NETWORKS AND INTERNET

Module 3
Intro to Computing
 A network is a
collection of multiple
devices that are
WHAT IS A NETWORK? connected together.
• Users can share hardware,
software, and data
• Users can communicate with
each other

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NETWORK CONCEPTS

Network Servers Manage resources on a network

Clients Access resources through the network server

• Home networks
• School and small business networks
Computer networks exist
• Large corporate
in many sizes and types
• Public wireless networks
• The Internet
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TYPES OF NETWORKS

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

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LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

• A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computer and

peripheral devices which are connected in a limited area
such as school, laboratory, home, and office building.
• It is a widely useful network for sharing resources like files,
printers, games, and other application. The simplest type
of LAN network is to connect computers and a printer in
someone’s home or office.
• In general, LAN will be used as one type of transmission
medium. It is a network which consists of less than 5000
interconnected devices across several buildings

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METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

• A Metropolitan Area Network or MAN is consisting of a

computer network across an entire city, college campus, or a
small region.
• This type of network is large than a LAN, which is mostly
limited to a single building or site. Depending upon the type
of configuration, this type of network allows you to cover an
area from several miles to tens of miles.

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WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

• A wide area network is not limited to a single area,

but spans multiple locations.
• WANs are often comprised of multiple LANs that
are connected over the Internet. A company WAN, for
example, may extend from the headquarters to other
offices around the world. Access to WANs may be limited
using authentication, firewalls, and other security measures.
• The Internet itself is the largest WAN since it encompasses
all locations connected to the Internet.

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INTERNET

• The largest and most well-known

computer network in the world.
• Individuals connect to the Internet
using an Internet service provider
(ISP)

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WORLD WIDE WEB

• One resource (a vast collection

of Web pages) available
through the Internet
• Web sites contain Web pages
stored on Web servers
• Web pages viewed using a Web
browser (Internet Explorer, Safari,
Firefox, Opera, etc.

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TOP USES OF INTERNET
OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI)

• The standardization of protocols is an international effort. Since it would otherwise be impossible

for different kinds of machines and operating systems to communicate with one another, the key
concern has been that system components (computers) be “open.”
• It was established by the International Organization for Standardization in 1983. The OSI
reference model specifies network protocol standards in seven layers. Each layer is defined by
the functions it relies upon from the layer below it and by the services it provides to the layer
above it.
• Describes how network operates.

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7 LAYERS OF OSI

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7 LAYERS OF OSI
Application Comprises the applications that use the network.
HTTP/S, FTP, SMTP
Presentation Ensures that data is presented to the applications in a consistent fashion. (SSL)
Handles the Translation, Data Compression and Encryption / Decryption
Session Manages the connections between applications. (NETBIOS and API)
Handles the Authentication and Authorization and Session Management
Transport Ensures error-free data transmission.
Handles Segmentation, Flow control and Error control
Network Manages the connections to other machines on the network.
Logical Addressing and Path Determination
Data Link Provides reliable delivery of data across the physical layer (which is usually inherently
unreliable).
Handles how to access the media and controls how data is placed and received from media
Physical Describes the physical media of the network.
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7 LAYERS OF OSI

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NETWORK PROTOCOL
• In networking, a protocol is a standardized way of doing certain actions and formatting data so that
two or more devices are able to communicate with and understand each other.
• To understand why protocols are necessary, consider the process of mailing a letter. On the envelope,
addresses are written in the following order: name, street address, city, state, and zip code. If an
envelope is dropped into a mailbox with the zip code written first, followed by the street address,
followed by the state, and so on, the post office won't deliver it. There is an agreed-upon protocol for
writing addresses in order for the postal system to work. In the same way, all IP data packets must
present certain information in a certain order, and all IP addresses follow a standardized format.

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TYPES OF NETWORK PROTOCOL
• Internet Protocol
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• File Transfer Protocol
• Transmission Control Protocol
• User Datagram Protocol
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

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INTERNET PROTOCOL
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets of data so
that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination.
• Data traversing the Internet is divided into smaller pieces, called packets. IP information is attached to
each packet, and this information helps routers to send packets to the right place. Every device or
domain that connects to the Internet is assigned an IP address, and as packets are directed to the IP
address attached to them, data arrives where it is needed.
• Once the packets arrive at their destination, they are handled differently depending on which
transport protocol is used in combination with IP. The most common transport protocols are TCP and
UDP.

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TCP/IP
• The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport protocol, meaning it dictates the way data is sent
and received. A TCP header is included in the data portion of each packet that uses TCP/IP. Before
transmitting data, TCP opens a connection with the recipient. TCP ensures that all packets arrive in order
once transmission begins. Via TCP, the recipient will acknowledge receiving each packet that arrives.
Missing packets will be sent again if receipt is not acknowledged.
• TCP is designed for reliability, not speed. Because TCP has to make sure all packets arrive in order,
loading data via TCP/IP can take longer if some packets are missing.
• TCP and IP were originally designed to be used together, and these are often referred to as the TCP/IP
suite. However, other transport protocols can be used with IP.

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UDP/IP
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is another widely used transport protocol. It's faster than TCP, but it is also less
reliable. UDP does not make sure all packets are delivered and in order, and it doesn't establish a connection
before beginning or receiving transmissions.

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HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol used to transmit all data present on the World Wide Web. This
includes text, multimedia and graphics. It is the protocol used to transmit HTML, the language that makes all the
fancy decorations in your browser. It works upon TCP/IP.

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FTP
File Transfer Protocol is a standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to
a client on a computer network.

The process works when one party allows another to send or receive files over the internet. Originally used as a
way for users to communicate and exchange information between two physical devices, it is now commonly used to
store files in the cloud, which is usually a secure location that is held remotely.

FTP may be used by a business or individual to transfer files from one computer system to another or by websites
to upload or download files from their servers

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SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a communication protocol for electronic mail transmission. Mail servers and
other message transfer agents use SMTP to send and receive mail messages

An electronic mail (e-mail) allows users to send mails across an internet. E-mail is one of the most widely used
application services in internet and widely used in business activities. Currently, the electronic mail (e-mail) standard
for the Internet is Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP).

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