CSPC-PSUB College of Engineering and Architecture
REVIEW OF THE
MATHEMATICAL
FOUNDATION
ENGR. ULYSSA MAE B. SERRANO
Class Instructor
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Review and familiarize the mathematical
foundation such as definition & concepts,
methods, and formulae
NUMERICAL METHODS
are techniques by which mathematical problems are
formulated so that they can be solved with
arithmetic operations. They invariably involved large
numbers of tedious arithmetic calculations. Even
with the presence of fast digital computers, the role
of numerical methods in engineering problem solving
has increased dramatically
Engineers Problem Solving Approach:
- Graphical solutions – in the form of plots or
nomographs
- Solutions were derived for some problems using
analytical, or exact, methods.
- Simple model (linear solution) to complex (non-linear)
- Calculators and slide rules were used to implement
numerical methods manually
Reasons to Study Numerical Methods
1. Extremely powerful problem-solving tools
2. Use of commercially available prepackaged (canned)
computer programs that involve numerical methods
3. Design your own programs to solve problems without
having to buy or commission expensive software.
4. Efficient vehicle for learning to use computers
5. Provide to reinforce your understanding of mathematics
TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL SUBJECT AREAS:
1.Roots of Equation.
Problems are concerned with the value of a variable or a
parameter that satisfies a single nonlinear equation.
TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL SUBJECT AREAS:
2. Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations.
Problems are similar in spirit to roots of equations in
the sense that they are concerned with values that
satisfy equations.
TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL SUBJECT AREAS:
3. Optimization.
Problems involve determining a value or values of an
independent variable that correspond to a “best” or
optimal value of a function.
TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL SUBJECT AREAS:
4. Curve Fitting.
Occasion to fit curves to data points which is divided
into two general categories: regression and interpolation
TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL SUBJECT AREAS:
5. Integration.
Determination of the area under a curve.
TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL SUBJECT AREAS:
6. Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE).
ODE are of great significance because many physical
laws are couched in terms of the rate of change of a
quantity rather than the magnitude of the quantity
itself.
TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL SUBJECT AREAS:
7. Partial Differential Equations.
Used to characterize engineering systems where the
behavior of a physical quantity is couched in terms of
its rate of change with respect to two or more
independent variables.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Mathematical Model - defined as a formulation or
equation that expresses the essential features of a
physical system or process in mathematical terms. It
can be represented as a functional relationship of
the form
Definition of Terms
• Dependent Variable is a characteristic that typically
reflects the behavior or state of the system
• Independent Variables are usually dimensions, such as
time and space, along which the system’s behavior is
being determined
• Parameters are reflective of the system’s properties or
composition
• Forcing Functions are external influences acting upon
it.
Engineering Problem
Solving Process
EXAMPLE OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
It can be recast in format
a - dependent variable reflecting the system’s behavior
F - the forcing function
m - a parameter representing a property of the system
Characteristic of Eq. 1.3 that are typical of
Mathematical Model
1. Describes a natural process or system in mathematical
terms.
2. Represents an idealization and simplification of reality.
That is, the model ignores negligible details of the
natural process and focuses on its essential
manifestations.
3. Yields reproducible results and, consequently, can be
used for predictive purposes.
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.2)
Newton’s 2nd law can be used to determine the terminal
velocity of a free-falling body near the earth’s surface.
where v is the velocity (in m/s) and t is time (in s). Thus,
the mass multiplied by the rate of change of the velocity
is equal to the net force acting on the body
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.2)
Net force is composed of two opposing forces: downward
pull of gravity FD and the upward force of air resistance FU
If the downward force is assigned a positive sign, the
second law can be used to formulate the force due to
gravity, as
g – acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.2)
Air resistance is linearly proportional to velocity and acts in
an upward direction, as in
where cd - a proportionality constant called the drag coefficient
(kg/s). Thus, the greater the fall velocity, the greater the upward
force due to air resistance. The parameter c accounts for properties
of the falling object, such as shape or surface roughness, that affect
air resistance.
nonlinear relationship 𝑭𝑼 = −𝒄𝒅 𝒗𝟐
where cd is called 2nd order drag coefficient (kg/m)
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.2)
𝑭
𝒂=
𝒎
𝒅𝒗 𝑭𝑫 − 𝑭𝑼
=
𝒅𝒕 𝒎
𝒅𝒗 𝒎𝒈 − 𝒄𝒗
=
𝒅𝒕 𝒎
𝒅𝒗 𝒄𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒄𝒅 𝟐
Eq. 1.8 =𝒈 − Eq. 1.9 =𝒈 − 𝒗
𝒅𝒕 𝒎 𝒅𝒕 𝒎
linearly proportional nonlinearly proportional
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.2)
Therefore, Eqs. (1.4) through (1.7) can be combined to
yield Eqs. (1.8) and (1.9)
𝒅𝒗 𝒄𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒄𝒅 𝟐
Eq. 1.8 =𝒈 − Eq. 1.9 =𝒈 − 𝒗
𝒅𝒕 𝒎 𝒅𝒕 𝒎
linearly proportional nonlinearly proportional
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.2)
The above equation is a model that relates the
acceleration of a falling object to the forces acting on it. It
is a differential equation because it is written in terms of
the differential rate of change (dv/dt). However, the exact
solution of Eq. (1.9) for the velocity of the falling
parachutist cannot be obtained using simple algebraic
manipulation.
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.2)
If the parachutist is initially at rest (𝒗 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎),
calculus can be used to solve Eq. (1.8) for
Note that Eq. (1.10) is cast in the general form of Eq.
(1.1), where v(t) - the dependent variable, t - the
independent variable, c and m - parameters, and g - the
forcing function.
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example 1.1
Note: Equation (1.10) is called an analytical, or exact, solution
because it exactly satisfies the original differential equation.
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example 1.1
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example 1.1
EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX MODEL
Example 1.1 Numerical Solution
𝑎=𝑔 ∆𝑣 𝑐𝑣
=𝑔−
𝑖+1 ∆𝑡 𝑚
𝑣𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣𝑡𝑖 𝑐𝑣𝑡𝑖
=𝑔−
𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑚
𝑐𝑣𝑡𝑖
𝑣𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣𝑡𝑖 = (𝑔 − ) (𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝑚
𝒄𝒗𝒕𝒊 𝒄
𝒗𝒕𝒊+𝟏 = 𝒗𝒕𝒊 + (𝒈 − ) (𝒕𝒊+𝟏 − 𝒕𝒊 ) 𝒗𝒕𝒊+𝟏 = 𝒗𝒕𝒊 + (𝒈 − 𝒎 𝒗𝒕𝒊 𝟐 ) (𝒕𝒊+𝟏 − 𝒕𝒊 )
𝒎
linear nonlinear
CSPC-PSUB College of Engineering and Architecture
THANK YOU
ENGR. ULYSSA MAE B. SERRANO
Class Instructor
