl
Te ollooing are a maten'ls uoed for differen coloured LEDs

BaAsP fo red os yetlow Colour

GaP fas veen colou
for Fnfa Ted
GaAs
BaN
fos blue
Seven segmenE displayS: LED disply are trequentty
used to display nwnen cnl data. The "basis of such
di splays is t e seren seament indi cator ohich is often
to tos)
used in 9o0ups of betoeen hree and five digits
aa Ccnpleke display
To arangement oF p e
individual Segm ents of seven O
segment ndicrtor is a o
shoum bolo0. Te segments are
disingished b e tters a to . Since ench segment
compises am individuel LED I is necessany to use
to decode binary lozic
to
obinany coded deelmas data in
oveler
ilfuminte t h conrec combinim o segments to
paotclar digit. displa
e-9.
displayeshe nwnber 1 can be
by simuultaneowolg illumining segments band
ha number 2 euivas thnk senments a, b, 3,ec. Simla
and d
should be illuminted. Te ckt of a Sevent
is shon in fi I S hile
9ement displ
a
s pic deccder amd decoder
toth table are shoum in ll 16 and IN-17 eopectively.

Displays 127
Common anode

A BCD|Display
LED
segments 0 0 0 0

Current
0 0 0 1
limiting
resislors
0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1
From drivers

0 1 0 00
Figure 11.15 Circuit of a seven segment
display (including series current limiting
resistors) 0 10 1
0 1 1 00

0 1 1 1

1 000

10 0 1
1 0 1 00
Cuen: limilang

1 01 1
Segment
ideritienH.10o
11 0 1
LUIDL
rPi |1 1 1 0

T 1 1 1 1

Figure 11.17 Truth table for the decoded

Seven segment decoder/driver seven segment display
Figure 11.16
 Compaisim of LED and LCD displays
LED displa LCD display.
J t verureshigh poaer d e i r e s o poaeh
Cio to 250 mW) per ohamcher Cio to 2so uw) per chamcteir
a J t gives visible (or intaved) a I E rezuives extevmd os
wa ohen it is excited internd Lifk ource
Jthas mae bokjhtness a * has loca bightness.
operates in tempemture A It can epernte in tenp.
&e
Tange oF -40'e to Fange ot 20e to 60c
Oide nge) Cnamo nge)
long life Hme (10 hours) shartife hme ( sx1o hours)
e J ìs acive device Tt is passive device
J t does not emit kgr
Ttemits oed, 3veen, yelloo
os blue colours but veflect tha Lht.
Fts opentina VoHzge is
8ts openina Votge îs 3V
to 20 V de
a J has uide vieoing anu JE han
a> naro vîe-oina
angla ange
to an opem at high 10 It opemtes ny aF
frenueny loco tequenc
Interna detils of CRT

Connecting pins

Cathode and heater

(inside)
Grid

Focus anodes

X-plates

y2 Y-plates

2
Evacuated glass envelope
yi
Final anode (graphite coating)
Cross-sectional view

Phosphor coated screen -

Figure 11.3 internal arrangement of a CRT showing the path taken by the electron beam
 TntevndL detils of cRT:
CCahode m tube )
Tha inter nl dehils of a tpicl CRT is shom in
Th
fia 1-3
cathode, henter, gd anel anodo assembly tovms an
elecozm 3un hieh p»duces a beam of elecons that is
tocused on Tear phosphdr Coaing ot he sereen
Tha heer aises tho tem pemtune af t cadhazle
which is coated with thanated tungsten (a matenal a t
Tendily emiks elechans ohen heated ).Tke neghvely ohaged
elecoans atmched by Hha. high pasive potential
are
h a appears o n he vamous anodes.
t l o s of electsoma is comtolled bha gmd.ThMs
stouchure Consists of a tine oire mesh throuAh which he
eleccsans must pass. h a gmd is made neantive ith Tenpec
to t i enhode amd horefore it repUs He elechans,
y ka
conholling Rotenl it is possible to Yam
rid
He gnd,th4s
amount of elechsons Pavssinghe scree
Contsollimg the întensih (o bnjlhness ) of e disp)ay )

s hree twbula
Tha to cus amodes Consiss at too
shuctre tho" ohich h elechen bem passes. bj Vangina
ThTelative petenial n these elechsades we Can tocus Hhe
beam.Tke Hnal amode Consists of a gphie coating
nsia a cRT. Ths cmod is given a veny high tve
potental several kV) ohich accelernles Hha bean of
olechsans. Tke Tesult is an elecm beam of high enesgy
imachin a itsetf against t phosphar eorting on tha insida
rear of a creen area. Te enegy besated by the
Collision of elechsans oith tha phosphos s onvested into
a n d and hence visible spot m he cveen.

Intevna detauls of CRT oith thvee cathodes:

eolours
By inooducina a pattesn of phasphors of different
mae Complieted CRT »ith +hree differen
and by oing a
CRT Kat can
Onthodes tig.1-9) itis possible to pooduce a

display colour infosmahiom. is shoum

ot a colour eRT olisplay
Te aTangement
TLe
in tia sepate video sgnds coresponding to
t 8 . Three
tèd to the thoee
reen amd blue)
are
ha colours redl, deaived toomn
Tkase signls a r e
CRT.
Cathodes oF a wavatesmg
h a Rired
kts tha genesnes
haVideo Processing
 use f r Vanying he ntensity ot h thsee electram
ofHa
beams. Each baam îs booushl- to tocus on pixels
the
DespecHve colour. A sgnehomising system genemkes
ensures h a - t a Ame e l i o n -
Sann ina ranp wavefr ms and
îs CoTect.
ship between em

nal anode

supply

Figure 11.9 A colour CRT

Red Red
oulput

Vide conrol Video processing Green Green CRT

oulput

Blue Blue

Outpul Vertical Honzonlal

deflection deflection
coil coil

HT supply
Vertical deflection

Synchronising
Sync. control system

Hornizontal deflection

Figure 11.8 Arrangement of a colour display

colouns padtesn öith

to 7
dspay in
eRT
Three coloun
Popper duaqram haee different
By Combining
blue
colours green and (red,
amounts
4AGE NIA ELL phosphos) in diffevent
a ange
it is possible to genemhe
RED

of colous. befor exanple yellow can

adjacent
poducad by illumintina dhite
Teda n green phosphaS.
ean be pruduced by illuminaina
and blue
CYAN adja cent ed, 3reen
phosphos. Cfig. 1-lo)
Figure 11.10 Generation of colours by
illuminating red, green and blue phosphors
 Advantaes ond dis advantrqes of ophicd tibres ove
Ocmvenhanal copper ables
Advnkrges: Ophic Abres are Lightoeljht and of small size
v e y oide bandoidth and vey hifn data ates oan be
SuPpOoted
Telnhive reedom toom elechomngn tic interference .
h
A Signiti'cantly educed noise and cxoss talk eompared
Conven fhionl Copper enbless
of atenurioy othin e medium.
Tenival lo Yaues
ih long Life.
6 seliabiling
77 Elechicnt isolaian and freedom som easth/gvound loops.
seoistance to He intpducn
DisadVantages - Industay
of neo technolo7y.
when titina ecbles
aNeed of a hih degree ef precision
amd aonnectaS
Mechanienl oength of +ibre is loc.
so d i i c l t
o handle-
Glass core mrteril is bwtle amd
An e otes of
s ao
mus be highly Pure, An
57 Tha tnatemlo
amd is badly afeced.
wsking
defects scatter Lighl-
opticc data ink :-
Optical Hbre simple one oay tibre

AA simple ome-o Csimplex)

tibre optie dta Link is shon in
toansmiiter Consists of an nfoa-Ted
fig. 10-6. The ophcnl
u-emitting dicda CLED) Lo poer gormiconductor diode
directy to the optical tibre- Tha
laser diole aoupled Interface.
oih puloes of c u e n t fsam a bus
is supplied
valent W{t that
of cuvrent poveluce equi pulses
These puls es reach h a optical Teceiven
travel along t a tibre until hey
or
aeceiver unit eomsists of photodiode
unit. The optical curent ahen
photo transistor hat passes
a Telativey laze
i1luminted and negligible
cutent ohen not. The pulses of
ancd oare thus eplicated a t h e
CUwent a ka tfransmitting
eceiving end

Cladding
Logic Optical **********a********************************* T
transmitter Core Optical Logic
input ************************************ *******.
receiver output

Optical fibre

Figure 10.6 A simple one-way fibre optic data link

Ophc ibre cble constchn: Tha constauchiom of a
P c a l ibre ophe cable is shoon in ta to9.his Compa) se s:
) tive optical +i bres and two fitiler sttands
Sepaatr tape 3 Adamid yaan shängth nember
An outer jacke
Te Cnble ha am overall diameten
oP about 0.2 inches amd he
individMal optic fibro Cove oF
-Ouler jacket
S o to 70 un) amd ekdding of
Aramid yarn 40 um. A protective buffer
Cross-sectional vieww
covess each tbre amd prwtecs
Polyesler tape
itaung manutacturer ncreesas
Buffer
mechanicl svength omd diameten
Cladding in order to make handling and
(140 um)
easier The filler stoonds
Core
ASsembly
(50 1o 70 um) ae made trom polyester, A polyester
3eparmos tape Covess h a 33dup 0f
iller strariJs five fibres and too tiler stands.
Figure 10.9 A typical fibre optic cable
This tape is manutnctured from
lo-1ichion polyester amd i serves
to make the csble more lexible.
Aayer of woven Aramid Haso prDVides added mechanica
Soengh andd protectiom tor the Cable assembl. The oker
hesmoplastie jackel is tited to prevent moiskure ingress
and a l to povide insuntion.
 chavae tenshcs of vano ypes ot LED
Type of LED
Parameters Miniati re stan dardt. High.effi. Hih itonsit
diam eter mm) 3 S
30 30
Max. to.Jcod euent A0 30
CmA)
12 7
Typic forssad euwe
2 2
mA) 2 O 8
THpic t o a o d Voltye 2
doop CV) 3 S
Mox. veverse Vog
S
Cv) 27 13S
Max Povwer dissipntion
mW) 635 635
63S
Peak wavalenath Cnm)