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EEE 231 - Lecture 7 PDF

The document discusses number representation and arithmetic circuits. It begins by introducing unsigned and signed integers in positional number representation. It then discusses octal and hexadecimal representations, noting that octal uses base-8 and hexadecimal uses base-16, and that they serve as shorthand for binary numbers. The document proceeds to explain how to convert between binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal representations. Finally, it discusses addition circuits, including half-adders that add two bits and full-adders that add three bits by generating a carry output.

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Mahfuj Emon
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70 views5 pages

EEE 231 - Lecture 7 PDF

The document discusses number representation and arithmetic circuits. It begins by introducing unsigned and signed integers in positional number representation. It then discusses octal and hexadecimal representations, noting that octal uses base-8 and hexadecimal uses base-16, and that they serve as shorthand for binary numbers. The document proceeds to explain how to convert between binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal representations. Finally, it discusses addition circuits, including half-adders that add two bits and full-adders that add three bits by generating a carry output.

Uploaded by

Mahfuj Emon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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10/3/2015

EEE 231
Electronics & Microprocessor

Lecture 7

Sheikh Alimur Razi


Dept. of EEE, CUET

3.0 Number Representation and Arithmetic Circuits


3.1 Positional Number Representation
When dealing with numbers and arithmetic operations, it is
convenient to use standard symbols. Thus to represent addition the
plus (+) symbol, and for subtraction the minus (−) symbol will be
used.
3.1.1 Unsigned Integers
Numbers that are positive only are called unsigned, and numbers
that can also be negative are called signed.
n-bit unsigned number
represents an integer that has the value

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10/3/2015

3.1.2 Octal and Hexadecimal Representations


The positional number representation can be used for any radix. If
the radix is r, then the number

We will use decimal numbers


because they are used by people,
and we will use binary numbers
because they are used by computers.
In addition, two other radices are
useful—8 and 16.
Numbers represented with radix 8
are called octal numbers, while
radix-16 numbers are called
hexadecimal numbers.
T

3.1.2 Octal and Hexadecimal Representations


In computers the dominant number system is binary. The reason for
using the octal and hexadecimal systems is that they serve as a useful
shorthand notation for binary numbers. One octal digit represents
three bits. Thus a binary number is converted into an octal number
by taking groups of three bits, starting from the least- significant bit,
and replacing them with the corresponding octal digit.

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Finding the Decimal Equivalent


Binary-to-Decimal Conversion

Octal-to-Decimal Conversion

Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion

Decimal-to-Binary Conversion

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Decimal-to-Octal Conversion

Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion

3.2 Addition of Unsigned Numbers

The carry c is the AND function of inputs x and y. A circuit


realization of these functions is shown in Figure. This circuit,
which implements the addition of only two bits, is called a half-
adder.

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3.2 Addition of Unsigned Numbers

Full-adder

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