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MA103 Lab 8 Notes

The document provides an overview of key concepts for a calculus lab, including: 1) Definite integrals represent the area under a curve between bounds, while indefinite integrals result in families of antiderivatives. 2) The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus relates definite integrals and antiderivatives, and can be extended using the chain rule. 3) Definite integrals yield numeric values by integrating over an interval, while indefinite integrals contain the variable of integration. 4) The substitution rule allows rewriting integrals by making a change of variables in the integrand.

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64 views

MA103 Lab 8 Notes

The document provides an overview of key concepts for a calculus lab, including: 1) Definite integrals represent the area under a curve between bounds, while indefinite integrals result in families of antiderivatives. 2) The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus relates definite integrals and antiderivatives, and can be extended using the chain rule. 3) Definite integrals yield numeric values by integrating over an interval, while indefinite integrals contain the variable of integration. 4) The substitution rule allows rewriting integrals by making a change of variables in the integrand.

Uploaded by

subway9113
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA103 Lab Notes

The Definite Integral (Text: 5.2)


Suppose function f is continuous and positive on the closed interval [a, b]. Then the definite integral of f from a
Rb
to b, denoted by a f (x) dx, represents the area between the curve y = f (x) and the x-axis from x = a to x = b.
Rb
Thus an approximation to a f (x) dx can be calculated by partitioning the interval [a, b] into n subintervals and
using either a Riemann Sum Rn or the Midpoint Rule Mn . Often, we make use of a Riemann Sum, allowing n,
the number of subintervals used in a regular partition, to approach infinity, to obtain the exact value of the definite
integral. Thus, we have the following limit definition for a definite integral:

Rb
 n
  n
 
P b−a P (b − a) i
f (x) dx = lim ∆x · f (xi ) = lim · f a+
a n→∞ i=1 n→∞ n i=1 n

Helpful Sums and Expansions For Lab:


n n n n
X n2 (n + 1)2 X 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) X n(n + 1) X
i3 = , i = , i= , c = cn for c ∈ R.
i=1
4 i=1
6 i=1
2 i=1

Properties of Definite Integrals


Assuming all of the integrals below exist,
Ra Rb Ra
f (x) dx = 0 f (x) dx = − f (x) dx
a a b

Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb
[f (x) ± g (x)] dx = f (x) dx ± g (x) dx c f (x) dx = c f (x) dx, c constant
a a a a a

Rb Rc Rb Rb Rb
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx f (x) dx ≤ |f (x)| dx
a a c a a

Rb Rb Rb
dx = 1dx = b − a c dx = c (b − a), c constant
a a a

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Text: 5.3)


Suppose f is a continuous function on [a, b]. Then FTOC:
Rx d Rx
f (t)dt for all x ∈ [a, b], then g ′ (x) =

Part 1 states: If g(x) = a a
f (t)dt = f (x) for all x ∈ (a, b)
dx
b
If F is an antiderivative of f (i.e. F ′ = f ), then a f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a)
R
Part 2 states:

Z2  2
x3 3

2 = (2) + 3(2) − (0 + 0) = 26

Example: (x + 3)dx = + 3x
3
0 3 3
0

Part (1) of FTOC can be extended. Where f is continuous on an interval containing g (x) and h (x), and g
and h are differentiable functions, we have:
d h(x)
f (t) dt = f (h (x)) · h′ (x) by combining part (a) with the chain rule;
R
dx a
d h(x)
R d Ra d h(x)
R d h(x)
R d g(x)
R
and f (t) dt = f (t) dt + f (t) dt = f (t) dt − f (t) dt
dx g(x) dx g(x) dx a dx a dx a
= f (h (x)) · h′ (x) − f (g (x)) · g ′ (x)
Definite vs Indefinite Integrals (Text: 5.4)
Suppose f is a continuous function on [a, b].

1
(i) The definite integral from a to b represents the net area between f and the x-axis over [a, b]
Z b
and is denoted f (x)dx.
a

Note: For constants a and b, a definite integral will result in a numeric answer.
Z
(ii) The indefinite integral is denoted f (x)dx (which doesn’t rely on a and b) and results in a family
Z
of functions. More precisely, if F ′ = f (i.e. F is antiderivative of f ), then f (x)dx = F (x) + C.

Net Change Theorem


Rb
If the function f (x) = F ′ (x) represents a rate of change function, then the definite integral a f (x) dx gives the
Rb
net change (or cumulative change) in F over the interval [a, b]. For example: a v (t) dt = s (b) − s (a) gives the
displacement s of an object moving with velocity v from time t = a to time t = b.
The Substitution Rule (Text: 5.5)

• Used to express the integrand in a form where the general antiderivative is known. We try to make a
substitution, say u = g(x), where both g(x) and g ′ (x) are factors in the integrand.
Z
For example: f (g(x))g ′ (x)dx let u = g(x), then du = g ′ (x)dx
Z
= f (u)du

• Example:

Z Let u = 1 + x2 , then x2 = u − 1
and du = 2xdx
p
x3 ( x2 + 1)dx
1
⇒ du = xdx
2
Z p
= x2 ( x2 + 1)xdx

√ du
Z
= (u − 1) u
2
Z
1
= (u3/2 − u1/2 )du
2
 
1 2 5/2 2 3/2
= u − u +C
2 5 3
1 1
= (1 + x2 )5/2 − (1 + x2 )3/2 + C
5 3

Lab Preparation
1. Complete recommended homework found on course outline.
2. Complete WeBWorK homework assignment (link found on MyLearningSpace).

3. Review the Maple Worksheet.

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