Introduction to computer

Content
• Overview of computer
• Programming
• Hardware – Algorithm
– Pseudocode
• Information Storage
– Flowchart
– RAM, ROM
– HD, DVD
• Languages
• Source code
– Example
The Computer
Internally
The Connections
 1.0 Overview

Why study computer organization and

architecture?
– Design better programs, including system software
such as compilers, operating systems, and device
drivers.
– Optimize program behavior.
– Evaluate (benchmark) computer system
performance.
– Understand time, space, and price tradeoffs.

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 1.1 Overview

• Computer organization
– physical aspects of computer systems.
– E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory types.
– How does a computer work?
• Computer architecture
– Logical aspects of system as seen by the programmer.
– E.g., instruction sets, instruction formats, data types,
addressing modes.
– How do I design a computer?

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 1.2 2.0 Computer Components

• At the most basic level, a computer is a device

consisting of three pieces:

– A processor to interpret and execute programs

– A memory to store both data and programs
– A mechanism for transferring data to and from the
outside world.

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 3.0 An Example System

Consider this advertisement: z? ?

M H

e ? ?
C a ch MB ?
L1 ?

C I ? ?
P
U SB
??

What does it all mean??

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 3.1 An Example System

Measures of capacity and speed:

• Kilo- (K) = 1 thousand = 103 and 210

• Mega- (M) = 1 million = 106 and 220
• Giga- (G) = 1 billion = 109 and 230
• Tera- (T) = 1 trillion = 1012 and 240
• Peta- (P) = 1 quadrillion = 1015 and 250

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 3.2 An Example System

• Hertz = clock cycles per second (frequency)

– 1MHz = 1,000,000Hz
– Processor speeds are measured in MHz or GHz.

• Byte = a unit of storage

– 1KB = 210 = 1024 Bytes
– 1MB = 220 = 1,048,576 Bytes
– Main memory (RAM) is measured in MB
– Disk storage is measured in GB for small systems, TB
for large systems.

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 3.3 An Example System

Measures of time and space:

• Milli- (m) = 1 thousandth = 10 -3

• Micro- () = 1 millionth = 10 -6
• Nano- (n) = 1 billionth = 10 -9
• Pico- (p) = 1 trillionth = 10 -12
• Femto- (f) = 1 quadrillionth = 10 -15

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 3.4 An Example System

• Millisecond = 1 thousandth of a second

– Hard disk drive access times are often 10 to 20
milliseconds.
• Nanosecond = 1 billionth of a second
– Main memory access times are often 50 to 70
nanoseconds.
• Micron (micrometer) = 1 millionth of a meter
– Circuits on computer chips are measured in microns.

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 3.5 An Example System

Cycle time is the reciprocal of clock frequency.

A bus operating at 133MHz has a cycle time of 7.52
nanoseconds:

133,000,000 cycles/second = 7.52ns/cycle

Now back to the advertisement ...

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 3.6 An Example System

The microprocessor is the “brain” of

the system. It executes program
instructions. This one is a Pentium
(Intel) running at 4.20GHz.

A system bus moves data within the

computer. The faster the bus the better.
This one runs at 400MHz.

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 4.0 Memory
Memory is collection of holding cells (like registers). Each cell has an address.

Address Value
0000 10010100
0001 01010010
0010 00101100
0011 01011100
0100 01100110
…
 4.1 RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM
(Read Only Memory)
• RAM is volatile and is erased when the computer is switched off. ROM is
non-volatile and generally cannot be written to.
• RAM is used for both reads and write while ROM is used only for reading.
 4.2 Different Kinds of Memory
• RAM, ROM
• PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory. It was meant to fulfil the requirement
of a group of ROMs which may contain a selected memory content.
• EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• Auxiliary Storage Devices-Magnetic Tape, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk

• Optical Disks:
• CD-R Drive (Compact Disc-Recordable): is a digital optical disc storage
format),
• CD-RW disks (Compact Disc-ReWritable): can be written, read, erased, and re-
written.
• DVD (digital versatile disc): DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact
discs while having the same dimensions
• Blue ray Discs: main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material
such as feature films and for the physical distribution of video games.
 4.3 Memory versus Storage
• Memory is a temporary holding place that
interacts fairly directly with the processor.
– Memory is volatile, the holding of the information
requires power. No power, no data held.
• Longer term holding of data not currently being
processed is done in storage (hard disks, floppy
disks, CDs).
• In this “basic units” picture of the computer
storage belongs to the Input/Output unit.
Categories Of Storage
• Magnetic
– Floppy disks
– Zip disks
– Hard drives
• Optical
– CD-ROM
– DVD
• Solid state storage devices
– USB Key (a very common form of solid state storage)

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1. Magnetic Drives

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Magnetic Disk

• Flat, circular platter with metallic coating that is

rotated beneath read/write heads
• Random access device; read/write head can be
moved to any location on the platter
• Hard disks and floppy disks
• Cost performance leader for general-purpose
on-line secondary storage

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1. Magnetic Drives: Storage Capacities

•Floppy disks
–~ 1 MB
•Hard drives
–~80 – 500 GB to TB

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Floppy Disks
A floppy disk is a portable, inexpensive storage
medium that consists of a thin, circular, flexible
plastic disk with a magnetic coating enclosed in a
square-shaped plastic shell.

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Structure Of Floppy Disks
• Initially Floppy disks were 8-inches wide, they then
shrank to 5.25 inches, and today the most widely
used folly disks are 3.5 inches wide and can typically
store 1.44 megabytes of data.
• A floppy disk is a magnetic disk, which means that it
used magnetic patterns to store data.
• Data in floppy disks can be read from and written to.
• Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for
reading and writing.
• A track is a narrow recording band that forms a full
circle on the surface of the disk.
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Hard Disks
• Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk. A
hard disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates
coated with a metal oxide material that allows data
to be magnetically recorded on the surface of the
platters.
• The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed,
typically 5400 to 7200 revolutions per minute (RPM).
• Storage capacities of hard disks for personal
computers range from 10 GB to TBs.

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 Optical Mass Storage Devices

• Store bit values as variations in light reflection

• Higher areal density & longer data life than
magnetic storage
• Standardized and relatively inexpensive
• Uses: read-only storage with low performance
requirements, applications with high capacity
requirements & where portability in a standardized
format is needed
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2. Optical Drives
•CD's (Compact Disk)
~ 700 MB storage
–CD-ROM (read only)
–CD-R: (record) to a CD
–CD-RW: can write and erase CD to reuse it (re-
writable)

•DVD(Digital Video Disk)

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Compact Discs (CD)
• A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a
flat round, portable storage medium that is usually
4.75 inch in diameter.
• A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc that
used the same laser technology as audio CDs for
recording music. In addition it can contain other types
of data such as text, graphics, and video.
• The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data.

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DVD (Digital Video Disk)
DVD-ROM
– Over 4 GB storage (varies with
format)
– DVD- ROM (read only)
– Many recordable formats (e.g.,
DVD-R, DVD-RW; ..)
– Are more highly compact than a
CD.
– Special laser is needed to read
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 Blu-ray Technology
• Name
Derived from the blue-violet
laser used to read and write
data.
– Developed by the Blu-ray Disc
Association with more than
180 members.
• Dell
• Sony
• LG
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 5.0 Information Storage
• 1 bit
• 8 bits
• 16 bits
• 32 bits
• 64 bits
• bit (1 or 0)
• byte (octet) (28)
• word (216)
• double word (232)
• long double word (264)
Encoding information on a fixed element of length n with a base b gives bn non-
redundant possibilities .
 6.1.0 Information Coding
• Binary • How to count
– 0 or 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
• Octal
– 0-7 • 128+32+16+4+1=
– 181 (decimal)
• Hexadecimal – 265 (octal)
– B5 (hexadecimal)
– 0-9+A-F
• Decimal
– 0-9
6.1.2 Conversion of Decimal to Binary
6.1.3 Conversion of Binary to Decimal
 Home Work 1
• Learn and convert the following numbers into
Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal numbers:
• 1024, 5024, 5430, 100430, 43520.
• Submit the home work before the 15th of
December.