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Kwame Nkrumah University of

Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

ME 161/2 - BASIC MECHANICS

ME 164 - STATICS OF SOLID MECHANICS

D.E.K. Dzebre (PhD)

Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Design

Image Source: https://cutt.ly/qjCszYh

 Selecting from available options to meet desired requirements → designing.

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Design

Image Source:
 Specifying variables to meet desired http://ideasoutdoor.selbermachendeko.com/
wp-content/uploads/2019/06/%E2%88%9A-
performance requirements 18-How-to-Build-an-Adirondack-Chair-
Plans.jpg

→ designing.
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Why learn Statics of Rigid Bodies?

Generic process for designing an engineering structure
Too much Deflection/Extension/Yield/Fracture/Failure

Choose
Load bearing/ Internal
External SIZE & Structural
Structural Forces and MATERIAL
Loads Performance
Member Moments
for the part

• Axial • Stress • Deflections

• Torsional • Strain • Yield/Fracture
• Bending/Flexural • Behaviour of • Success/Failure
• Combined materials under stress (using failure criteria)

Mechanics of Rigid Bodies/Fluids Mechanics of Materials

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Introduction
 The study of the interactions between physical forces and bodies constitutes the
field of Engineering Mechanics

Statics
Mechanics of Rigid
Bodies Kinematics
(Solid Mechanics) Dynamics
Kinetics

Theory of Plasticity
Mechanics of Theory of Elasticity
MECHANICS
Deformable Bodies Theories of Failure
Fatigue

Mechanics of
Compressible Fluids

Mechanics of Fluids Mechanics of

Some Branches of Engineering Incompressible
Mechanics (J Antonio, Fluids

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Outline
Some Concepts, Principles and Techniques in Mechanics of Static Rigid Bodies;
o Fundamental Principles and Concepts in Newtonian Mechanics.
o Forces; Characteristics of Forces, Resultants of systems of forces.
o Moment of a Force
o Centroids
o Equilibrium Analyses of Particles and Rigid Bodies

Applications of Concepts in Statics of Rigid Bodies;

o Analysis of Structures
o Friction and Simple Machines
o Area Moments of Inertia
o Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

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EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES

Apply Newton’s laws of motion and other basic theories and laws of
Newtonian mechanics to particles and rigid bodies.

Analyze 2-D and 3-D equilibrium of system of forces.

Sketch free body diagrams for problems and use them to determine
resultants and components of forces and moments.

Determine centroids and centre of gravity of single and composite bodies.

Solve static problems involving dry friction.

Perform simple equilibrium analyses on statically determinant structures,

and simple machines.
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Some Recommended Text

 Basic Engineering Mechanics, J. Antonio

 Engineering Mechanics Statics by W.F. Riley and L.D. Sturges

 Engineering Mechanics – Statics and Dynamics, J.L. Meriam and L.G. Kraige.

 Engineering Mechanics – Statics and Dynamics, R. C. Hibbler.

 Vector Mechanics for Engineers, Beer et al.

 Any book on Engineering Mechanics.

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Assessment

Assignments/Quizzes 15%
Mid-Semester Exam 15%
End of Semester Exam 70%
TOTAL 100%

Class Attendance 5 marks

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SOME
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
&
CONCEPTS

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Particles and Bodies

 Particle

A very small amount of matter which may be assumed to occupy a single point in
space. Idealizing bodies as points simplifies problems since body geometry is not
considered.

 Rigid body

A collection of several particles that remain at a fixed distance from each other,
even when under the influence of a load.

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Some Fundamental Concepts

 Space (Length)
This is associated with notion of describing a point in terms of co-ordinates measured
from a reference point.
 Time
A measure of the succession of two events or the duration of an event. Of significance
in dynamics.
 Mass
A measure of the inertia of a body, which is its resistance to a change of velocity. The
mass of a body affects the gravitational attraction force between it and other bodies.
 Force

 Space, Time, and Mass are independent of each other. However, Force, is related to
the mass of a body and the variation of its velocity with time.

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Quantities
 Measurements.
 Time – second (s)
 Mass – kilogram (kg)
 Length – metre (m)
 Force – Newton (N)

 Quantities may be basic (fundamental) or derived.

 They may be scalars or vectors.

 Derived Units of measurement and Relations (formulae) are often in terms of

fundamental quantities.
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Quantities and Dimensions

Quantity Dimension Common SI Units
Length L m, cm, mm
Time T s
Mass M kg
Area L2 m2, cm2, mm2
Force ML/T2 or MLT-2 N
Linear velocity L/T or LT-1 m/s or ms-1
Linear acceleration L/T2 or LT-2 m/s2 or ms-2
Angular velocity 1/T or T-1 rad/s
Angular acceleration 1/T2 or T-2 rad/s2
Moment of a force ML2/T2 or ML2T-2 N.m or N-m
Pressure, Stress M/LT2 or ML-1T-2 Pa, kPa, MPa
Work and Energy ML2/T2 or ML2T-2 J, kJ
Power ML2/T3 or ML2T-3 W, kW
Momentum and linear impulse ML/Tor MLT-1 N.s or N-s
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Prefixes

Multiplication Factor Name of prefix Symbol of prefix Example

1012 tera T 1.23 TJ = 1 230 000 000 000 J

109 giga G 4.53 GPa = 4 530 000 000 Pa
106 mega M 7.68 MW = 7 680 000 W
103 kilo k 5.46 kg = 5 460 g
10-2 centi c 3.34 cm = 0.0334 m
10-3 milli m 395 mm = 0.395 m
10-6 micro μ 65 μm = 0.000 065 m
10-9 nano n 34 nm = 0.000 000 034 m

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Some Principles: The Principle of Dimensional Homogenity

 When combining quantities via addition/subtraction, the quantities being

combined must be dimensionally homogenous.

 For example, if the equation 2= + (in which x, v and t displacement,

velocity and time respectively) is dimensionally homogenous, the dimensions of
A and B can be determined as;
=
=
=

∴ The equation can be re−written as

= +
⇒ = , =
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Newtons Laws of Motion

 First Law
A body will maintain it state of motion (remain at rest or continue to move
in a straight line) unless the resultant force on it is not zero.

 Second Law
A body under the influence of a force experiences a proportionate
acceleration in the direction of that force.

 Third Law
Action and Reaction are equal and opposite.

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Some other Laws and Principles

 Principle of Transmissibility

 Principle of Moments/Varigon’s Theorem

 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

 Parallel Axis Theorem

 Principle of Virtual Work

 Principle of Potential Energy

 Principle of Work and Energy

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FORCES

Characteristics and Resultants of Forces

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Forces

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Forces: Some Characteristics

 Forces are vector quantities.

15 cm 1 cm = 10 N
150 N

68o 68o

 Forces considered equal if they have the same magnitude and direction.

 Forces are equivalent if they produce the same resultant effect on a rigid body.

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Systems of Forces
F3 F2 F1 F2 F3 F4
F1

T4
Non-Concurrent
Concurrent Coplanar Force System Coplanar Force System T1 T3

F4
F2 T2
F1 F

F3
Concurrent Spatial Force System
F
Parallel spatial Force System Collinear Force System

A system of forces can be replaced with an equivalent system of forces or a Resultant

Force (one equivalent force).
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How do we find the Resultant of a System

of Forces?

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The Resultant of a Systems of Forces

There are several approaches:

Graphical approach –Polygon rules of vector addition.

Force Triangle with Sine and Cosine rules.

Summation of Rectangular/Perpendicular Force components

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Resultants of Forces: Force Triangle Approach

 The sine and cosine laws:

a b c
Law of Sines  
sin  sin  sin 

b
a
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos 
 Law of Cosines b 2  c 2  a 2  2ca cos 
 c c 2  a 2  b 2  2 ab cos 

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Resultants of Forces: Graphical Approach

1N = 1mm

150 323.55 150

19o

19o
323.55
200

200

Triangle Law

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Resultants of Forces: Force Triangle Approach

Example
150 N

68o
200 N
23o

From the Cosine Rule,

R 2  200 2  150 2 - 2(200)(150 )cos135 o
R  323.9 N.
R 150
135o 68o
From the Sine Law
323.9 N 150 N
  , θ  19.11 o
200 sin 135 o sin θ o
23o

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Resultants of Forces: Force Components Approach

This approach requires the forces to be decomposed/resolved into
Rectangular/Cartesian/perpendicular components (along principal directions).

v v v

Fy

y
F
 Fy  y

Fx
x h Fx h h

    x 
F  Fx  Fy  Fx i  Fy j

Like components (along the same direction) are then summed to get the resultant
components.
Magnitude and direction of the resultant force can be obtained through appropriate
Trigonometry techniques.
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Resultants of Forces: Resolve Forces into Components

y

F   
Fy c a F  Fx  Fy
 
 Fi  Fj
b

Fx x
Pythagoras Theorem Directional Vectors
    
F  Fx  Fy   bi  a j 
 F  F  F  
2 2
F  F cos   F sin   b a 
 
 bi   aj 
F F 2 
2 2 2
Note :  b a   b a 
 
a b  Fi  Fj
 cos  ,  sin 
2 2
b a b  a2
2

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Resultants of Forces: Resolve Forces into Components

 Sum like components to get the components of the resultant.

y 
R   Fx   Fy
  
R  ( Px  Qx  S x )i  ( Py  Qy  S y ) j
Pyj
The magnitude of the Resultant Force is given by;
P
2 2

P xi
R  F    F 
x y

S xi Qxi x And the direction;

S Q  Rx 
 x  cos 1  
 R
Syj
Qyj

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Resultants of Forces
Example
y
Force Fx Fy
200 N 200 cos 23 N 200 sin 23 N
x 150 N 150 cos 68 N 150 sin 68 N
∑ 240.292 N 217.224 N
150 N

2 2
68o 200 N F  F    F 
x y

23o
 240.292 2  217.2242
 323.924 N

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Resultants of Forces
Example
Find the resultant of the forces shown
y

800

800 N 600

424 N
400 N
900

Dimensions are in mm

560 480

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Resultants of Forces
Example - Solution  
  xi  y j 
F  F  F  
y  x2  y2 
 
800
   
  800i  600 j  800i 600 j  
F1  800    800.  800.  640i  480 j
 800 2  600 2  1000 1000
F1=800 N 600  
  560i  900 j   
F2  424    224i  360 j
2 2
 560  900 
 
F3=400 N
x   480i  900 j 
F2=424 N F3  400  
 480 2  900 2 
900
  
Resultant, F   F i   F j 

 2  2
560 480 The magnitude of the Resultant, F   F i    F j 
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Resultants of Forces
Example
Find the resultant of the forces shown.
2 2
F  F    F 
x y

   F  60 cos 25 + 40 cos 60  50 sin 50  36.076 N

x

   F  60sin 25  40sin 60  50 cos 50  41.423 N

y

OR
60 N
Force Fx (+→) Fy(+↑)
60 N 60 cos 25 60 sin 25
40 N 40 cos 60 - 40 sin 60
50 N - 50 cos 40 - 50 cos 50
∑ 36.076 N - 41.523 N

2 2

50 N
40 N F  F    F 
x y

F  36.0762  ( 41.423)2  54.930 N

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Resultants of Forces
Example
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the screw eye and its direction
measured clockwise from the x-axis.

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Resultants of Forces
Example
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting om the hook.

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Resultants of Forces
Example
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the screw eye and its direction
measured counter-clockwise from the x-axis.

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Resultants of Forces
Example
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the screw eye and its direction
measured counter-clockwise from the x-axis.

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Resultants of Forces
Example
Cables AB and AD help support pole AC. Knowing that the tension is 120 N in AB and
40 N in AD, determine the magnitude of the resultant of the forces exerted by the cables
at A.

10 cm

8 cm 6 cm

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Resultants of Forces
Example
Two forces on the same plane are applied to the construction bracket as shown. Determine
the angle Ɵ which makes the resultant of the two forces vertical. Determine the magnitude
R of the resultant.
= 800 N

= 425 N

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Resultants of Forces
Example
The two structural members, one of which is in tension and other in compression, exert the
indicated forces on joint O. If we were to replace to two members with an equivalent one at
the same point, determine the its angle of inclination with respect to the positive x axis. Also
determine the magnitude of the force that will be acting through it.

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Resultants of Forces
Example
Two men are trying to roll the boulder by applying the forces as shown. Determine
the magnitude and direction of the force that is equivalent to the forces the two men
are applying.

300 N

150 N

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Resultants of Forces
Example
Two snow carts tow an emergency shelter. The towing cables are horizontal. The total
force FA + FB on the shelter is parallel to the direction L and its magnitude is 400 N.
Determine the magnitudes of FA and FB

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Resultants of Forces

  Fx  FB sin 30 o  FA sin 50 o
   Fy  FB cos 30 o  FA cos 50 o
Resultant = 400N Resultant force is vertical. This means;
y Rx = 0
Ry = 400 N

And
Rx = ∑Fx
Ry = ∑Fy
So,
FB sin 30 o  FA sin 50 o  0
x FB cos 30 o  FA cos 50 o  400

Solve simltaneously to get;

FA  203 N
FB  311 N
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Resultants of Forces
Example
The angle Ɵ = 50°. determine the length of the line representing vector rAC. (Hint: all three
lines lie in the same plane)

rAC = 181 mm

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Resultants of Forces
Example
The forces FA = 40 N, FB = 50 N, and FC = 40 N act on the screw pin as illustrated in the
Figure. α = 50° and β = 80°. Determine the magnitude of the resultant of the three forces
on the eye of the screw pin, assuming they are coplanar.

R = 83 N

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Non-Planar/Spatial/3-D Forces.

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y
Forces in Space
O x
z    
F  Fx  Fy  Fz

F  F cos  x  F cos  y  F cos  z
b
y
F
z x   
O
  ai  bj  ck 
c F  F  F  
2 2 2
 a b c 
  
 Fi  Fj  Fk
a

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Forces in Space
Example
A rectangular plate is supported by three cables as shown. Knowing that the
tension in cables AC, AB and AD are 60 N, 80 N and 90 N respectively, determine
the components of the forces being exerted at C, B and D.

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Forces in Space
For components of force at D, FDA;
Soln

DA  250i  480 j  360k

  250i  480 j  360k 
DA   
 250 2  480 2  360 2 1 2 
 
 
  
  250i  480 j  360k 
FDA  90  
 250 2  480 2  360 2 12 
 
 
y'

x' For components of force at B, FBA

z' 
BA  320i  480 j  360k
BA 
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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 56

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Forces in Space
Example
A transmission tower is held by three guy wired anchored by bolts B, C and D. If the
tension in wire AD is 315 N, determine the components of the force exerted by the wire
on the bolt at D.

Dimensions are in dm (1 dm = 0.1 m = 10 cm)

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 57

Forces in Space
Example
A rectangular plate is supported by three cables as shown. Knowing that the tension in
cables AC, AB and AD are 60 N, 80 N and 90 N respectively, determine the magnitude
of a force that the three cables are exerting at A.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 58

ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC) 3

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Moment of Forces

Scalar and vector approaches of calculating Moments

Principles of Moments
Equivalent Force-Couple Systems

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 59

Moment of a Force
Forces have the tendency to cause two types motions in rigid bodies;
translational and rotational motions.
The tendency of a force to rotate a body is referred to as moment.
A moment may occur about a point; the Moment Centre.
F

MO   
A Mo  r  F
r
θ rsin  d
O
d M o  (r sin  ) F  dF

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ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC) 1

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Moment of a Force
d must be perpendicular to the Force’s line of action, so, the Force is treated as a
sliding vector, due to the Principle of Transmissibility in rigid body mechanics.

F’
.
.
A
.
A . If F and F’ have the same magnitude,

Moment of F about A = Moment of F’ about A

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 61

Moment of a Force
 Scalar Approach
Mo  d  F
 Only the magnitude of the moment is calculated using only the magnitudes of the
force and the moment arm, d, defined as the perpendicular distance between the line
of action of the force and the moment centre.
 Often used when the moment, d can easily be determined. The sense of the moment
is determined by inspection.

 Vector Approach
 The position vector for the point of application of the force is multiplied by the
components of the force to get the components of the Resultant moment.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 62

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Moment of a Force
Example
A force of 800 N acts on a bracket as shown. Determine the moment of the force
about B. 800 N

M B  0.2 m  800
 160 Nm

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 63

Example
Moment of a Force
A force of 800 N acts on a bracket as shown. Determine the moment of the force about
B.

800 N

M B  0.16m  800
 128 Nm

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 64

ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC) 3

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Moment of a Force
Example
A 100-N vertical force is applied to the
end of a lever which is attached to a
shaft at O. A

Determine:
a) moment about O of the 100-N force,
100 N
b) horizontal force at A which creates the
same moment,

60o
O

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 65

Moment of a Force
Solution

FBD Moment about O is equal to the product of the force and the
A
perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force
and O.
M O  Fd
100 N
d  24 m  cos 60   12 m.
M O  100 N 12 m.  

60o
O
d

Mo
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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 66

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Moment of a Force
Solution

FBD Horizontal force at A that produces the same moment,

A
F
d  24 m  sin 60  20.8 m
M O  Fd
d 1200 Nm.  F 20.8 m 
1200 Nm
F
20.8 m.
60o 
O
Mo

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 67

The Principle of Moments (Varignon’s Theorem)

The moment of a force about a given point, is equal and equivalent to

the sum of the moments of an equivalent system of forces in the same
plane, about the same point.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 68

ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC) 5

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The Principle of Moments (Varignon’s Theorem)

Determine the magnitude and sense of the moment due to the 100 N force shown
below about A.

1 cm

 42  42 
M A  100     100 cos 45  4
 2 
 

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 69

The Principle of Moments (Varignon’s Theorem)

Determine the moment of the 800N force about B using the principle of moments,.

800sin60

800cos60

M B  (0.16m  800 cos 60)  (0.2m  800 sin 60)

 202.56 Nm
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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 70

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Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation

 The position vector components for the point of application of the force (from the
moment centre) are multiplied by the force vector components to get the of the
Resultant moment components.

 Multiplication of the position and force vectors may be done in one of two ways;

 Matrix approach

 Expansion and simplification

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 71

Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation

 Vectors are expressed in components, arranged in a matrix form, and the determinant of
the matrix taken.

       
If r  ai  bj  ck and F  Fx i  Fy j  Fz k
Expressing as a matrix, z
   F zk
i j k
   A (x,y,z)
MO  r  F  a b c c
F yj
Fx Fy Fz r A
O Fxi
Taking the determinant of the matrix, b
    y
M O   bFz  cFy  i   aFz  cFx  j   aFy  bFx  k a

   C
 M xi  M y j  M z k x

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 72

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Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation

 Alternatively, a sort of expansion and simplification is done.
 
MO  r  F
     
  
 ai  bj  ck  Fx i  Fy j  Fz k 
           
   
  ai  bj  ck  Fx i    ai  bj  ck  Fy j    ai  bj  ck  Fz k 
       
But
  z
i  i  0 j  i  k k  i  j F zk

i  j  k j  j  0 k  j  i i j
A (x,y,z)

ik   j jk  i k k  0  c
F yj
A
Therefore, k r
      O Fxi

M O  bFx k  cFx j  aFy k  cFy i  aFz j  bFz i b

y
   a
  bFz  cFy  i   aFz  cFx  j   aFy  bFx  k
   C
 M xi  M y j  M z k x

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 73

Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation

Directions of component moments

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 74

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Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation

Determine the magnitude and sense of the moment due to the 100 N force shown
below about A.

  4 3
F   200i   200 j
5 5
 160i  120 j

 
r  rAB  4i  6 j

i j k
    
M A  r  F  rAB  F   4 6 0
 160 120 0
 480k lb.in

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 75

Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation

 A 1000-N force is applied to a beam cross section as show below. Determine the
moment of the force about O, and the perpendicular distance from point B to the line of
the action of the force.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 76

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Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation

Determine the moment of the force F, about point C.

z
z

2m
2m
B
B
F = 500 N
A F = 500 N
3m A
y 3m
y
rCA
rCA
4m C
4m C
x
x

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 77

Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation

The rectangular plate is supported by the brackets at A and B and by a wire CD. Knowing
that the tension in the wire is 200 N, determine the moment about A of the force exerted by
the wire at C. y

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 79

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Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation

  
M A  rAC  F
  
rAC   0.3 m  i   0.08 m  j
  
   0.3 m i  0.24 m  j  0.32 m k
F  F  200 N 
0.5 m
  
 120 N  i  96 N  j  128 N k

  
rAC i j k

M A  0.3 0 0.08
 120 96  128

   
M A  7.68 N  m  i  28.8 N  m  j  28.8 N  m k
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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 80

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Equivalent Force-Moment Systems

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 82

Equivalent Force-Moment Systems

A system of forces act on a body, can be reduced to a force-couple system.
The force-couple system comprises a resultant force (evaluated with the
particle idealization at a desired point) and a resultant moment about that
desired point.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 85

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Equivalent Force-Moment Systems

Example
For the beam, reduce the system of forces shown to (a) an equivalent force-
couple system at A, (b) an equivalent force couple system at B. (Ignore the
support reactions)

150 N 600 N 100 N 250 N

A B

1.6 m 1.2 m 2m

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 88

Equivalent Force-Moment Systems

Solution (@ B) The Resultant force will be
150 N 600 N 100 N 250 N  R  F
 150 N   600 N   100 N   250 N 
  600 N 
A B The Resultant Moment

2m M B   r  F 
3.2 m  (250 N  0m)  100 N  2m   600 N  3.2m   150 N  4.8m 
4.8 m  1000 Nm

600 N

Equivalent system =
1000 Nm

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 89

ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC) 2

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Equivalent Force-Moment Systems

Example
Replace the 350-N force shown below by a force and a couple at point B.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 91

Equivalent Force-Moment Systems

Example
Reduce the system of forces and couple acting on the arm to an equivalent force
couple system at O. Take M to be 15 kNmm and ignore support reactions.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 92

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Equivalent Force-Moment Systems

Soln.
FBD
Equivalent system

695.78 N
60o

15 kNmm
320 N 76.7o
30o
30o
O
O 133 kNmm
400 N

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 93

Equivalent Force-Moment Systems

Example
Four tugboats are used to bring an ocean liner to its pier. Each tugboat exerts a 5000-lb
force in the direction shown. Determine the equivalent force-couple system at the
foremast O. Also determine the angle the resultant force makes with the horizontal as well
as the direction of rotation of the moment.

R = 13.33 klb (@ 47.3°

to +ve x axis)
MRO = 1035 klb.ft

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 94

ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC) 4

 14/06/2021

Centroids

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 95

Centroids
It is sometimes necessary in mechanics problems to determine the centre of bodies.
This central point is defined as that point a physical quantity under consideration may be
assumed to be centred.
The central point may have different terminologies for different physical quantities.
Terminology Physical Entity
Centroid Length of a curve
Centroid Area of a surface
Centroid Volume of a body
Centre of a mass Mass of a body
Centre of gravity Gravitational force on a body

All the terms mentioned above can be determined analytically using an integral of moments
technique.
But a much simpler summation of first moments (geometric decomposition) approach will
be the focus of this course.
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DEK Dzebre/2021/ME 255 - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials 96

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Centroid of a Plane area

The centroid of a plane area is the point of intersection of any two lines that divide the
area into two equal halves (in a plane).
The first moment of area about an axis is the product of the area and the perpendicular
distance between its centre and the axis.
Qx  Ay

dy dA  bdy
h
h  y2  bh 2
Qx   ydA   y (bdy )  b   
h
A 0
 2 0 2
Qx bh 2 1 h
y   
A 2 bh 2
b x
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DEK Dzebre/2021/ME 255 - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials 97

Centroids of Some Common Plane Shapes

Note: yC  y , xC  x
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DEK Dzebre/2021/ME 255 - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials 98

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How to determine the Centroid of a Composite Plane area

The centroid of a plane area is the point of intersection of any two lines that divide the
area into two equal halves (in a plane)

With the Geometric Decomposition approach,

We think of the area as a composite area comprising several smaller elemental areas (of
various geometries)
We then determine the size and location of centroids from the x and y axes for each
elemental area.
Calculate the first moments of area about the x and y axes for each elemental area, and
then for the composite area (by summation).
The centroid of the composite area is calculated as; X   y    Qx   ydA
Q xA
Y 
A A A A
Centroid is ( X , Y )

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ME 255 - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials 99

How to determine the Centroid of a Plane area

y y Total First Moment of each Area about y - axis, Qy

A3 X 
Total Area


 xdA   x A    x A    x A 
1 1 2 2 3 3

A A2 A A A A
1 2 3

A1 y3
X Total First Moment of each Area about x - axis, Qx
Y 
Y Total Area
y1 y2

   1 1   2 A2    y3 A3 
ydA y A  y
O x O x x A A1  A2  A3
1
A1 + A2 + A3 x2
x3 Centroid is ( X , Y )

Note:
THE ELEMENTAL AREA CENTROID VALUES MAY BE NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE DEPENDING ON THE
LOCATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE COMPOSITE AREA BEING CONSIDERED.
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DEK Dzebre/2021/ME 255 - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials 101

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Centroid of a Plane area

Example
For the plane area shown, determine
the location of the centroid.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ME 255 - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials 102

Centroid of a Plane area

Example
For the plane area shown,
determine the first moments with
respect to the x and y axes and the
location of the centroid.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ME 255 - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials 103

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Centroid of a Plane area

Example
For the plane area shown,
determine the location of
the centroid.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ME 255 - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials 104

Centroid of a Plane area

Determine the co-ordinates of the centroids of the plane areas shown.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ME 255 - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials 105

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Centroid of a Volume

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ME 255 - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials 106

Static Equilibrium Of Particles And Rigid Bodies

Static Equilibrium
Procedure for analyzing static equilibrium problems
Free Body Diagrams

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 114

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ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC)
 Static Equilibrium Of Particles And Rigid Bodies

Static Equilibrium
Procedure for analyzing static equilibrium problems
Free Body Diagrams

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 3
 Static Equilibrium
➢ A particle or body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant force and moment
acting on it is zero. In other words, the sum of forces (or moments) must be
equal to zero.

R =  F =0
➢ For particles;
  Fx = 0 F y =0 F z =0


R =  F =0
➢ For bodies;   Fx = 0

F y =0 F
z =0
M =  M =0
 Mx = 0 M y =0 M z =0

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 4
 Solving Static Equilibrium Problems
➢Involves three main steps;

✓Sketch a free body diagram for the problem

✓Sum up forces and moments to obtain the equations of equilibrium for the
problem.

✓Solve the equations and interpret your results.

ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC)

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 5
 Sketching Free Body Diagrams
➢Select the extent of the body that is of interest, detach it from the ground
and all other bodies and supports, and (basically) sketch the outline of the
“free-body”.

➢Indicate force reactions which the ground and other supports exert on the
“free-body”.

➢Indicate external forces and moments, including the rigid body weight
where it cannot be ignored at their points of application.

➢Include the required dimensions to compute the moments of the forces

where necessary.
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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 6
 Free Body Diagrams: Support Reactions
➢Reactions at Supports and Connections for Two-Dimensional Structures

• Reactions equivalent to a force with known line of action.

• Reactions equivalent to a force of unknown direction and magnitude.

Source:
Vector
Mechanics for
Engineers, • Reactions equivalent to a force of unknown direction and magnitude
Beer et al. and a couple of unknown magnitude

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 7
 Free Body Diagrams
Example
Cables AB and AD help support pole AC. Knowing that the tension is 120 N in AB
and 40 N in AD, sketch the free body diagram for the pole.

10 cm

8 cm 6 cm

KNUSTSLIDESBANK
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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 8
 Sketching Free Body Diagrams
➢Example
A fixed crane has a mass of 1000 kg and is used to lift a 2400 kg crate. It is held in place
by a pin at A and a rocker at B. The center of gravity of the crane is located at G. Sketch
the free body diagram for the crane.

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 9
 Static Equilibrium - Particles
Example
Determine if the particle P is in equilibrium under the influence of the forces shown.

120 N

60o
P 150 N

31o

70 N

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 Static Equilibrium - Particles

➢ Solution
Equations of Equilibrium
+
y →  Fx = 120 sin 60o + 70 sin 31o − 150 = −11.02 N
+   Fy = −120 cos 60o + 70 cos 31o = −0.0017 N = 0.00 N
120 N

60o
P 150 N For equilibrium,  Fx = 0 =  Fy
x

31o
But  Fx  0
Hence, P is not in equilibrium
70 N

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 11
 Static Equilibrium - Particles
➢ Example
Determine the tensions required in cables BC and BA to keep the ring at B in
equilibrium.

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 12
 Static Equilibrium - Particles
➢ Solution

FBD Equations of Equilibrium

+
v →  Fh = 0 : TBC sin 45o − TBA sin 53.1o = 0 - - - (1)
TBA TBC
+   Fv = 0 : TBC cos 45o + TBA cos 53.1o − TBD = 0
53.1o
45 o = TBC cos 45o + TBA cos 53.1o = 588.6 N - - - (2)

TBD = m.g = 60  9.81 Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously,

TBC = 475.41 N
TBA = 420.43 N

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 13
 Static Equilibrium - Particles
Example
Three cables are joined at the junction ring, C. Determine the magnitudes of the tensions in
cables AC and BC on the ring.

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 16
 Static Equilibrium – Rigid Bodies
➢Example
A fixed crane has a mass of 1000 kg and is used to lift a 2400 kg crate. It is held in place by
a pin at A and a rocker at B. The center of gravity of the crane is located at G. Determine
the components of the reactions at A and B.

KNUSTSLIDESBANK

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 Static Equilibrium – Rigid Bodies
➢Solution
At A,
+
→  Fx = 0 : Ax + B = 0
+   Fy = 0 : Ay − 9.81 kN − 23.5 kN = 0
Ay = +33.3 kN

Taking moments about A,

M A = 0 : + B(1.5m ) − 9.81 kN(2m ) − 23.5 kN(6m ) = 0
B = +107.1 kN

 Ax = −107.1 kN

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 18
 Static Equilibrium – Rigid Bodies
➢Example

Determine the reactions at A and B. Assume that the

surfaces at A and B are frictionless.
60 N

30 cm 45 cm

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 Static Equilibrium – Rigid Bodies

The masses of the man and the

diving board are 54 kg and 36 kg,
respectively. Assume that they are
in equilibrium.

(a) Sketch the free-body diagram

of the diving board.
(b) Determine the reactions at the
supports A and B.

ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC)

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 20
 Static Equilibrium – Rigid Bodies
Example
Neglecting weight, determine M if the link is in equilibrium.

Ans:
M = 147.96 Nm

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 21
 Static Equilibrium – Rigid Bodies
Example
The 500 kg uniform beam is subjected to the three external loads shown. Compute the
reactions at the support point O.

Ans:
Fx = 1.5 kN, Fy = -1.198 kN, MO = 0.85 kNm (clockwise)

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 22
 Static Equilibrium – Rigid Bodies
Example
A 150 N crate rests on the 100 N pickup tailgate as shown. Calculate the tension T in each of the two restraining
cables, one of which is shown. The centres of gravity are at G1 and G2. Assume the crate is located midway
between the two cables.

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 18/03/2021

An Overview of Static Friction

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153

Friction
Friction resists relative sliding motion between two surfaces that are in
contact.

Friction may be helpful; as seen during walking and in engineering

applications such as clutches, belts, screws etc.

It may also be detrimental; wear in machinery, reduction of efficiency in

transmission of power by converting mechanical energy into heat.

Friction is considered dry when there is no layer of fluid separating the

contacting surfaces.

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ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC) 1

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Coulomb's Theory of Dry Friction

When a force P is applied to a body in static equilibrium, a friction force Freq is
required to maintain static equilibrium.
Freq must be in a direction opposite to the direction in which movement might occur.

Free Body Diagram

 Freq is the friction force required to

P maintain static equilibrium.
 It is also the Frictional force the body
is actually experiencing (in static
Freq
friction).
 It can attain a maximum value of μNr
Nr

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Coulomb's Theory of Dry Friction

Depending on the value of Freq one of three situations of friction can be occurring:
 Static Case: where there is no sliding movement between the two bodies
Freq  Fmax   s N r

 Impending Sliding Case:

Freq  Fmax   s N r

 Dynamic Case: when the two bodies are already sliding relative to each other.
Freq  Fmax  s Nr
Friction Force actually acting in this case is, Fk  k Nr
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Coloumb’s Theory of Dry Friction

The variation of Friction Force (required to maintain static equilibrium), Freq with
Applied Force, P.

Freq

Fmax  s Nr

Fk  k N r

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Laws of Friction
Coulomb and other subsequent works, give the following laws of friction:

 The maximum frictional resistance that can be developed is independent of the size of
the areas in contact.

 The maximum static Friction Force, Fmax and the dynamic friction force Fk are each
proportional to the normal reaction between the surfaces.
Fmax   s N
Fk   k N
where  s and  k are the static and kinetic co - efficients of friction respectively.

 The limiting value of Static friction force is greater than the kinetic friction force

 For low velocities, kinetic frictional resistance is practically independent of velocity.

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Some Limitations of Coulomb's Theory

Some limitations of Coloumb’s Theory and other related works include:
The co-efficients of friction are all determined experimentally and are at best
approximations. They may vary with environmental conditions, the condition of the
surfaces among other factors.

The theory of dry friction is applicable only to surfaces that are dry or that contain only
a small amount of lubricant. If there is relative motion between the surfaces of contact,
the theory is valid for low speeds only.

There are situations where the amount of friction between surfaces depends on the area
of contact. For example, the traction (friction force) between an automobile tire and
the pavement can be increased under certain conditions by letting a small amount of air
out of the tire, thus increasing the contact area.

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Angles of Friction
The Friction force and Normal Reaction acting on a body can be replaced with a resultant.
The angle this resultant makes with the normal reaction is referred to as the angle of friction.
There can be the angle of static friction and the angle of kinetic friction.

Freq
Nr Nr Nr

r
Px = Freq < Fmax Px = Freq = Fmax Px = Freq > Fmax

Fmax  s N r Fk  k N r
tan  s   tan  k  
Nr Nr Nr Nr
tan  s   s tan  k   k
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Solving Problems on Static Friction

Problems on Static dry friction are approached in pretty much the same way
as any static equilibrium problem. Often, we are trying to determine if there
will be motion or not, or what force will be required to cause motion.

 Free body diagrams on which forces and dimensions must be correctly

sketched.
 In sketching Free Body Diagrams, Friction forces must always oppose the
direction of motion.
 Assuming that the body is in static equilibrium, determine the frictional
force required to maintain the static equilibrium.
 Determine if the maximum frictional force is up to what is required to
maintain static equilibrium. If it is, static equilibrium will be maintained,
else, there will be motion.
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Static Friction
Example
A force of P of 30 N is to be applied to a 100 N block at rest as shown (the diagram on the
extreme left below). Determine if the block will slide or not.
Assuming equilibrium,
Free Body Diagram    Fx  0; P  Freq  0
100 N    Fy  0; -100  N r  0

30 N Freq  30 N
W = 100 N
N r  100 N
req
Nr Fmax  s N r  0.5 100 N   50 N
Freq  Fmax
So, the body will remain in static equilibrium
with respect to sliding motion.
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Static Friction
Example
A 100 N force acts as shown on a 300-N block placed on an inclined plane. The coefficients
of friction between the block and the plane are μS = 0.25 and μk = 0.20. Determine if the block
will slide down the plane and also determine value of the friction force.

300 N

100 N

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Static Friction
Solution Assuming equilibrium,
 Fx '  0; 100 -  300 sin 36.9  Freq  0
300 N x'  Fy '  0; -  300 cos 36.9  Nr  0
Freq  80 N
y'
Nr  239.9N
36.9 o Fmax  s Nr  0.25  239.9 N   59.98 N
Freq Since Freq  Fmax , the body will not be at rest. It will slide down the plane.
Therefore, Force due to friction is dynamic. So the actual friction force acting
on the body will be Motion
36.9 o Nr 300 N
Fk  k Nr  0.20  239.9 N   47.98 N
100 N

N
100 N Fk  47 . 98 N
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Static Friction (Tipping Motion)

Example
A force of 60 N is being applied to a 250 N crate by a man as shown below. Determine if the
crate will remain in static equilibrium. The weight of the crate acts through its geometric
center, and the coefficient of static friction between the crate and the floor is 0.3

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Static Friction (Tipping Motion)

Steps:
 Determine point about which tipping will occur, and direction in
which it will occur.
 Determine resultant Moment about that point.
 If resultant moment is in the same direction as tipping direction,
0.6 m tipping will occur.
W = 250 N

Based on the direction of P, if tipping occurs the block will rotate

P = 60 N clockwise about E. For that occur, the resultant moment on the
block about E, must be clockwise.
1.8 m
0.9 m

M E : 60(0.9)  250(0.3) = -21 Nm.

E Since resultant Moment is counter-clockwise, the crate will not tip over
Freq
Fmax  s N1  0.3  250   75 N
Freq  Fmax
Nr
 Crate will not slide
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Static Friction
Alternatively; Steps (based on FBD below)
 Determine moment arm required by Nr to generate the same
moment as P about the point the weight of the body acts
through on the base of the body.
 If moment arm is such that Nr acts on the body, tipping will
not occur and vice versa.

Assuming equilibrium,
   Fx  0; -Freq  60  0
   Fy  0; N1 -250  0
M O  0; -N1 x   60 0.9  0
Freq x  0.216 m  0.3 m
Nr
The crate will not tip over

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Static Friction
Example
Determine the maximum force P that can be applied to block A without causing either block
to move.

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ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC)
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Static Friction
As long as Freq < Fmax, sliding will not occur.
And if movement should occur, either block A will move while block B will remain static, or the entire
system will move when P is applied.

For surface 1,
F1  F1max   s1 N1  0.2(100)  20 lb

The block A FBD then gives

   Fx  0; P - F1req  0
req When motion is impending, F1req  F1max
 P  20 lb

So the largest force that can be applied without causing motion

in block A only is 20 lb
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Static Friction
For the entire system,
For surface 2,
F2  F2max   s 2 N 2  0.1(300)  30 lb
The FBD of the entire system (b) then gives
   Fx  0; P - F2 req  0
Again, at impending sliding motion, F2 req  F2max
 P  30 lb
So the largest force that can be applied without causing motion
req
of the entire system is 20 lb

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Static Friction
Example
A person places a 2-lb book on a table that is tilted at 15° relative to the horizontal. She finds
that if she exerts a very small force on the book as shown, the book remains in equilibrium, but
if she removes the force, the book slides down the table. What force would she need to exert on
the book (in the direction parallel to the table) to cause it to slide up the table?

Force should be greater than

approximately 1 lb

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172

Static Friction
Example
A student pushes a 200-lb box of books across the floor. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the carpet and the box is 0.15.
(a) If he exerts the force F at angle α = 25°, what is the magnitude of the force he must exert to
slide the box across the floor?
(b) If he bends his knees more and exerts the force F at angle α = 10°, what is the magnitude of
the force he must exert to slide the box?

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10
ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC)
 Static Equilibrium Applications:
Analysis of Planar Trusses and Frames

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 24
 Analysis of Planar Trusses
➢ Engineering structures basically, are designed to support or transfer forces safely.
They normally comprise of a number of structural elements of members connected
to form a main structure.

➢ Trusses are designed to transmit forces over long distances and comprise straight,
slender bars that are joined to often form pattern of triangles.

➢The loads on trusses are always applied at the joints, while in frames, loads may not
necessarily be applied at the joints. Also, members of trusses are normally two force
members, whereas in frames, at least one member is a sustains more than two forces.

➢In designing a structure, it is desirable to know the force each individual member
must sustain.
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 Analysis of Planar Trusses
➢Common applications are roofs, bridges and power pylons.

Bridge Truss Roof Supporting Truss Power Pylon

Source: Mechanics for Engineers by Beet et al Source: Engineering Mechanics Statics by Hiebbler Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/7/7e/Electricity_pylon_power_outage
.jpg

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 26
 Analysis of Planar Trusses
➢Assumptions:
▪ The weights of the slender bars/members are negligible.
▪ Forces act at the ends of the members such that they are in either tension or
compression.
▪ All joints are pins.

Truss members welded or riveted to a gusset plate

Source: Engineering Mechanics – Statics by Pytel

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 27
 Analysis of Planar Trusses – Zero Force Members
➢It is possible that some members of a Truss do not
experience any external forces. Such members are referred
to as Zero Force Members.
➢Identifying of such members can significantly make
analysis of planar trusses easier.
➢ Two rules of thumb for identifying such members are;
1. if three members form a truss joint and two of the members
are collinear, the third member may be a zero force member
provided no external force or support reaction is applied to that
joint (See top right Figure).
2. if a joint is formed by only two members and there is no
external load or support reactions at the joint, then the two
members may be zero force members (Bottom right Figure).

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 Analysis of Planar Trusses – The Method of Joints
➢This involves an equilibrium analysis on each joint to determine the forces
being exerted on the end of each member at that joint.

➢It is based on the assumption that if the whole truss is in equilibrium, each of
its members or joints are also in equilibrium.

➢Analysis is done in two main steps:

➢Determine all support reactions on the entire truss.
➢Conduct an equilibrium analysis at each joint/pin to determine the forces in
each member.

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 29
 Analysis of Planar Trusses
Example
Determine the force in each member of the truss shown below using the method
of joints. Indicate whether each member is in tension or compression

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 30
 Analysis of Planar Trusses
Example
Equilibrium analysis of the whole structure to determine support reactions

For equilibrium,
+ →  Fx = 0 : −C x + 10 kN = 0
+   Fy = 0 : C y + A − 60 kN = 0
M C = 0 : A(6 m ) + (10 kN )(6 m ) − (60 kN )(3 m ) = 0
A = 20 kN
 C y = 40 kN
A

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 Analysis of Planar Trusses
Equilibrium analysis on each joint
B
10 kN

PAB
PBD PBC

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 ➢Solution
Analysis of Planar Trusses
Equilibrium analysis on the joints
For equilibrium,
1
+ →  Fx = 0 : PAD + PAB = 0 - - - - - (1)
Joint A 2
1
+   Fy = 0 : 20 kN + PAB = 0 - - - - - - (2)
2
PAB = −28.3 kN (Compression) PAD = 20 kN (Tension)

For equilibrium,


1
+→ Fx = 0 : − PAD + PBD + PCD = 0 - - - - - (1)
Joint D 5

F
2
+ y = 0 : −60 kN + PBD = 0 - - - - - - (2)
5
PBD = 67.1 kN (Tension) PCD = −10 kN (Compression)

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 Analysis of Planar Trusses
➢Solution
Equilibrium analysis on the joints

For equilibrium,
+ →  Fx = 0 : − PCD − 10 kN = 0 - - - - - (1)
Joint C
+   Fy = 0 : 40 kN + PBC = 0 - - - - - - (2)
PBC = −40 kN (Compression)

B
10 kN

Joint B PAB
PBC
PBD

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 34
 Analysis of Planar Trusses
➢Example
Determine the force in each member of the truss shown below using the method of
joints.

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 Analysis of Planar Trusses
➢Solution
➢ Equilibrium analysis on the entire truss to determine the support reactions
For equilibrium,
+ →  Fx = 0 : C x = 0
+   Fy = 0 : C y + E = 3000 lb
M C = 0 : (6 ft )E − (2000 lb )(24 ft ) − (1000 lb )(12 ft ) = 0
E = 10000 lb 

➢ Equilibrium analysis on the individual joints

For equilibrium,


3
+→ Fx = 0 : FAB − FAD = 0 - - - - (1)
5


4
+ Fy = 0 : FAD − 2000 lb = 0 - - - - (2)
5
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneo usly,
FAD = 2500 lb FAB = 1500 lb

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 ➢Solution Analysis of Planar Trusses - The Method of Joints
For equilibriu m,

+ →  Fx = 0 : (2500 lb ) − FDE + FDB = 0

3 3
- - - - (1)
5
5 5
4
Joint D
+   Fy = 0 : FDB − (2000 lb ) = 0
4 4
3 - - - - (2)
5 5
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously,
FDB = 2500 lb FDE = 3000 lb

For equilibrium,

+ →  Fx = 0 : −
3
(2500 lb ) − 1500 lb + FBC + 3 FBE = 0 - - - - (1)
5 5
+   Fy = 0 : −1000 lb − (2000 lb ) − FBE = 0
Joint B 4 4
- - - - (2)
5 5 5 5
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously,
FBE = 3750 lb FBC = 5250 lb

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 ➢Solution Analysis of Planar Trusses - The Method of Joints
For equilibrium,

 (3750 lb) + 3000 lb + 3 FEC = 0

3
5
+→ Fx = 0 : - - - - (1)
5 5 5
Joint E
Fy = 0 : − (3750 lb) + FEC + 10000 lb = 0
4 4
+ - - - - (2)
5 5
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneo usly,
FDB = 2500 lb FDE = 3000 lb

For equilibriu m,

+ →  Fx = 0 : (8750 lb ) − 5250 lb + 0 = 0
Joint C 3
5
+   Fy = 0 : −7000 lb − (8750 lb ) = 0
4
5

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 38
 Analysis of Planar Trusses – The Method of Sections
➢This method is useful if it is desired to find the forces in only a few members.

➢It is based on the assumption that if the whole truss is in equilibrium, any section of
it must also be in equilibrium.

➢Analysis in the following steps:

➢Perform an equilibrium analysis to determine all support reactions on the truss.
➢Draw a line which divides the truss into two separate portions, intersecting the
member of interest in the process.
➢Perform an equilibrium analysis on one of the sections to determine the force on the
member of interest.

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 Analysis of Planar Trusses
➢Example
Determine the force in members EF and GI of the truss shown

28 N 28 N

16 N

ABC
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 Analysis of Planar Trusses
➢Example Solution
Equilibrium analysis on the whole truss to determine support reactions.

For equilibrium,
28 N 28 N
+ →  Fx = 0 : Bx + 16 N = 0

2816Nkips +   Fy = 0 : B y + J − 28 N - 28 N = 0
M B = 0 : 28 N(8 ft ) + 28 N(24 ft ) + 16 N(10 ft ) − J (32 ft ) = 0
J = 33 N
Bx = −16 N
B y = 23 N

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 Analysis of Planar Trusses
Example - Solution
Dividing the truss into two with line nn (to solve for member EF), then with mm (to solve for
GI)

28 N 28 N

28 N

16 N

23 N 33 N

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➢Example - Solution
Analysis of Planar Trusses - The Method of Sections
28 N
Performing an equilibrium analysis on the left side of nn to obtain EF ,
+   Fy = 0 : 23 N − 28 N - FEF = 0
FEF = −5 N

16 N
23 N

Performing an equilibrium analysis on the right side of mm to obtain GI ,

M H = 0 : − FGI (10 ft ) − 33 N(8 ft ) + 16 N(10 ft ) = 0
16 N
FGI = −10.4 N

33 N
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 ➢Example
Analysis of Planar Trusses
Determine the forces in members FI and JC of the truss shown. Indicate tension or
compression.

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 44
 Analysis of Planar Trusses - The Method of Sections
Example - Solution
Equilibrium analysis on the whole truss to determine support reactions gives.

PDE

PDE = 2000 lb
Ax = 2000 lb
Ay = 4000 lb

Ax

Ay
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 Analysis of Planar Trusses
➢Example - Solution
The truss is divided into 2 tie lines so FI and JC can be determined.
PDE

Ax

Ay

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 46
 Analysis of Planar Trusses
➢Example - Solution
For JC
For FI

PFI = −2500 lb PJC = −3610 lb

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 47
 Analysis of Planar Frames
➢Frames and Machines are structures in which at least one member is acted upon
by at least three or more forces member.

➢In addition, forces can act on any point of a frame member (not just the ends)

➢Analysis procedure is similar to what is used in trusses;

▪ An equilibrium analysis is first carried out on the entire structure.
▪ An equilibrium analysis is then carried out on the individual members of the
frame to determine all forces acting on each of them (It is sometimes easier if
this is done first on the two force, then three force members).

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 48
 Analysis of Planar Frames
FBD
(entire structure)

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 Analysis of Planar Frames
FBD Cy
(members)

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 50
 Analysis of Planar Frames
Analysis of Frames
➢During analysis of non-rigid frames, the individual members of frame are considered as rigid
members.

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 Analysis of Planar Frames
➢Example
In the frame shown, members ACE and BCD are connected by a pin at C and by the link DE. For the
loading shown, determine the force in link DE and the components of the force exerted at C on member
BCD. Is link DE tension or compression?

80 mm

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 Analysis of Planar Frames
Equilibrium analysis on the entire structure

For equilibrium,
+ →  Fx = 0 : B + Ax = 0
+   Fy = 0 : Ay = 480 N
M A = 0 : - B(160 mm) + 480 N(100 mm ) = 0
B = 300 N
So,
Ax = −300 N

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 53
 Analysis of Planar Frames
Example – Solution (Equilibrium analysis on individual links)

For equilibrium,
+ →  Fx = 0 : 300 N + C x − FDEx = 0
+   Fy = 0 : C y − 480 N - FDEy = 0
80 mm
M C = 0 : 300 N(80 mm) + 480 N(100 mm ) + FDEy (250 mm ) = 0
FDEy = - 288 N C y = −192 N
 80 
 = tan -1  
 150 
FDE = - 612 N FDEx = - N Cx = − N

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DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 54
 Analysis of Planar Frames
➢Example
Determine the components of the forces acting on each member of the frame shown.

F = 1800 N
E y = 600 N
Ex = 0 N
Ax = 0 N
Ay = 1800 N
Bx = 0 N
B y = 1200 N
Cx = 0 N
C y = 1000 N

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 12/11/2014

SIMPLE MACHINES
Machines make work easier.
They normally transform input forces into output forces in a more convenient form for a required
task.
Simple machines in mechanics fall into six broad categories:
Lever
Inclined plane
Wedge
Screw
Wheel and axle
Pulley
Compound machines comprise two or more simple machines that work together to achieve a
required task.

DDEK/2014/ ME 161 - BASIC MECHANICS # 220

SIMPLE MACHINES
Some Terms and Definitions
Effort – force applied to do work at on some part of the machine.
Load – external force that is overcome by the effort in doing work.
Effort and Load Distances – distances effort and load must move through in order for work to be done.
Mechanical Advantage – ratio of load to effort.
Velocity Ratio – ratio of effort distance to load distance.
For an ideal machine, work done by the effort is equal to work that should be done on the load.
P  distance through which P moves  W  distance through which W moves
W distance through which P moves
   Velocity Ratio
P distance through which W moves
M . A.  V .R.

Ideal machines don’t exist in real life.

DDEK/2014/ ME 161 - BASIC MECHANICS # 221

ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC) 1

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SIMPLE MACHINES
Some Terms and Definitions
Efficiency of the machine – ratio of useful work done to work supplied.

Useful work done by the machine

Efficiency 
work input to the machine
If x and y are the distances moved through by the Effort, P  and the Load, W  respective ly, then
Wy
Efficiency 
Px
W / P Mechanical Advantage
 
x/ y Velocity Ratio

Overhauling in simple machines refers to a scenario in which the when the effort on the machine is
removed, it turns to run back with the load now acting as the effort.
Machines must be self-locking or self-sustaining in order for this not to happen

DDEK/2014/ ME 161 - BASIC MECHANICS # 222

SIMPLE MACHINES
The Lever
A rigid member that is capable or rotating about a fulcrum such that the effort at one point can
overcome a load at another point.
Classified according to positions of effort and load
The relationship between load and effort is given by Wa  Pb

b Effort Effort
a b a a

Effort b Load
Load Load
1st Class 3rd Class
2nd Class

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SIMPLE MACHINES
The Lever

DDEK/2014/ ME 161 - BASIC MECHANICS # 226

SIMPLE MACHINES
The Inclined Plane
Normally used to move heavy bodies through a vertical distance by moving it up an inclined plane.

Summing forces,

l
W
 F parallel  0; P  W sin   F  0
  F perpendicular  0; W cos   N  0
h F  N

P  P  W (sin    cos  )
P N



FBD W 1
b M . A.  
P (sin    cos  )

DDEK/2014/ ME 161 - BASIC MECHANICS # 227

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 12/11/2014

SIMPLE MACHINES
The Inclined Plane
Example
A 100 kg crate is being loaded onto the bed of a pickup truck using a ramp. The floor of the truck’s
bed is 1.2 m from the ground. If the crate is being pushed with a force of 30N, determine the angle of
inclination, as well as the length of the ramp. Take the co-efficient of static friction between the crate
material and ramp material to be 0.7, and the magnitude of the normal reaction between the ramp
and crate as 25 N.

DDEK/2014/ ME 161 - BASIC MECHANICS # 228

SIMPLE MACHINES
The Wedge
This is basically two inclined planes set together.

P  2W (sin    cos  )
W W

W 1
M . A.  
P 2(sin    cos  )
 
W   W

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SIMPLE MACHINES
The Wedge
Wedges are also used to raise loads.

DDEK/2014/ ME 161 - BASIC MECHANICS # 230

SIMPLE MACHINES
The Wedge
Example
The position of the machine block B is adjusted by moving the wedge A. Knowing that the
coefficient of static friction is 0.35 between all surfaces of contact, determine the force P required
(a) to raise block B,
(b)to lower block B.

DDEK/2014/ ME 161 - BASIC MECHANICS # 231

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 12/11/2014

SIMPLE MACHINES
The Wedge
Example – Solution
Summing forces,
  F  0;  R sin 27.3  R cos 19.3  0
x 1
o
2
o
- - - (1)
   F  0; R cos 27.3  R sin19.3  400 lb  0
y 1
o
2
o
- - - (2)
Solving simultaneously,
R1  549 lb

Summing forces,
  F  0; R sin 27.3  R sin19.3
x 1
o
3
o
P 0 - - - (1)
   F  0; R cos 19.3  R cos 27.3
y 3
o
1
o
0 - - - (2)
Solving simultaneously,
P  423 lb

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SIMPLE MACHINES
The Wedge
Example – Solution
Summing forces,
  F  0; R sin11.3.  R cos 19.3  0
x 1
o
2
o
- - - (1)
   F  0; R cos 11.3  R sin19.3  400 lb  0
y 1
o
2
o
- - - (2)
Solving simultaneously,
R1  381 lb

Summing forces,
  F  0;  R sin11.3  R sin19.3  P  0
x 1
o
3
o
- - - (1)
   F  0; R cos 19.3  R cos 11.3  0
y 3
o
1
o
- - - (2)
Solving simultaneously,
P  206 lb

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 12/11/2014

SIMPLE MACHINES
The Screw
Normally used as fasteners. But square-threaded screws are also often used for transmitting power.
Can be considered as an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft.
Often used in jacks, presses, vices, clamps, etc.

DDEK/2014/ ME 161 - BASIC MECHANICS # 234

ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC) 7

 05/03/2020

APPLICATIONS OF FRICTION IN SIMPLE MACHINES

The Screw

 Screwing a nut against the load (moving the load up)

W

For equilibrium,

  F  0; P  R sin     0
x - - - (1)
L    F  0;  W  R cos     0
y - - - (2)
P R
 Eliminating R and simplifying, we obtain

P  W tan(   )
d

FBD
DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 279

279

APPLICATIONS OF FRICTION IN SIMPLE MACHINES

The Screw
Example
A clamp is used to hold two pieces of wood together as shown. The clamp has a double square
thread of mean diameter equal to 10 mm with a pitch of 2 mm. The coefficient of friction
between threads is μs = 0.30.
If a maximum couple of 40 Nm is applied in tightening the clamp, determine
(a) the force exerted on the pieces of wood,
(b) the couple required to loosen the clamp.

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282

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APPLICATIONS OF FRICTION IN SIMPLE MACHINES

The Screw
Example – Solution
Force exerted on wood in tightening the clamp
Summing forces,
F
  F  0; 8 kN  R sin16.7  7.3   0
x
o o
- - - (1)
   F  0;  F  R cos16.7  7.3   0
y
o o
- - - (2)
Solving simultaneously,
F  17.96 kN

To loosen the clamp, Summingforces,

o
F = 17.97 kN   F  0; Q  R sin 9.4  0
x - - - (1)
o
   F  0;  17.97 kN  R cos 9.4
y 0 - - - (2)
Solving simultaneously,
Q  2.97 kN

Couple Required  Q  r  2.97 kN  0.005 m  14.85 Nm

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283

APPLICATIONS OF FRICTION IN SIMPLE MACHINES

The Screw
Example
The single-threaded screw of the floor jack has a pitch of 1.3 cm and a mean radius of 4.5 cm. The
angle of static friction is 8.5o. Determine (a) the couple C that must be applied to the screw to start
lifting a weight of 4000 N. (b) the couple required to start lowering the weight.
4000 N

(a) 114.5 Nm; (b) 60.2 Nm

DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 284

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ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC)

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APPLICATIONS OF FRICTION IN SIMPLE MACHINES

The Screw
Example
The mass of block A is 60 kg. The coefficient of friction between the thread and the mating groove is 0.2 and
that between all other rubbing surfaces is 0.4. The pitch of the thread on the shaft is 5 mm. Take the mean
radius of the screw to be 15 mm.
Determine the minimum couple that must turn the screw in order to raise block A

DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 285

285

SIMPLE MACHINES
The Wheel and Axle

a b

Crank a

Effort, P

Load, W
Handle Free-body diagram

Wa  Pb

DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 287

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287
 05/03/2020

SIMPLE MACHINES
The Pulley
 Consists of a wheel which can turn freely on its axle and carries a rope or cable.

DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 288

288

SIMPLE MACHINES
The Pulley

FBD Velocity Ratio

DDEK/2020/ME 164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) / ME 162 (Basic Mechanics) 289

4
289
 19/07/2021

Friction in Simple Machines: Wedges

Example
The horizontal position of the 500-kg rectangular block of concrete is adjusted by the 50 wedge
under the action of the force P. If the coefficient of static friction for both wedge surfaces is 0.30
and if the coefficient of static friction between the block and the horizontal surface is 0.60,
determine the least force P required to move the block.

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 229

Friction in Simple Machines: Wedges

Example
The masses of the blocks A and B are
30 kg and 70 kg respectively. The co-
efficient of static friction between all of
the contacting surfaces is 0.1. What is
the largest force F that can be applied
without causing the blocks to slip?

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 230

1
ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC)
 19/07/2021

Friction in Simple Machines: Screws

Example
The mass of block A in Figure 5 is 60 kg. The
coefficient of friction between the thread and the
mating groove is 0.2 and that between all other
rubbing surfaces is 0.4. The pitch of the thread on
the shaft is 5 mm. Take the mean radius of the
screw to be 15 mm.
a) Neglecting the weight of the wedge, determine
the force that must applied to raise the block
with the wedge.
b) Determine the minimum couple that must turn
the screw in order to raise block A

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DEK Dzebre/2021/ ME162 (Basic Mechanics) / ME164 (Statics of Solid Mechanics) 238

2
 Index Number :

Question 1
A piece of rock is held in static equilibrium via the action of four forces as shown in Figure Q1.
a) Consider the piece of rock as a particle and sketch the free body diagram for it. [5 marks]
b) What is the magnitude F4 and the angle ϴ shown in Figure Q1? [10 marks]

Figure Q1

x-component y-component
Force Direction Direction
Magnitude Magnitude
(left/right) (up/down)
F1 10 cos60 left 10 sin60 up
F2
12 cos45 left 12 sin45 down
F3 8 cos30 right 8 sin30 down

Magnitude of F4 = 10.95 kN ϴ = 30_

0

Worked Solution:

F x = 0; F1 cos 60 − F2 cos 45 + F3 cos 30 + F4 cos  = 0

F y = 0; F1 sin 60 − F2 sin 45 − F3 sin 30 + F4 sin  = 0

1
 Index Number :


−10 cos 60 − 12 cos 45 + 8cos 30 + F4 cos  = 0 ...(1)
10sin 60 − 12sin 45 − 8sin 30 + F4 sin  = 0 ...(2)

(1)
= tan  = 0.58
(2)

 = 30.110

Substituting θ into (1) ,

F4 = 10.95 kN

ANDOH BUABENG COLLINS(ABC) 2

 Index Number :

Question 2
A jib crane is being used to suspend a load of 10 kN as shown in Figure Q2. The crane weighs 4.70 kN
and is held in static equilibrium by a pin at A and cable CB. A 10 kN weight is suspended at point D,
which is 1.5 m from B as shown in the figure.
a) Sketch the free body diagram for the beam AB. [10 marks]
b) Determine the magnitude, T of the tension in the supporting cable CB. [5 marks]
c) Determine the magnitude, magnitude of the reaction force(s) on the pin at A. [5 marks]

Figure Q2

Horizontal component Vertical component

Force
Direction Direction
Magnitude Magnitude
(left/right) (up/down)
Reaction at A 17.81 kN right 6.4 kN down

The magnitude of the force in cable BC = 19.65 kN

Worked Solution:

3
Worked Solution:

TCB

0.25
250

Ax

Ay 10 kN
4.7 kN

1.5

2.5

4.88

M A = 0;
 4.88(TCB sin 25) + 0.25(TCB cos 25) − 4.7(2.38) − 10(3.38) = 0
TCB = 19.65 kN

 F = 0;
 Ax = TCB cos 25

 F = 0;
 Ay = TCB sin 25 − 14.7

 Ax = 17.81 kN, Ay = −6.4 kN

D.E.K. Dzebre