Day 07
Day 07
Day 07
7:
PART 1: SUMMARY OF THE ENTIRE SESSION:
We began a new ‘semester’ of sorts on day 7. This and the next two days of work will be ﻓﻌﻞ related work. In
this session, we concentrated our focus on the past tense ﻓﻌﻞ called اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ.
1. The endings of the past tense ﻓﻌﻞ identify the pronoun that does that ﻓﻌﻞ.
2. When a pronoun is attached to a ﻓﻌﻞ, the student must
a. Identify that attached pronoun (trace is back to its original form and meaning)
b. Ignore it and translate the ﻓﻌﻞ to which it is attached first
c. Finally translate the attached pronoun that was ignored in step b.
3. In Arabic, there can be two kinds of ‘doers’; the kind that are embedded inside the ﻓﻌﻞ and the kind that aren’t
pronouns and are mentioned after the ﻓﻌﻞ. Such doers have to be in رﻓﻊ and replace the pronoun doers that come
embedded inside the ﻓﻌﻞ.
PART 2: THE PAST TENSE
1. Every ﻓﻌﻞ is at the very least composed of a verb and a pronoun hiding inside it. For this reason, I don’t like to use
the word verb for ﻓﻌﻞ and just try to use ﻓﻌﻞ itself. We looked at a bunch words much like the following list:
ْ
(competed) َﺗﻨﺎﻓَﺲ (asked for forgiveness) ِا ْﺳﺘﻐ َﻔﺮ (struggled)ﺟﺎﻫ َﺪ َ (struck) ب ﺿﺮ (helped)َﻧﺼﺮ
َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ
ْ
(fought)ﻗﺎﺗ َﻞ
َ (killed) َﻗ َﺘ َﻞ (taught) َد ّ َر َس (studied) َد َر َس (wrote)ﺐ ﻛﺘ (worked extremely hard) ِاﺟ َ َﺪ
َ ََ َ
ْ ْ
(told the truth) ﺻ َﺪ َق (associated) أَﺷﺮ َك (spent) أَﻧ َﻔ َﻖ (disbelieved)ﻛ َﻔﺮ (submitted) أ َ ْﺳ َﻠﻢ (believed)آﻣﻦ
َ َ َ َ َ َ َ
ْ
2. We observed that the ending sound ‘a’ or ﻓَﺘﺤﺔ is an indication on each of the words above that the doer in each of
َ
ْ
the cases above is ﻫﻮ or he. If we change that ending for any of the above from a َ
َُ to َت , the doer would be ﻫﻲ ِ
َ
ْ
or she. For instance ﻧﺼﺮ ends with ‘a’, so we translate ‘He helped’ .
َ ﻧﺼﺮت ends with ‘at’ so we translate ‘She
َ َ َ َ َ
ْ
helped’. We took both of these cases, ﻧﺼﺮ and َ ﻧﺼﺮت and added that if we were to supplement either of them with
َ َ َ َ َ
an أَﻟِﻒ at the end, the doers would be doubled. So while ﻧﺼﺮ means ‘He helped’, ﺮاﻧﺼ means ‘Both of them helped’.
َ َ َ َ َ
ْ
Similarly while ﻧﺼﺮت means ‘She helped’, ﺗﺎ ﻧﺼﺮ means ‘Both of them helped’. Finally we noted that these words
َ َ َ َ َ َ
ْ
can be supplemented with either an وا (oo) at the ends yielding the doers ‘they’ or with a ن at the ends making the
َ
doers ‘those women’. So while ﻧﺼﺮ means ‘He helped’, ا
َ ﻧﺼﺮ ْو means ‘They helped’ and ﻧﺼ ْﺮن means ‘Those women
َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ
helped’. These observations have been summarized on the first two rows of the chart on page 33. I’m reiterating
just the Arabic version here for a few words from the above list:
ْ
َﻧﺼﺮ َﻧﺼﺮا َﻧﺼﺮ ْوا َﻧﺼﺮت
َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ
ْ
َﻧﺼﺮت َﻧﺼﺮﺗﺎ َﻧﺼ ْﺮن
َ َ َ َ َ َ
ْ ْ ْ
ِا ْﺳﺘﻐ َﻔﺮ ِا ْﺳﺘﻐ َﻔﺮا ِا ْﺳﺘﻐ َﻔﺮ ْوا
ُ َ َ َ َ
ْ ْ ْ ْ
ِا ْﺳﺘﻐ َﻔﺮت ِا ْﺳﺘﻐ َﻔﺮﺗﺎ ِا ْﺳﺘﻐ َﻔ ْﺮن
َ َ َ َ َ َ
ﺪ ْوا
ُ ﺟﺎﻫ
َ ﺟﺎﻫﺪا
َ ﺟﺎﻫ َﺪ
َ
ْ ْ
ﺟﺎﻫﺪن ﺟﺎﻫ َﺪﺗﺎ
َ ﺟﺎﻫ َﺪت
َ َ َ
3. For the next six conjugations, we noted that so long as the student knows their أَﻧﺖ pronouns really well, they can
conjugate without much difficulty. This is so because the past tense ﻓﻌﻞ rhyme with the أﻧﺖ group of pronouns
(rows three and four of the chart on page 18) by taking the endings off them and tacking them on to themselves.
Here’s how it works:
ْ ْ ْ
ﺖ ِ ﺼ ْﺮ
ِ أَﻧ becomes ت ﻧ, أَﻧﺘُﻤﺎ becomes َﻧﺼ ْﺮﺗُﻤﺎ and ﻦ
َ َ َ َ ّ ُ أَﻧﺘ becomes ﻦ
ْ ﻧ.
َ ّ ُ ﺼﺮﺗَ َ
It is quite logical that when the endings match the أﻧﺖ family of pronouns, those pronouns serve as the doers of
STUDENTS MUST MEMORIZE THE ENTIRE CHART AND KNOW FULL WELL HOW TO USE IT IN IDENTIFYING THE
PRONOUN DOERS ON PAGES 34 AND 35.
PART 3: WHEN ATTACHED PRONOUNS ARE THROWN IN THE MIX
Before properly understanding this part of the lesson you must ensure how to yield answers from the words on pages 34
and 35 based on the standard sample offered on page 33.
During the study of إﺿﺎﻓﺔ on day 5, we were introduced to pronouns in their original/independent vs. attached forms.
We already know points a, b and c from before but this lesson is about point d:
a. Pronouns attached to an اﺳﻢ are ﺟﺮ because they are always ﻣﻀﺎف إﻟﻴﻪ.
ّ ُ
b. Pronouns attached to a ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ are always ﺟﺮ.
ّ َ ّ َ
c. Pronouns attached to a ﺣﺮف اﻟﻨّ َ ْﺼﺐ are always ﻧ ْﺼﺐ.
َ
ٌ ْ
d. Pronouns attached to a ﻓﻌﻞ (past, present or command) are always ﻧ ْﺼﺐ because they are details/objects (
َ ﻣﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل
َ
)ﺑ ِﻪ of that ﻓﻌﻞ.
ِ
In order to understand point d, we studied numerous examples on pages 36 where the attached pronouns are color‐
coded red. The examples on page 37 are not color‐coded but the process outlined below applies to both 36 and 37 the
same way:
When a ﻓﻌﻞ has an attached pronoun, your first job is to (i) ensure that it is in fact an attached pronoun based out of
page 18 (the green cells). (ii) Once you are sure that it is an attached pronoun, ignore it. Pretend that it isn’t there and
concern yourself only with the ﻓﻌﻞ to which it is attached. For instance if you read ﻧﺼ ْﺮ َﺗﻨِ ْﻲ, your first job is to identify
َ َ
that in fact is the attached pronoun version of أَﻧﺎ on page 18. Now that you’ve recognized it, ignore and concentrate
ْ
ﻧﺼ ْﺮﺗﻤﺎه ُ ﺼ ْﺮ َﻧ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻧ ﻦ
َ ّ ﺮاﻫ
ُ ﺼ ﻧ َﻧﺼ ْﺮ ُ ﻤﺎ َﻧﺼ ْﺮ َ ﺎ ﻚ
َ ﺼ َﺮﺗ ﻧ ْ ﻧﺼ ْﺮﻧﺎ
ُ َﻧﺼﺮ ْوﻧﺎ
ُ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ
Answers: (try to do them yourself before checking)
They helped us, we helped them, she helped you, you helped her, I helped both of them, both of them helped those women, those women helped both of you, both
of you helped him.
PART 4: BASICS OF ﻓﻌﻞ BASED SENTENCE STRUCTURE
ْ ْ
When a sentence begins with a ﻓﻌﻞ, it is called a ﻓﻌﻞsentence or technically ُ ﺔﻠ ﻓِﻌ ِﻠ ّﻴَﺔ. Every ُ ْ َﺔﻠ ﻓِﻌ ِﻠ ّﻴَﺔ is made up of a ‘act’
and a ‘doer’. Since every ﻓﻌﻞ has an ‘act’ and a ‘doer’ (ﻧﺼﺮ for example has the act ‘helped’ and the doer ‘he’), every ﻓﻌﻞ
َ َ َ
ْ
by itself is a ُ ْ َﺔﻠ ﻓِﻌ ِﻠ ّﻴَﺔ.
Sometimes there is a need to say something like ‘Kareem helped’ or ‘The muslims helped’ instead of just using
pronouns as we learned on page 33. While ﻧﺼﺮ means ‘He helped’, ٌ ْ ﻧﺼﺮ ﻛﺮ means ‘Kareem helped’. What gave me
َ َ َ َِ َ َ َ
the right to replace the word ‘he’ with the word ‘Kareem’? The fact that the word ٌ ﻛﺮ is رﻓﻊ and we know that رﻓﻊ
َ
serves as the doer. Even though ﻧﺼﺮ had a doer ‘he’ inside it, the word Kareem will now be called its doer instead
َ َ َ
because it is in رﻓﻊ form. The following basic rules should be understood when adding a ‘doer’ to a ﻓﻌﻞ other than the
pronoun that the ﻓﻌﻞ already comes with:
a. The doer should be mentioned (i) after the ﻓﻌﻞ & (ii) must be رﻓﻊ. Only when both these conditions exist, the
doer is given the grammatical term ﻓﺎﻋﻞ.
ِ
b. The ﻓﻌﻞ remains singular even while the ﻓﺎﻋﻞ is singular, pair or plural.
ِ
ﻧﺼﺮ He helped.
َ َ َ
َﻧﺼﺮ ﻣ ْﺴ ِﻠ ٌﻢ A muslim helped. (notice that muslim is a ﻓﺎﻋﻞ because it is after the ﻓﻌﻞ and رﻓﻊ by ending sound)
ُ َ َ
ْ ﻧ Two muslims helped. (ﻤﺎن ْ
ﺎن
ِ ﺼ َﺮ ﻣُﺴ ِﻠﻤ
َ َ ِ ﻣُﺴ ِﻠ is a ﻓﺎﻋﻞ
ِ because it is after the ﻓﻌﻞ & رﻓﻊ due to the pair رﻓﻊ combo)
c. The ﻓﻌﻞ, under typical circumstances, is consistent in gender with the ﻓﺎﻋﻞ even though point ‘b’ made it clear
ِ
that the number isn’t consistent. Notice that the examples offered in point b were all masculine. Had they been
ْ
feminine, the feminine version of ﻧﺼﺮ ( َ )ﻧﺼﺮت would be employed.
َ َ َ َ َ
ٌ ْ
َﻧﺼﺮت ﻣ ْﺴ ِﻠﻤﺔ A muslim woman helped.
َ ُ َ َ
ﺘﺎن ْ ْ
ِ ﺼ َﺮ ت ﻣُﺴ ِﻠ َﻤ ﻧ Two muslim women helped.
َ َ
ٌ ْ
َﻧﺼﺮ ت ﻣ ْﺴ ِﻠﻤﺎت Muslim women helped.
ُ َ َ
Here are some examples from the Qur’an:
ْ
ﻗﺎل means ‘He said’.
َ ﻗﺎل اﻟﻜﺎ ِﻓﺮ ْون
َ means ‘The disbelievers said’. ب ﺿﺮ means ‘He struck’. َﺿﺮب اﷲ means ‘Allah
َ ُ َ َ َ ُ َ َ
ْ ْ ْ ْ
struck’. أَﻓ َﻠﺢ means ‘He attained success’. أَﻓ َﻠﺢ اﻟ ُﻤﺆ ِﻣﻨ ُ ْﻮن means ‘The believers attained success’. ﺳﺄَ َل means ‘He
َ َ َ َ
ٌ
asked’, ﺳﺄَ َل ﺳﺎ ِﻞ means ‘A questioner asked’. ﺟﺂء means ‘He came’ but ِﺟﺂء َﻧ ْﺼﺮ اﷲ means ‘The help of Allah
َ َ ُ َ
came’.