ADAMAWA STATE POLYTECHNIC, YOLA

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

STATISTICS,
IST SEMESTER,
COURSE TITTLE: USE OF LIBRARY,
COURSE CODE: GNS118.

COURSE LECTURER: MRS ZAINAB ALIYU BAPPA

COURSE OUTLINE.
 Definition of library.

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  Function of library
 Objectives of library
 Types of library
 Function of each of the types of library
 Library materials.
 Organizational structure of the library
 Readers service
 Technical service
 Serial service
 Reserved service
 Reference section
 Rules and regulations of the library.
 Reference unit materials.
 Encyclopedia
 Dictionary
 Directories
 Atlas
 Index
 Abstract
 Cataloging and catalogues
 Procedure of cataloging
 Catalogue
 Types of catalogue
 function of catalogue
 Classification
 Definition
 Scheme
 DDC classes
 LC classes
 Universal decimal class
 Bibliography and referencing
 Copy right
 Research
DEFINITION OF LIBRARY.

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The word “library” seems to be used in so many different aspect now, from the
bricks and mortar public library to the digital library. Public libraries –and
indeedall libraries are changing and dynamic places where librarians help people
find the best sources of information whether it’s a book, a website or database
entry.
Library from the Latin liber, meaning “book”. In Greek and the Romance
languages, the corresponding term is bibliotheca. A collection or group of
collection of books and or other print or non-print materials organized and
maintain for use (reading, consultation, study, research) etc.
 Library is a collection of information resources or materials in whatever
format, usually printed and non-printed, organized for effective use.
 A library is a collection of books and other information materials that are
gathered for the purpose of study, teaching and reference.
 Nnaji (1986) define library as a collection of books and other forms of
records, housed, organize and interpreted to meet broad and various needs
of people knowledge, recreation, aesthetic, enjoyment.
 Library is a building or room containing collection of books, periodicals, and
sometimes films and recorded music for use or borrowing by the public or
the members of the institution.
 A library is a place set apart to contain books, periodicals and other
materials for reading, viewing, listening, study, or reference purpose.
FUNCTIONS AND OBJECTIVES OF LIBRARY.
 Preservation of materials acquired for future use.
 Provide conducive atmosphere for study and research.
 Organize materials to facilitate their use.
 Provide guidance and aid to the people in their use of library materials.
 Provide significant books another printed or recorded materials.
 Borrowing library materials to beneficiaries and provide place of reading
whether internal or external.
 Organizing information resources and arranging them so that they can be
stored, and retrieved for usage.
 Providing sources of information necessary for faculty members, students
and workers, as well as local community.

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 TYPES OF LIBRARY.
 Academic library
 School library
 Public library
 National library
 Special library

ACADEMIC LIBRARY.
Academic library exist in the high institutions of learning such as universities,
colleges of education, and polytechnics. Academic libraries are maintained and
administered by institutions, they help to support research to meet the needs of
its students and staffs.
FUCTIONS 0F ACADEMIC LIBRARY.
 To provide information material required for the academic programs of the
parent institution.
 To provide research information services.
 To provide protection and security for these materials.
 Borrowing library materials to beneficiaries and provide places of reading

SCHOOL LIBRARY.
School library are libraries that established to meet the need of primary and
secondary schools. It is integral to teaching and learning process. It is an
organized collection of print and non-print materials placed in a school for the use
of pupils and teachers. The school library exists to provide a range of learning
opportunities for both large and small groups as well as individual with a focus of
intellectual content, information literacy and the learners.

FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOL LIBRARY.

 To improve the reading skills and learning habit of pupils.
 To provide information resources required for the school education
programs.

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  Enables the young people to develop the habit of using libraries in later life.
 To provide pupils with the skills required to transform the gathered
information into knowledge
 Helps to prepare student to live and learn in a world of information
 Assist in increasing the cultural awareness of the pupils
SPECIAL LIBRARY.
Special library are types of library belong to particular organization or
establishments such as government ministries, research institute, banks and
professional bodies. In other words special libraries are owned by bodies outside
schools and public.
FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL LIBRARY.
 To provide comprehensive and balanced information resources relevant to
the activities of its parent organization.
 To produce and disseminate current awareness services based on the
profiles of individuals.
 To provide required information quickly and precisely.
 To conduct retrospective literature for users as appropriate.
 Circulation of original bulletins containing information relevant to the
product and services of the parent organization.

PUBLIC LIBRARY.
Public libraries are generally established and maintained by a state or local
government. They are set up for the use of the general public irrespective of
nationality, gender, age, religion, educational background, language, status,
political inclination, etc.
FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC LIBRARY.
 Creating and strengthening habits in children from early stage.
 Providing opportunities for personal creative development.
 Providing access to cultural expression of all performing arts.
 To promote and encourage positive use of leisure time.
 Supporting the oral traditions.

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NATIONAL LIBRARY.
National library is usually the country’s highest library. It is library of all the
libraries of a given country. It is usually designated the legal depository for books,
periodicals and other information materials relating to the country. Examples:
National library of Nigeria, the British library.
FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL LIBRARY.
 To collect and preserve National literature.
 To serve as permanent depository for all documents issued in the country.
 To publish national bibliography.
 To acquire foreign document of national importance and interest.
 To serve as a national bibliographic information center.

LIBRARY MATERIALS.
Library materials is the collection of sources of information and similar resources
made acc essible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provide
physical/ digital, print and non-print materials. A library collection include books,
newspapers, periodicals, films, maps, prints, document, microform, CDs,
cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, electronic books, audio books, database and other
format.
 Physical/ print materials: books, reference materials, periodicals,
magazines, journals, newspapers, etc.
 Digital/non-print materials: electronic books, electronic journals, electronic
image, audio visual materials, films, tapes, diskettes, flash drive etc.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE LIBRARY.
The organizational structure of the library is divided into four sections, thus,
Readers
Service, Technical service, serials, reserved and Reference section.
 Reader’s services: As the name implies, this section provides services
directly to the readers. It interacts more with the readers in terms of
providing information than any other section in the library.

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  Technical services: It is a section where all the practical aspects of library
services are carried out. The section is aimed at acquiring and processing of
library resources to facilitate the users need in the reader’s services
section. The activities carried out include; classifying and cataloging,
preparing materials in the library.
 Serials services: This is the unit that has the responsibility to process
periodical. Which includes: journal, newspaper, magazines, etc.
 Reserved service: This is where materials that are rare or few in numbers
are kept so that users can have equal access to them. The resources can
only be consulted within the library premises and not to be taken out of the
library.
 Reference section: In this section, all journals or periodicals subscribed by
the library are selected, received, processed and organized for proper use
in the library.

LIBRARY RULES AND REGULATIONS.

 Absolute silence is maintained within and outside library.
 Under no circumstances should the books be folded by any of its users.
 The consulted books are to be left on the tables after using for the library
staff to shelve.
 Smoking, drinking and eating are prohibited in all parts of the library.
 No library seat may be reserved under any circumstances.
 Borrowed materials should be return on or before the date due.
 Users should submit themselves for searching before leaving the library.
 Readers should not enter the library with candles, kerosene lantern in case
of power failure.
 Backs, cases, should be kept in the place provided.
 Dress decently while going to the library.

REFERENCE MATERIALS.

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Reference materials are those works that are meant to supply especially definite
piece of information and are meant to be consulted occasionally and not read
from cover to cover like textbooks. The uses of these materials are confined to
the library and are not to be loaned out to readers.
There are various types of reference materials. These are:
 Encyclopedia
 Dictionaries
 Directories
 Gazetteers
 Atlas
 Index
 abstracts

ENCYCLOPEDIA: Encyclopedia is a work that aims at giving a comprehensive

summary of all branches of knowledge. These are two types of encyclopedia thus,
general and subject encyclopedia. Examples of general encyclopedia are:
Encyclopedia Britannica and Encyclopedia Americana. Examples of subject
Encyclopedia are: International encyclopedia of the social sciences, Encyclopedia
of science and technology and Encyclopedia of education.
DICTIONARY: Is a book containing the word of a language or the terms of subject,
arrange in some definite order, usually alphabetically with explanations of their
meanings and use.
DIRECTORIES: A directories contains a list of person, organizations, business
centers, industries, etc. given geographical area.
ATLAS: An atlas is a collection of maps showing geographical location of places.
INDEX: Is a systematically arranged list given enough information for items to be
traced.
ABSTRACT: Is a summary piece of information.

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CATALOGUING.
 Cataloging is the process, technique, procedure or an act of having a
catalogue.
 Cataloging is the process of adding an item to a catalog, a process typically
including bibliographic description, subject analysis’s classification.
 Cataloging is the process in which we create and maintain the database of a
book, journals, audio visual.
 Cataloging is the process of creating metadata representing information
sources such as books, sound recording etc.
This involve the following procedures:
 Identification of an author of the work.
 Identification of the subject treated.
 Identification of the title.
 Place of publication.
 Publisher.
 Date of publication.
 Check whether the work has maps or illustrations.
 Identified the number of pages.
 Check the ISBN or ISSN.

CATALOGUE.
This is a list of materials available in a particular library. These materials includes;
books, journals, maps, cassettes, microfilms, internet facilities, and forms of
audio-visual materials.
TYPES OF CALOGUES.
 Dictionary catalogue
 Classified catalogue

Dictionary catalogue: In a dictionary catalogue all entries are arranged in a single

alphabetical sequence like a dictionary.
Classified catalogue: This is a catalogue of subject entries arranged in systematic
order according to a scheme of classification.

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 FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARY CATALOGUE.
 It enhances access to the library collection.
 It assists user to locate books on a particular subject.
 It enable user to identified sources of information.
 It makes is possible to identified a book with particular author.
 It provides full bibliographic details of books.
 It enables user to know whether certain books are in the library.
 It shows in a glance the number of copies a library has on a title.

CLASSIFICATION.
 Classification is the process of putting together of like thing or arranging of
thing according to common characteristics. It can also be defined as
separation of books according to their subject matter.
 Classification is a system of knowledge organization in which library
resources are arranged according to subject
 Classification is the process of putting arranging library materials into its
category
 Classification is a system of arrangement adopted by a library to enable
patrons to find materials quickly and easily

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME.
 Dewey decimal classification (DDC).
 Library of Congress Classification (LCC).
 Universal Decimal Classification (UDC).

DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION.

The Dewey decimal classification scheme was conceived by Melvin Dewey in 1873
and first published in 1876. It was the earliest and most widely used library
classification system in the worlds.
Dewey in his decimal classification scheme divides the whole of human
knowledge into ten (10) main classes.
000 – General work

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100 – Philosophy and Psychology
200 – Religion
300 – Social Science
400 – Languages
500 – Natural Science and Mathematics
600 – Technology (Applied Science)
700 --The Arts
800 – Literature
900 – Geography and History (including Biography)
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION.
This scheme was developed by the library of congress of the United State of
America for the classification of the information resources in the library. The
library of congress itself was founded in 1800.
The main classes of the scheme are first denoted by letter of the alphabet twenty
– one of which have been employed a five kept in reserve for further expansion.
The main classes are listed below:
A – General works
B – Philosophy Religion
C – History
D – History and Topography
E – United State (History)
F – United State (Local)
G – Geography, Anthropology
H – Social Sciences
J – Political Science
K – Law
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L – Education
M – Music
N – Fine Arts
P – Language and Literature
Q – Science
R – Medicine
S – Agriculture
T – Technology
U – Military Science
V – Naval Science
Z – Bibliography and Library Science
I . O . W . X . Y . has been preserved for future use.
UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION.
The universal decimal classification as it is commonly known was derived from the
DDC 5th edition, 1894. The UDC was produced by two Belgium lawyers, Paul Oflet
and Henry Lafontaine, who were much more interested in analysis of idea rather
than on general theory of knowledge or library idea of knowledge. The first
edition of this work came out in 1905 and was published in French language. The
latest edition was published in 1993 its main classes are as follow:
O – Generalities
1 – Philosophy and Psychology
2 – Religion, Theology
3 – Social Sciences, Law, Government.
4 – Vacant
5 – Mathematics and Natural Science.
6 – Applied Sciences. Medicine. Technology.

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7 – The Arts. Recreation. Entertainment. Sports.
8 – Language. Linguistic. Literature.
9 – Geography. Biography. History.
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCING.
BIBLIOGRAHY
 Bibliography defined as a list of books and information materials arranged
according to a systematic order.
 Bibliography is the listing of all materials that have been consulted while
writing an essay or a book. A bibliography will contain all research materials
including books, magazines, and periodicals.
REFERENCE
 Is a list of resources of information consulted in the process of writing a
seminar paper, assignment, or a book
 A reference list is a detailed list of references cited in your work, plus the
background readings or other materials that you may have read.
Bibliography and reference appear at the end of a document. But
bibliography comes after the reference. Bibliography and reference are
arranged alphabetically.

Example:
SINGLE AUTHOR:
IMAM ALIYU, (2018). Use of library, Yola; Macmillan, pg. 22.
 JOINT AUTHOR:
James, N. Ishaya, F.H. (2003), The politics of education assessment, Ibadan;
400 pgs.
 NEWSPAPER:
John, Philip (1990, feb 12). The book crises, causes and solutions, New
Nigerian, pg. 3

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COPYRIGHT.
Is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an
original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. Copyright is a legal term
describing ownership of control of the rights to the use and distribution of certain
works of creative expression, including books, video, movies, music, computer
programs etc. the copyright holder is often a company or corporation.
RESEARCH.
 Research is the systematic investigation into the study of materials and
sources in order to establish facts and read new conclusions.
 Research is a careful and detailed study into specific problem, concern, or
issue using the scientific method. Research is about everything.
TYPES OF RESEARCH.
 Quantitative research method and
 Qualitative research method.

 Quantitative research: it describes, infers, and resolves problem using

numbers. Emphasis is placed on the collection of numerical data.
 Qualitative research: on the other hand, is based on words, feelings,
emotions, sounds, and other non-numerical and unquantifiable elements. It
has been noted that information is considered qualitative in nature. It
cannot be analyze by means of mathematical techniques.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH.
 Identify a problem.
 Clarify the problem.
 Determine what data would help solve the problem.
 Organize the data.
 Interprets the result.

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