Department: Mathematics Programme: CSE, EEE, Civil, MECH, Bio- Tech and BME

Acad. Year: 2021-22 Year/Semester II Yr / IV Sem

Course Code: 191HS42 Course Name PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
Question Bank
UNIT I – Probability and Random variables
PART- A
1. Define Random variable
2. When two dice are tossed, what is the probability of getting 4 as the sum of the face
number?
3. Define Continuous random Variable.
1 5 1
4. In a random experiment 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = and 𝑃(𝐵/𝐴) = , find 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) and
2 12 15
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵).
5. Define Mathematical expectation.
1 1 1 1
6. A random variable X takes the values -2,-1,0 and 1 with probabilities , , 𝑎𝑛𝑑
8 8 4 2
respectively. Find the probability distribution function.
7. If Var (X) = 4, find Var (5X+4), where X is a random variable.
8. What do you mean by variance and standard deviation?
9. Define MGF and why it is called so?
2
10. If a random variable X has the moment generating function 𝑀𝑋 (𝑡) = determine
2−𝑡
the variance of X.
PART – B
1. In a large consignment of electric bulbs 10% are known to be defective. A random
sample of 20 is taken for inspection. Find the probability that (i) All are good bulbs
(ii) Atmost 3 are defective bulbs (iii) Exactly 3 are defective bulbs. (8)
2. A lot consists of 10 good articles, 4 with minor defects and 2 with major defects.
Two articles are chosen from the lot at random (without replacement). Find the
probability that (i) both are good (ii) both have major defects (iii) at least one is
good (iv) at most one is good (v) neither has major defects (16)
3. Suppose that colored balls are distributed in 3 boxes as follows

Box 1 Box 2 Box 3

Red 2 4 3
White 3 1 4
Blue 5 3 5
A box is selected at random from which a ball is selected at random and it is
observed to be red. What is the probability that box 3 was selected? (8)
1 1 1
4. A problem is given to 3 students whose chance of solving is , and . What is
2 3 4
the probability that i) only one of them solves the problems ii) the problem is
solved. (8)
5. A random variable X has the following probability distribution:

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
p(x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 2
7k + k

(i) Find the value of 𝑘. (ii) Calculate 𝑃(0 < 𝑋 < 5). (iii) 𝑃[1.5 < 𝑋 < 4.5⁄𝑋 > 2]
(iv) Find the smallest value of 𝛼for which 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝛼) > 0.5 (8)
6. If the density function of a continuous random variable X is given by
𝑎𝑥, 0≤𝑥≤1
𝑎, 1≤𝑥≤2
𝑓(𝑥) = { 3𝑎 − 𝑎𝑥, 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
Find (i) the value of 𝑎 (ii) the CDF of X. (16)

𝑥, 0<𝑥≤1
7. For the triangular distribution𝑓(𝑥) = {2 − 𝑥, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2. Find the mean & variance.
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(8)
𝑥
8. Let X be a continuous RV with PDF 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 −3 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞ then find i) A
(ii) MGF (iii) mean and variance. (8)
2 −𝑥
9. Let X be a continuous RV with PDF 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 𝑒 , 𝑥 ≥ 0 then find k,
rth moment about origin and find mean and variance of X. (8)
−𝑥2
10. Let X be a continuous RV with PDF 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
i) verify f(x) is a PDF or not ii) if it is a PDF, find CDF of X. (8)

UNIT II – Discrete and Continuous Probability Distributions

PART- A
1. Find the moment generating function of binomial distribution about mean.
2. Criticize the following statement “The mean of a binomial distribution is 5 and
standard deviation is 3”.
3. If X has Poisson random variable with P(X=1) = P(X=2), find the parameter𝜆.
𝑡
4. The M.G.F. of a Poisson distribution is 𝑀𝑋 (𝑡) = 𝑒 2(𝑒 −1) . Find mean and variance.
5. Sum of two independent Poisson random variate is also a Poisson random variable.
6. Write down the probability mass function of the Poisson distribution which is
approximately equivalent to B(50, 0.03).
7. A true coin is tossed until head appears. Find the expected number of tosses required.
8. Statement of memoryless property of exponential distribution.
9. Define Uniform distribution.
𝑒 4𝑡 −𝑒 𝑡
10. The moment generating function of a distribution is 𝑀𝑥 (𝑡) = . Find its
3𝑡
mean and variance.
PART- B
1. Define Binomial distribution and find its MGF, Mean & Variance. (8)
2. A machine manufacturing screw is known to produce 5% defective. In a random
sample of 15 screws, what is the probability that there are. i) exactly 3 defectives,
ii) not more than 3 defectives. (8)
3. 6 dice are thrown 729 times. How many times do you expect at least three dice to
show a five (or) a six. (8)
4. Find the MGF for Poisson distribution and hence find its mean and variance.
5. If X is a Poisson variate such that P[X = 2] = 9P[X = 4] + 90P[X = 6]. Find
mean and E(X2). Also find P[X  2]. (8)
6. Find the MGF of geometric distribution and hence find Mean and variance. (8)
7. If X has a geometric distribution with parameter p, find i) P[X is even]
ii) P[X is odd] iii) P[X is multiple of 3] (8)
8. The length of time a person speaks over phone follows exponential distribution
with mean 6 minutes. What is the probability that the person will talk for i) more
than 8 minutes ii) between 4 and 8 minutes. (8)
9. Define geometric distribution. State and prove the memoryless property of an
 geometric distribution. (8)

10. A random variable X has a uniform distribution over (-3,3) compute

1
(i) P(X< 2), P(|X| < 2), P( |X-2| < 2) , (ii) Find K for which P( X > K) = . (8)
3
11. Trains arrive at a station at 15 min interval starting at 7a.m. (ie) they arrive at 7,
7.15, 7.30, 7.45 and so on. If a passenger time is uniformly distributed
between 7 and 7.30 a.m. Find the probability that he waits (a) less than 5
min for a train (b) atleast 12 min for a train. (8)
12. In a normal distribution, 31% of the items are under 45 and 8% are over 64.
Find the mean and Variance of the distribution. (8)
13. The marks obtained by a number of students for a certain subject is assumed to
be normally distributed with a mean 65 and standard deviation of 5. If 3
students are taken at random from this set, what is the probability that exactly 2
of them will have marks over 70? (8)
14. If X is a random variable with a cumulative distribution function F(x), prove
that Y=F(X) has a uniform distribution in (0,1). (8)

UNIT III– Two dimensional Random Variables

PART- A
1. The joint probability mass function of two random variables X and Y is
given by 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑘𝑥𝑦, 𝑥 = 1,2,3 & 𝑦 = 1,2,3. Find k.
2. Find k if the joint probability density function of a bivariate random variable
𝑘(1 − 𝑥)(1 − 𝑦), 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 1, 0 < 𝑦 < 1
(X,Y) is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 , 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
1
3. Given that joint p.d.f. of (X,Y) as 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ,0 < 𝑥 < 2 & 0 < 𝑦 < 3,
6
determine the marginal density.
𝑥 + 𝑦, 0 < 𝑥 < 1,0 < 𝑦 < 1
4. If X and Y have joint p.d.f.𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = { . Check
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
whether X and Y are independent or not.
5. What is meant by correlation?
6. The following data were available 𝑥̅ =970,𝑦̅ = 18,𝜎𝑥 =38,𝜎𝑦 = 2 and 𝜌 = 0.6.
Find the line of regression and obtain the value of 𝑥 when𝑦 = 20.
7. If X and Y are independent, then prove that Cov(X,Y)=0.
8. The regression lines between two r.v’s X and Y is given by 3X + 12Y = 19 and
9X + 3Y = 46. Find the co-efficient of correlation between X and Y.
9. State the equations of the two regression lines. What is the angle between them?
10.State the equations of the X and Y are independent random variables with variances
2 and 3, then find the variance of 3X + 4Y.
11.State central limit theorem [Liapounoff’s Form]
1
, 0 ≤ 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 2
12.If the joint pdf of (X, Y) is (𝑥, 𝑦) = {4 , find P(X + Y ≤ 1).
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
PART- B
1. The joint probability mass function of (X,Y) is given by
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐾(2𝑥 + 3𝑦), 𝑥 = 0,1,2 &𝑦 = 1,2,3. Find the marginal and conditional
distributions of X given Y. Also the probability distribution of (X + Y). (16)
2. If the joint pdf of a two-dimensional random variable (X, Y) is given by,
𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 + , 0 < 𝑥 < 1; 0 < 𝑦 < 2 1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = { 3 . Find (i) 𝑃[𝑋 > ] (ii) P[Y < X]
2
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
1 1
(iii) 𝑃[𝑌 < ⁄𝑋 < ]. Check whether the conditional density functions are valid.(8)
2 2
 3. The Joint pdf of the Random Variable (X,Y) is given by
2 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑘𝑥𝑦𝑒 −(𝑥 +𝑦 ) ; 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0. Find the value of k and prove also that X and Y
are independent. (8)
4. Two random variables X and Y have the following joint probability density
2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1; 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
function𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = { . Find Cov (X, Y). (8)
0 , 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
5. Suppose that the two dimensional random variables(X, Y) has the joint p.d.f
𝑓𝑋𝑌 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦; 0 ≤ 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 1, find the correlation coefficient between X
and Y and check whether X and Y are independent. (8)
6. The two lines of regression are 8𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 66 = 0; 40𝑥 − 18𝑦 − 214 = 0
and the variance of𝑥 is 9.Find (i) The mean values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 (ii) Correlation
coefficient between 𝑥 and 𝑦 (iii) Variance of 𝑦. (8)
7. From the following data. Find 1) The two regression lines. 2) The Correlation
coefficient between the Marks in Economics and Statistics. 3) The most likely
marks in Statistics when marks in Economics are 30. (8)
Marks
25 28 35 32 31 36 29 38 34 32
Eco.
Marks
43 46 49 41 36 32 31 30 33 39
Stat.

8. If X and Y are independent random variables with pdf 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑥 ≥ 0; 𝑒 −𝑦 , 𝑦 ≥ 0

𝑋
respectively. Find the density function of 𝑈 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 𝑋 + 𝑌. Are U and
𝑋+𝑌
V independent? (8)
9. If X and Y are independent R.V.s each normally distributed with mean zero and
y
variance σ2 . Find the density functions of R = √x 2 + y 2 and φ = tan−1 ( ). (8)
x
10. A random sample of size 100 is taken from a population whose mean is 60 and
variance is 400. Using central limit theorem with what probability can we assert
that the mean of the sample will not differ from 𝜇 = 60 by more than 4. (8)
11. If 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑛 are Poisson variates with parameter λ = 2, use the central limit
theorem to estimate P(120 ≤ Sn ≤ 160 ), whereSn = X1 + X2 + ⋯ + Xn
and n = 75. (8)
12. The life of a certain brand of an electric bulb may be considered as a random
variable with mean 1200 hrs and standard deviation 250 hrs. Find the probability,
using central limit theorem, that the average life time of 60 bulbs exceeds
1250 hrs. (8)
13. A coin is tossed 10 times. What is the probability of getting 3 or 4 or 5 heads.
Use central limit theorem. (8)

UNIT IV- Statistics

PART A
1. State Principle of the least squares.
2. Write down the normal equations of y= a + bx.
3. Write down the normal equations of y= ax 2 + b𝑥+c.
4. What is sampling distribution?
5. Define Type I and Type II Errors in taking a decision.
6. What are the parameters and statistics in sampling?
7. What are the Null and Alternative Hypothesis?
8. What do you meant by Level of Significance.
9. Define one tailed test.
10.Define two tailed test.
 PART B
1. Fit a straight line y= a + bx for the following data by the method of least
squares.
x: 0 1 2 3 4
y(x) 1 1.8 3.3 4.54 6.3
Also find the value of y when x=1.5. (8)
2. Fit an equation of the y= abx for the following (8)
x: 2 3 4 5 6
y 144 172.8 207.4 248.8 298.5
3. Fit a second degree parabola to the data by the method of least squares. (8)
x: 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935
y: 352 356 357 358 360 361 361
4. A random sample of 200 tins of coconut oil gave an average weight of 4.95 kg
with a S.D of 0.21 kg. Do we accept that the net weight is 5 kg per tin at 5%
level? (8)
5. A normal population has mean 0.1 and S.D 2.1. Find the probability that the
mean of the sample of size 900 will be negative? (8)
6. The sales manager of the large company conducted a sample survey in states A
and B taking 400 samples in each case. The results were in the following table.
Test whether the average sales in the same in the two sates at 1% level. (8)
State A State B
Average sales ₨. 2500 Rs. 2200
S.D Rs. 400 Rs. 550
7. The Seles manager of the large company conducted a sample survey in places A
and B taking 200 samples in each case. The results were in the following table.
Test whether the average sales in the same in the two sates at 5% level. (8)
Place A Place B
Average sales ₨. 2000 Rs. 1700
S.D Rs. 200 Rs. 450
8. A simple sample of heights of 6,400 Englishmen has a mean of 170 inches and a
standard deviation of 6.4 inches, while a simple sample of heights of 1600
Australians has a mean of 172 inches and a standard deviation of 6.3 inches. Do
the data indicate that Australians are on the average taller than Englishmen? (8)
9. The means of two large samples of sizes 1000 and 2000 members are 67.5 inches
and 68.0 inches respectively. Can the samples be regarded as drawn from the
same population of S.D 2.5 inches? (8)
10.In a sample of 500 people in Kerala, 253 are smokers. Do you claim that majority
of people in the state are smokers? (8)
11.In a year there are 956 births in a town A, of which 52.5% were males, while in
towns A & B combined; this population in a total of 1406 male births was 0.496.
Is there any significant difference with the proportion of male births in the two
towns? (8)
12.Before an increase in excise duty on tea, 900 persons out of sample of 1100
persons were found to be tea drinkers. After an increase in excise duty, 900
persons were tea drinkers in a sample of 1300. Using standard error of
proportion, state whether there is a significant decrease the consumption of tea
after the increase in excise duty? (8)
13.A machine produces 16 defective articles in a batch of 500. After overhauling the
machine, it produced 3 defective articles in a batch of 100. Has the machine
improved in production due to overhauling? Test it at 5% level of significant.(8)
 UNIT V- Testing of Hypothesis
PART A
1. What are the applications of t-distribution?
2. What are the applications of F-test?
3. What are the assumptions of t- test?
4. State any four properties of F distribution.
5. Write any four properties of t- distribution.
6. Give the formula for the 2 – test of a b independence for
c d
7. Define Chi-Square test for goodness of fit.
8. State the conditions for applying  test.
2

9. Mention the various steps involved in testing of hypothesis.

10. Write the formula of test statistics ‘t’ to test the significance of difference
between the means.
PART B
1. A random sample of 10 boys had the following I.Q.’s 70,120,110,101,88,83,
95,98,107 and 100. Do these data support the assumption of a population mean
I.Q. of 100? Find a reasonable range in which most of the mean I.Q. values of
sample of 10 boys lie. (8)
2. Test if the difference in the means is significant for the following data: (8)
Sample I: 76 68 70 43 94 68 33 -
Sample II: 40 48 92 85 70 76 68 22
3.Pumpkins were grown under two experimental conditions. Two random
samples of 11 and 9 pumpkins shows the sample standards deviations of their
weights as 0.8 and 0.5 respectively. Assuming that the weight distributions
are normal, test hypothesis that the two variances are equal. (8)
4. A group of 10 rats fed on diet A and another group of 8 rats fed on diet B,
recorded the following increase in weight.
Diet A 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet B 2 3 6 8 10 1 2 8 - -
Find if the variances are significantly different. (8)
5. The time taken by workers in performing a job by method I and II is given
below: (8)
Method I: 21 17 27 28 24 23 -
Method II: 28 34 43 36 33 35 39
6. The following data gives the number of accidents that occurred during
the various days of a week. Find whether the accidents are uniformly
distributed over the week. (8)
Days Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
No. of
14 18 12 11 15 14
Accidents
7. 4 coins were tossed 160 times and the following results were obtained:
No. of heads 0 1 2 3 4
Observed
17 52 54 31 6
frequencies
Under the assumption that the coins are unbiased, find the expected frequencies of
getting 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 heads and test the goodness of fit. (8)
8. The following table gives the biological values of protein from cow’s milk at
a certain level. Examine if the average values of protein in the samples
 significantly differ. (8)
Cow’s Milk 1.82 2.02 1.88 1.61 1.81 1.54
Buffalo’s 2.00 1.83 1.86 2.03 2.19 1.88
9. Two independent samples of sizes 9 and 7 from a normal population had the
following values of the variables.
Sample I 18 13 12 15 12 14 16 14 15
Sample II 16 19 13 16 18 13 15 - -
Do the estimates of the population variance differ significantly at 5% level of
significance? (8)
10. Out of 8000 graduates in a town 800 are females, out of 1600 graduate
employees 120 are females. Use  2 test to determine if any distinction is
made in appointment on the basis of the sex. (8)
11. Theory predicts the proportion of beans in 4 groups A,B,C,D should be in the
ratio 9:3:3:1 in an experiment. Among 1600 beans the number in the 4 groups
were 882 , 313, 287, 118. Does the experiment support the theory? (8)

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