1) The document discusses notes on chemistry for a 1st term examination, including properties and uses of metals like copper and aluminum.
2) It also covers the reactivity series, explaining that more reactive metals are higher in the series and form positive ions more easily. The series determines how metals are extracted.
3) Metals near the top are extracted using electrolysis, while less reactive metals lower down can be extracted by heating with carbon. Iron extraction in a blast furnace is also summarized.
1) The document discusses notes on chemistry for a 1st term examination, including properties and uses of metals like copper and aluminum.
2) It also covers the reactivity series, explaining that more reactive metals are higher in the series and form positive ions more easily. The series determines how metals are extracted.
3) Metals near the top are extracted using electrolysis, while less reactive metals lower down can be extracted by heating with carbon. Iron extraction in a blast furnace is also summarized.
1) The document discusses notes on chemistry for a 1st term examination, including properties and uses of metals like copper and aluminum.
2) It also covers the reactivity series, explaining that more reactive metals are higher in the series and form positive ions more easily. The series determines how metals are extracted.
3) Metals near the top are extracted using electrolysis, while less reactive metals lower down can be extracted by heating with carbon. Iron extraction in a blast furnace is also summarized.
1) The document discusses notes on chemistry for a 1st term examination, including properties and uses of metals like copper and aluminum.
2) It also covers the reactivity series, explaining that more reactive metals are higher in the series and form positive ions more easily. The series determines how metals are extracted.
3) Metals near the top are extracted using electrolysis, while less reactive metals lower down can be extracted by heating with carbon. Iron extraction in a blast furnace is also summarized.
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Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Metals And Reactivity Series
9.1 Properties of Metals
Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
9.2 Uses Of Metals
Copper: Property Uses 1) Ductile and good conductor Electrical Wires of electricity 2) Good Conductor of heat and Cooking utensils High Melting Point e.g: Pots
Aluminium: Property Uses 1. Resist Corrosion Kitchen foil,Food pacakaging 2. Good Electric Conductor and Making overhead power has a low density lines/cables 3. High Tensile Strength and Construction light (low density) 4. Good conductor of heat Kitchen/Cooking ustensils e.g: Saucepans Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
9.3 Alloys and Their Properties
Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
9.4 Reactivity Series
The reactivity series is a list of metals in order of their ability to form positive ions. The more reactive the metal, the more easilyit gives up electrons to form positive ions. Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
In a displacement reaction, a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its oxide or aqueous solutions of salts of the less reactive metal. A.The displacement of oxides (Competition for oxygen) A metal oxide can be reduced to the metal by heating it with another metal which is above it in the reactivity series (more reactive). The reaction is exothermic. B. Displacement reactions between metals and aqueous solutions of metal salts Any metal will displace another metal that is below it in the reactivity series from a solution of one of its salts. This is because more reactive metals lose electrons and form ions more readily than less reactive metals, making them better reducing agents. The less reactive metal is a better electron acceptor than the more reactive metal,thus the less reactive metal is reduced. Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
9.6 Extraction of Metals
Extraction of metal and the reactivity series: The position of the metal on the reactivity series influences the method of extraction Those metals placed higher up on the series (above carbon) have to be extracted using electrolysis Metals lower down on the series can be extracted by heating with carbon The extraction of metals is a reduction process Metals are found in the Earth crust as Ores. Ores are rocks from which metals are extracted. Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
The Extraction of Iron (Haematite) in the blast furnace
Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
1. Iron Ore, Coke and Limestone are mixed together
and added into the top of the blast furnace. Hot air is blasted into the bottom of the blast furnace. Carbon (coke) burns in the hot air blast to form carbon dioxide. This is a strongly exothermic reaction: C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) 2. At the high temperatures in the furnace, carbon dioxide reacts with coke to form carbon monoxide: CO2 (g) + C (s) → 2CO (g) Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
3. Carbon Monoxide (the reducing agent) reduces
the Iron (III) Oxide in the Iron Ore to form Iron Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (IIl) + 3CO2 (g) Limestone is added to the furnace to remove impurities in the ore: The Calcium Carbonate (limestone) decomposes to form calcium Oxide: CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g) The Calcium Oxide reacts with the Silicon Dioxide, which is an impurity in the Iron Ore, to form Calcium Silicate(slag) This melt and collects as a molten slag floating on top of the molten Iron, which is tapped off separately: CaO (s) + SiO2 (s) → CaSiO3 (l) Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Cast Iron (pig iron):
The iron produced in the blast furnace is called a Cast iron (pig iron) It is of little use because it is too brittle and impure for most uses, so most of it is converted into steel Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Making Steel: The molten iron from the blast furnace is transferred to basic oxygen furnace where the conversion to steel takes place
Oxygen and powdered calcium oxide are added to the
iron The oxygen oxidises the carbon, phosphorus, silicon and sulfur to their oxides which are all acidic CO2 and SO2 are gaseous so escape from the furnace The acidic silicon and phosphorus oxides react with the powdered calcium oxide and from a slag which is mainly calcium silicate: SiO2(l) + CaO(s) → CaSiO3(s) The slag floats on the surface of the molten iron and is removed. Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Corrosion of Metals: Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Methods of Rust Prevention:
This can be done by:
- Painting for bridges, railings, cars. - Coating the iron surface with oil and grease for machine parts - Covering with plastics - Electroplating the iron surface with another metal e.g chromium & tin Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Galvanizing (coating the iron surface with zinc):
Galvanization is done by coating iron or steel by zinc. Zinc is more reactive than iron, so zinc corrode by losing electrons to the iron.Some steel girders used in the construction of bridges and buildings are galvanized. Sacrificial Protection: Magnesium and zinc are often used as sacrificial metals. They are more reactive than iron and lose their electrons in preference to iron. This prevents iron from losing its electrons and becoming oxidized. Bars of zinc are attached to the hulls of ships and to oil rigs.Zinc is above iron in the reactivity series and will react in preference to it and so is corroded. Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Electrolysis Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
