Basic Concept of The Project 2.1.1 Current Situation
Basic Concept of The Project 2.1.1 Current Situation
Basic Concept of The Project 2.1.1 Current Situation
Preparatory Survey for the Project for the Sindhuli Road Earthquake Rehabilitation
Final Report
The main road under the jurisdiction of Department of Roads (DOR) in Nepal comprises national
highway, branch road and urban highway, which are in service as part of Strategic Road Network
(SRN). Known as the No.6 National Road, Sindhuli Road is one of the most important national
highways among them.
On April 25, 2015, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake occurred in Nepal. Because the earthquake intensity
has exceeded the designed earthquake resistance standards, damaged by this earthquake, road
subsidence, cracks and slope failures have arisen at about 24 locations, though the road had been
properly maintained. After the earthquake, emergency rehabilitation work was conducted
preferentially on 12 damaged locations with the support of Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA). Though the emergency rehabilitation work, such as waterproof measurement and detour
setting up have been taken to prevent hindrance to the traffic temporarily, the road may still be
blocked due to heavy rainfall which may induce erosion and road collapse. Therefore, a full-fledged
rehabilitation work is needed for permanent countermeasure.
The Thirteenth Plan (2013/14~2015/16) of the national development plan of Nepal has set the goal of
developing a safe and reliable transportation network with the social and economic development of
the whole country in mind. In the Fourteenth Plan (2016/17~2018/19), it still aims an expansion of a
sustainable and safe road network.
This project aims to contribute to the development of social economy by ensuring the traffic safety for
road users through carrying out the rehabilitation work of Sindhuli Road damaged by the earthquake
in 2015.
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Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
Preparatory Survey for the Project for the Sindhuli Road Earthquake Rehabilitation
Final Report
Target Sites
The below figures show the result of site reconnaissance for the target sites.
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B-1
- The measured section should withstand an earthquake of the same scale as in 2015.
- The failure mechanism should be clarified, and the countermeasures adopted for the mechanism
should be planned accordingly.
- The planned countermeasure should keep the stability of sliding, overturning and bearing
capacity of foundation of gabion wall.
- Mitigation of impacts to natural and social environment should be considered in planning and
selecting the countermeasures.
Station: Sindhuli Gadhi
600.0
500.0
Monthly Precipitation(mm)
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2500.0
2219.6
1847.9
2000.0 2003.2
1916.4
1783.1 1822.4
1500.0
1346.8
1000.0
500.0
0.0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Annual Rainfall (mm/year) Average Rainfall
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Preparatory Survey for the Project for the Sindhuli Road Earthquake Rehabilitation
Final Report
1) Sta.17+400
Because the target to be protected is the National Highway No.6, the planned safety factor is set to
P·Fs = 1.2, in accordance with the Manual for Slope Protection in Japanese Standard. Conceptually,
this corresponds to strengthening the slope stability to the 100-year disaster probability level. In order
to strictly evaluate, how much probability rain can be dealt with, it is necessary to analyze the
response of groundwater level and rainfall. Then we need to calculate the groundwater level in
probability annual rainfall, and evaluate the safety factor at that time. However, detailed groundwater
and rainfall observation and analysis are required, and only in landslides where large-scale damage is
expected in Japan is considered. It is difficult to quantitatively evaluate the probability of rainfall that
can be tolerated against the collapse of the site this time.
35
Average Temperature (℃)
30
25
20
15
10
0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
max temp 27.2 29.3 33.7 36.3 36.1 35.7 34.0 33.9 34.1 33.6 30.6 27.7
mi n tmp 5.8 14.1 17.6 20.4 23.7 25.0 25.0 25.5 24.3 24.2 16.7 12.3
Source: http://static.seismo.ethz.ch/GSHAP/global/
Source: USGS
USGS has released the estimated maximum acceleration contour of the Gorkha Earthquake by
shakemap. Figure 2.2.13 shows a plot of this contour and 24 points to consider on Google Earth.
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Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
Preparatory Survey for the Project for the Sindhuli Road Earthquake Rehabilitation
Final Report
30% of g≒300gal
Sta.15+520 Sec III
Sta.33+440 Sec II
Sta.17+400 Sec II
Figure 2.2.13 Estimated Maximum Acceleration Contour of the Gorkha Earthquake by USGS
and Point of Consideration
According to 2D seismic analysis which is attached in APPENDIX 5.3, it is estimated that the
estimated maximum acceleration at the target location during the Gorkha Earthquake was around 200
gal.
1) Sta.17+400
"Report on the Evaluation Committee on Earthquake Resistant Facilities, etc., for Landslide
Prevention Facilities" was implemented after the 1995 Hyogo ken Nanbu Earthquake (1995). "After
the earthquake inspection, there was no damage that lost the prevention function in the landslide
prevention facility, so it turned out that the design of the earthquake resistance prevention facility at
the landslide prevention facility was sufficient under normal design". It is summarized as: for this
reason, earthquakes are not taken into consideration for the study of landslide stability calculation and
countermeasure work in Japan at present. From above, earthquakes are not considered for the collapse
of Sta.17 + 400.
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works including
administrative
expenses
Total 290,731,586 244,001,000 230,213,600 223,473,000 243,123,000
Source:DOR
Construction materials for ground anchors and high intensity net and drilling machines are planned to
be procured from Japan.
2) Sta.33+440, Section II
Countermeasures against unstable gabion walls are planned. Results of countermeasure comparative
analysis discussed below show that the ground anchors are best suited to this site. Precast steel plate is
selected for the anchor plate because of its advantages of workability and cost. Installation of H beams
between gabion walls and anchor plates are planned for the purpose of combination of gabion baskets
and planate tension from ground anchors.
3) Sta.33+695, Section II
Construction methods of this site are similar to Sta.33+440.
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Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
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Sta.33+695 ditto
Section II
Sta.11+620 ditto
Section III
Sta.15+520 ditto
Section III
Source: JICA Survey Team
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Preparatory Survey for the Project for the Sindhuli Road Earthquake Rehabilitation
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Flow chart for selection of countermeasures and applicability of each countermeasure to this site are
presented below.
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Final Report
START
No
Stable gradient?
Yes Is cutting slope No
possible?
Are restraining works No
Yes
possible?
Yes
No Do soil‐restraining fence Are catchment No
works have high validity? methods possible?
Yes Yes
Restraining
works Soil‐restraining fence works
Slope
‐ Retaining wall works
cutting
‐ Crib works Is structure No
‐ Ground anchor stable?
Are partial restraining No
works necessary?
Are partial restraining No
works necessary? Yes
Yes Catchment Catchment
Retaining Retaining retainingwall (A) retainingwall (B)
wall works wall works Fence Fence
Are surface drainage No
works necessary?
END END
Yes
Surface
drainage works
Are slope protection No
works necessary?
Yes Structural and vegetation
works are included in slope
Slope protection works protection works. Vegetation
works are prioritizec.
Is fence necessary No
at foot of slope?
Yes
Fence
END
Source: JICA Survey Team based on “Design and Practical Example for Construction of Countermeasures against Slope
Failure, Japan SABO Association”
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Slope cutting works These works cannot be constructed due to the landform.
Restraining Retaining wall works These works are not effective against slope failure with 10 m depth.
works Anchor works These works are effective for surface slope failures with 10 m depth.
Rock bolts are effective for surface slope failures.
Pile works These works are effective for surface slope failures with 10 m depth.
These works should add ground anchors.
Rock fall prevention works There is not possibility of rock falls to the road.
Source: JICA Survey Team
Restraining works are best suited for the upper part of the slope which affects directly to road function.
Crib works with ground anchors and pile works with ground anchors are selected for comparative
methods because of highly weathered rock, which is distributed up to 10 m depth. In addition, bridge
works are adapted to avoid the hazardous area. These applicable countermeasure areas were compared
for the upper slope of Sta.17+400.
In this comparative analysis, countermeasures for middle and lower parts are included as common
items. Selection of countermeasures for middle and lower part is hereinafter described.
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Ground anchor works and steel piles with ground anchors works are applicable countermeasures. For
Sta. 33+695, there is a space for levee widening by concrete retaining walls below the target road
section.
These applicable countermeasures were compared for Sta.15+520, as a representative for four target
sites.
Ground anchor of first scheme needs bearing plates. Precast anchor plate is best suited for the target
sites because of the advantages of light-weight and workability. Installation of H beams between
gabion walls and anchor plates is planned for the purpose of combination of gabion baskets and
planate tension from ground anchors.
5) Selection of Countermeasures
Comparative analysis for selected applicable countermeasures was conducted. Evaluation items of the
analysis are stability, workability, maintenance, and influence on road for construction, environment,
and cost.
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Table 2.2.13 Countermeasure Comparative Analysis Chart for Sta.17+400
Preparatory Survey for the Project for the Sindhuli Road Earthquake Rehabilitation
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
1st Scheme : Ground Anchors and Crib Works 2nd Scheme : Steel Piles with Ground Anchors 3rd Scheme : Bridge
Cross Section
Loose rock mass of the upper slope is pressed by tension force of ground anchors. Crib work is The road is preserved by using the bending and shearing effect of steel piles. Ground anchor should
Outline of
used for surface erosion and anchor pressure receiving. High intensity net is installed for the be attached with a head of a pile to prevent the road from deformation. High intensity net is set for This method is to avoid the hazardous area by bridge.
Countrmeasure
middle slope. Vegetation bags is installed for the lower slope. the middle slope. Vegetation bags is set for the lower slope.
Clamping and straining effect by anchor will increase in safety factor of the loose Clamping and straining effect by anchor will increase in safety factor of the loose If soil erosion and slope failure develop, countermeasure for base
Stability
rock mass.
3 rock mass.
3 of bridge become nesessary.
2
Pile works have advantage for workability, but high intensity net work for wide
Workability Crib works for wide area and scaffolding works require long construction term. 2 area require long construction term.
2 This method require wide construction yard. 1
Maintenance & Ground anchor with anticorrosion coating is used. Only monitoring of load by
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Final Report
1st scheme is the best suited to this site. 2nd scheme is inferior to the 1st scheme totally. 3rd scheme is inferior to the 1st scheme totally.
Total Evaluation
Priolity First Priolity Second Priolity Third
Preparatory Survey for the Project for the Sindhuli Road Earthquake Rehabilitation
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
1st Scheme : Ground Anchors 2nd Scheme : Steel Piles with Ground Anchors
Cross Section
Outline of Gabion wall is pressed by tension force of ground anchors. Relatively-light steel anchor plates are used. H steel beams are The road is preserved by using the bending and shearing effect of steel piles. Ground anchor should be attached with a head of a pile
Countrmeasure installed between gabion wall and precast steel plate. to prevent the road from deformation.
Stability Safety factor of earth pressure of gabion wall will increase. 3 Safety factor of earth pressure of gabion wall will increase. 3
Workability Using precast steel plates can reduct construction period. The anchor can be fabricated at each sites. 3 Workability of installation of piles at steep slope is inferior. 2
Maintenance & Ground anchor with anticorrosion coating is used. Only monitoring of load by using load measure is required
2-22
Influence to road Only occasional one way closure of road is required for hauling construction materials. 3 Continuous one way closure of road is required during pile works. 2
Environment This method have a low impact to environment. 3 This method have a low impact to environment. 3
Subtotal 1st scheme is ahead of 2nd scheme in above veiwpoints. 2nd scheme is inferior to the 1st scheme in above veiwpoints, especially workability.
Subtotal 15 Subtotal 13
Method Specifications Unit Qty Unit Price Ammount Method Specifications Unit Qty Unit Price Ammount
Ground anchor SFL-1, Td=137.6kN/each m 418 20 8,360 Steel pile φ250,t=6,L=13.0m/each m 260 120 31,200
Steel plate KIT16S-230 plate 40 170 6,800 Ground anchor SFL-1 m 190 20 3,800
H steel beam H300 number 20 1,200 24,000 Retaining work 組 10 1,500 15,000
Rough Scaffolding sp m3 1,160 5 5,800 Filling m3 168 1 168
Construction Cost Installation of load meter set 2 200 400 Scaffolding sp m3 2,060 5 10,300
(Unit: JPY1,000) Asphalt Pavement t=5cm m2 260 0.3 78 Asphalt Pavement t=5cm m2 260 0.3 78
Cost The lowest Rate to 1st 1.00 The highest Rate to 1st 1.33
Total 1st scheme is the best suited to this site. 2nd scheme is inferior to the 1st scheme totally.
Final Report
Evaluation Priolity First Priolity Second
Source: JICA study team
Comparative analysis of Sta.15+520 was conducted on behalf of 33+440 and Sta. 11+620.
Table 2.2.15 Countermeasure Comparative Analysis Chart for Sta.33+695
Preparatory Survey for the Project for the Sindhuli Road Earthquake Rehabilitation
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
1st Scheme : Ground Anchors 2nd Scheme : Steel Piles with Ground Anchors 3rd Scheme : Counterforted Retaining Wall
Restoration of Restoration of
Restoration of Existing Drainage
Alt
Existing Drainage Alternate layer o Existing Drainage and Asphalt Pavement (t=5cm)
Asphalt Pavement (t=5cm) and highly weat Asphalt Pavement (t=5cm) W
Concrete C ?
Back Filling Buttress wall
@2m
Scaffold Works
Scaffold Works
Cross Section Excavation
10.08
Concrete protection
25.0ù
? Concrete Foundation
Ground Anchor,@2.0m,2steps
Td=180.9 KN/each, SFL-2
Outline of Gabion wall is pressed by tension force of ground anchors. Relatively-light steel anchor The road is preserved by using the bending and shearing effect of steel piles. Ground
The road is preserved by counterforted retaining wall as counterweight.
Countrmeasure plates are used. H steel beams are installed between gabion wall and precast steel plate. anchor should be attached with a head of a pile to prevent the road from deformation.
Only occasional one way closure of road is required for hauling Continuous one way closure of the downside road is required as well as
Influence to road
construction materials.
3 Continuous one way closure of road is required during pile works. 3 upper road section.
2
Environment This method have a low impact to environment. 3 This method have a low impact to environment. 3 This method have a low impact to environment. 3
Subtotal 1st scheme is ahead of other schemes in above veiwpoints. 2nd scheme is inferior to the 1st scheme in above veiwpoints, 2nd scheme is inferior to the 1st scheme in above veiwpoints.
especially workability.
Subtotal 15 Subtotal 13 Subtotal 9
Method Specifications Unit Qty Unit Price Ammount Method Specifications Unit Qty Unit Price Ammount Method Specifications Unit Qty Unit Price Ammount
Ground anchor SFL-2 m 170 31 5,270 Steel pile φ250,t=6,L=13.0m/本
m 130 120 15,600 Excavation m3 340 1 340
Steel plate KIT19S-230 plate 18 210 3,780 Ground anchor SFL-2 m 95 31 2,945 Filling m3 50 1 50
H steel beam H300 number 9 1,200 10,800 Retaining work 組 5 1,500 7,500 Formworks m2 800 2 1,600
Scaffolding sp m3 420 5 2,100 Filling m3 130 1 130 Foundation RC m3 280 100 28,000
Rough Installation of load meter set 2 200 400 Scaffolding sp m3 1,100 5 5,500 Retaining wall m3 120 17 2040
Construction Cost Asphalt Pavement t=5cm m2 130 0.3 39 Asphalt Pavement t=5cm m2 130 0.3 39 Asphalt Pavemt=5cm m2 130 0.3 39
(Unit: JPY1,000) Restration of side ditch m 45 1 45 Restration of side ditch m 45 1 45 Restration of side ditch m 90 1 90
Direct Construction Cost 22,434 Direct Construction Cost 31,759 Direct Construction Cost 32,159
Overhead Cost(80% of Direct Construction Cost) 17,947 Overhead Cost(80% of Direct Construction Cost) 25,407 Overhead Cost(80% of Direct Construction Cost) 25,727
Total Construction Cost 40,381 Total Construction Cost 57,166 Total Construction Cost 57,886
Cost The lowest Rate to 1st 1.00 The second lowest Rate to 1st 1.42 The highest Rate to 1st 1.43
1st scheme is the best suited to this site. 2nd scheme is inferior to the 1st scheme totally. 3rd scheme is inferior to the 1st scheme totally.
Final Report
Total
Evaluation Priolity First Priolity Second Priolity Third
Source: JICA study team
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
Preparatory Survey for the Project for the Sindhuli Road Earthquake Rehabilitation
Final Report
: Middle Slope Start
: Lower Slope
No Can a stable cutting
slope be secured?
Rockfall prevention net,
Yes Shotcrete crib works,
Concrete crib works,
Retaining wall, Piles, Ground Yes
Are there rock falls or Reinforcing methods, etc.
anchors, Reinforcing earth
surface failures?
wall, Shotcrete crib works,
Concrete crib works No
Classification of
geology
No In rain Pron to be No
Gabion works, Hanging rack Yes Yes weathered?
Does spring water make Is there spring
retaining wall, Shotcrete crib
significant influence to water? Yes
works, Concrete crib works
slope unstability?
No
In no rain
Yes
Is there spring
Shotcrete crib works, water? Is the gradient possible
Yes Yes
Concrete crib works for vegetation? Vegetation?
Yes No
Yes Pron to erosion?
Shotcrete crib works, No
Concrete crib works, No
Vegetation? No Yes
shotcrete, No Can a stable slope be Is re‐cutting
Concrete plastering works
secured if weatherd? possible?
Yes No
Source: JICA Survey Team based on “Manual for Slope Protection, Japan Road Association”
Figure 2.2.15 Flow Chart for Selection of Middle and Lower Parts of the Sta. 17+400 Slope
The conditions for selection of countermeasures of the middle slope are shown below.
Vegetation bag is selected for lower and middle slopes against erosion. Sheet type of vegetation is
unfit for the surface of this area because the surface covered by rubble debris is uneven rock. In
addition, existing gabion check dams have an effect on surface erosion. However, because the range is
not sufficient, the extension of gabion check dams is planned next to the existing dams.
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c・ l W - u・ b cos α・ tan φ
FS= (Equation 2.2.1)
W・ sin α
Where, Fs :Factor of safety
c :Cohesion of sliding surface (kN/m2)
φ :Internal frictional angle of sliding surface (°)
l :Length of sliding surface acting on the slice (m)
u :Pore pressure acting on the base of the slice (kN/m2)
b :Width of sliding surface acting on the slice (m)
W :Weight sliding surface acting on the slice (kN/m)
α :Angle of the base of the slice to the horizontal (°)
Source: Manual for Slope Protection, Japan Road Association
2) Ground Anchors
The condition of ground anchors design is presented below.
i. Calculus Equation
The calculus equation of stability analysis adopted in accordance with the manual is as follows:
(Equation 2.2.2)
- Increase the resistance against shear force by applying stress normal to the sliding surface.
Clamping effect = P sin(α+θ)
Anchor
Sliding surface
α
P・sin(α-θ)
θ
P
P・cos(α-θ)
20 0.17 – 0.25
30 0.25 – 0.35
40 0.35 – 0.45
50 0.45 – 0.70
Sand N Value 10 0.10 – 0.14
20 0.18 – 0.22
30 0.23 – 0.27
40 0.29 – 0.35
50 0.30 – 0.40
Cohesive soil Representative Cohesion C 1.0 C
Source: Manual for Slope Protection, Japan Road Association
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Source: JICA Survey Team based on Manual for Ground Anchors, NEXCO
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5) Others
Vegetation bags and gabion check dams were planned at the lower area of Sta.17+400 slope. Asphalt
pavement with 5 cm on the road was also planned.
(2) Sta. 33+440, Sta. 33+695, Sta. 11+620 and Sta. 15+520
1) Calculation of Earth Pressure during Earthquake
Calculation of earth pressure during earthquake was conducted with Mononobe-Okabe Method on the
assumption that designed horizontal seismic coefficient is 0.2.
2) Ground Anchors
Ground anchors for gabion walls were designed as earth retaining of road structure.
- Two steps of ground anchors are appropriate to each site according to the Handbook for
Disaster Rehabilitation, Japan Construction Engineers’ Association.
- The Manual for Temporary Structure, Japan Road Association says that interval of each anchor
is 1.5 m to 4.0 m generally. In the target sites, the interval should be narrowed to prevent gabion
baskets bulging. According to the size of precast steel anchor plate, the interval was designed at
2.0 m. The interval for Sta.11+620 only was designed at 3.0 m due to interval of existing
buttress concretes.
- The Manual for Temporary Structure, Japan Road Association says that angle of anchor is 10 to
45 degrees in principle. The angle was designed at 10 degrees because a low angle is effective
to earth pressure.
- The Manual for Temporary Structure, Japan Road Association says that the horizontal angle of
the anchor is 0 degree in principle. The horizontal angle was designed at 0 degree according
this manual.
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The required preventive power of anchor was calculated according to the following equation.
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According to the following comparison of precast bearing plates, the KIT anchor plate was selected
because of weight and cost. Ground anchor materials including KIT anchor plates will be procured
from Japan.
Table 2.2.28 Comparison of Precast Bearing Plate
Type Weight of Each Construction Cost of Each (JPY)
KIT Anchor Plate 162kg 171,000
ARC Frame 179kg 187,000
FFU Anchor Plate 151kg 198,000
KTB Super Frame 199kg 186,000
Source: JICA Survey Team
Installations of H beams between gabion walls and anchor plates are designed for the purpose of
combination of gabion baskets and plate tension from ground anchors. Shotcrete is installed to the
surface of the gabion walls and a space of pairs of H beam is filled in by concrete.
These designed anchors can withstand a sliding force of each rotational slip with over 1.20 of safety
factor.
3) Asphalt Pavement
Asphalt pavement of 5 cm thickness was designed in order to prevent surface water coming into the
road earth from cracks on road, except Sta.11+620.
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5) Side Ditch
Installation of side ditch at Sta.11+620 was designed in order to prevent surface water coming into
road earth from the mountain side.
Outline design drawings for each site are shown in the next pages.
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Figure 2.2.18 Plan of Slope Protection Works of Sta.17+400 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.19 General Cross Section of Sta.17+400 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.20 Plan of Slope Protection Works of Sta.33+440 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.21 General Cross Section of Sta.33+440 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.22 Elevation View for Anchor Plates of Sta.33+440
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.23 Plan of Slope Protection Works of Sta.33+695 (Non-Scale )
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.24 General Cross Section of Sta.33+695 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.25 Elevation View for Anchor Plates of Sta.33+695 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.26 Plan of Slope Protection Works of Sta.11+620 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.27 General Cross Section of Sta.11+620 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.28 Elevation View for Anchor Plates of Sta.11+620 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.29 Plan of Slope Protection Works of Sta.15+540 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.30 General Cross Section of Sta.15+540 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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Figure 2.2.31 Elevation View for Anchor Plates of Sta.15+540 (Non-Scale)
Source: JICA Study Team
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- Creation of new employment opportunities and technology transfer promotion, local labor and
materials necessary for this project will be utilized form local area as much as possible.
- Since public buses and local transport vehicles currently pass on the road in service, sufficient
attention should be given to avoid traffic accidents caused by construction vehicles and minimize
negative impacts of the Project against public transportation services.
(2) Construction period
The project program has been drawn up with the following thoughts in mind that the project will be
implemented as a single-year bond. As a result, it is scheduled that the construction will be started in
April 2019 and should be completed in July 2020 with a 16 months construction period.
(3) construction processes and methods
The flow of construction is shown in Figure 2.2.32.
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Human power Earthmoving Mortar air blast Mortar air blast Mortar air blast
earthmoving, side
cutting Mortar air blast H beam installation H beam installation H beam installation
/concrete work /concrete work /concrete work
Slope sweeping H beam installation
/concrete works Scaffolding works Scaffolding works Tube and coupler
Slope sweeping scaffolding work
Scaffolding works Anchor works (upper Anchor works (upper
Lath tightening stages) stages) Anchor method
method Anchor works (upper (boring, steel (boring, steel (upper stages)
stages) processing/assembly/ processing/assembly/ (boring, steel
Crib works F500 (boring, steel insertion, grouting insertion, grouting processing/assembly/
processing/assembly/ and pouring, tension and pouring, tension insertion, grouting
Crib works F300 insertion, grouting anchorage, head anchorage, head and pouring, tension
and pouring, tension treatment) treatment) anchorage, head
Scaffolding works anchorage, head treatment)
for anchor method treatment) Anchor works Anchor works (lower
(lower stages) stages) Anchor works (lower
Anchor works (top Anchor works (boring, steel (boring, steel stages)
six stages) (lower stages) processing/assembly/ processing/assembly/ (boring, steel
(boring, steel (boring, steel insertion, grouting insertion, grouting processing/assembly/
Construction Process
processing/assembly/ processing/assembly/ and pouring, tension and pouring, tension insertion, grouting
insertion, grouting insertion, grouting anchorage, head anchorage, head and pouring, tension
and pouring) and pouring, tension treatment) treatment) anchorage, head
anchorage, head treatment)
Anchor works (5th treatment) Appurtenant work Side ditch works
stage 4th stage (Water channel High intensity net
3rd stage 2nd stage Appurtenant work mending) Asphalt pavements
st
1 stage) (Side ditch works) Asphalt pavements
(boring, steel Asphalt pavements Demobilization
processing/assembly/ Asphalt pavements Demobilization
insertion, grouting Demobilization
and pouring) Demobilization
Scaffolding works
for rock bolts
Rock bolts
Vegetation works
Asphalt pavements
Demobilization
The Project involves road construction with maximum utilization of the existing Sindhuli Road. The
traffic volume on the road includes a combination of common and construction vehicles. Therefore,
flagmen must be designated to control the movement of vehicles and secure smooth and safe traffic.
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• Consulting services for detailed design, • Free provision of site (land), temporary facilities and other construction
preparation of tender documents, activities for the execution of works.
assistance in tender process, and
construction supervision. • Execution of environmental monitoring.
• Construction of countermeasures in the • Remove the communal facilities which may be the hindrance to the
drawings. project.
• Installation and removal of temporary • Gratis supply of the temporary area used as campground, construction
facilities (construction yard). yard and others.
• Protective measures against • Tax exemption of equipment and materials procured overseas and
environmental pollution during the prompt tax exemption procedure.
execution of construction works.
• Exemption from customs duties and taxes imposed on arrival of
• Procurement, import and transport of Japanese or people from third countries who are assigned to this
construction equipment and materials project.
shown in the Procurement Plan of
Equipment and Materials. • Free provision of traffic control and management for existing roads.
Resident All throughout the construction period, the engineer will reside in the
Engineer construction site and respond to coordination work and technical
support. Besides construction supervision, the engineer will also
respond to the daily management of materials, quality, safety,
completed work amount and quality, construction schedule control and
payment affairs. In addition, the resident engineer will be in charge of
coordination work and negotiation with the partner country.
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Anchor work It has been planned that technical experts who are familiar with anchor
Engineer works will be dispatched to each important construction process.
During the dispatch period, technical experts will respond to review
the design condition of anchor method fundamental test, discussion of
construction method, grout management necessary for fixing work,
instruction of tension management, and discussion of slope stability at
the time of such as pressure plate construction, assembly of anchor
materials, installation of anchor and anchor tension.
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Truck with crane Load capacity 4.0 ton, lifting capacity 2.9
3 〇
equipment ton
Hand guided vibratory
4 0.8 ~ 1.1 ton 〇
roller
Mortar concrete
5 Capacity 6m3/h 〇
spraying machine
6 Grout pump 37~100 L/min 〇
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Nepalese government. After the construction contract is completed, the construction contractor will
receive the notice to proceed issued by the consultant and will start the construction work. It has been
estimated that 16 months is needed for completing the project (April 2019 to July 2020), and the
project implementation schedule is shown in Table 2.2.37.
Table 2.2.37 Tentative Implementation Schedule
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Detailed Site survey
Execution drawing
Sta.11+620
Sta.33+340
Sta.33+695
Pavement
Clean up
Source: JICA Survey Team
For the smooth implementation of the Project, the government of the recipient country should fulfill
the following undertakings:
To provide necessary data and information for the implementation of the Project;
To secure land necessary for the Project site (for the camp yard, spoil bank, borrow pit,
construction yard, storage of materials and equipment, and the land for construction waste
disposal);
To bear the expense of rental land for camp yards;
To get the permission for land use for spoil bank, borrow pit and construction waste disposal
including the charge for permission.
To open a bank account under the government’s name, in a bank in Japan (B/A), and issue the
authorization to pay (A/P);
To ensure all expenses for, and prompt execution of, unloading and customs clearance;
To exempt Japanese nationals from customs duties, local taxes, and other fiscal levies imposed in
the recipient country, with respect to the supply of products and services under verified contracts;
To accord Japanese and third nationals, whose services may be required in connection with the
supply of products and services under verified contracts, such as facilities necessary for their entry
into the recipient country and stay therein for the performance of their works;
To accord Japanese and third nationals engaged in this Project the permission and other
competence, if required, for the implementation of the Project;
To ensure proper maintenance, management and preservation of facilities provided under Japan’s
grant aid;
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To bear all expenses, other than those borne under Japan’s grant aid, necessary for the construction
of facilities as well as for the transportation and installation of equipment;
To prohibit illegal dumping in a construction area; and
To conduct access restriction to the site and to maintain security.
The estimated initial costs of obligations of the recipient country are as shown in Table 2.3.1.
Table 2.3.1 Estimated Initial Costs of Obligations of the Recipient Country
(Unit Price: NPR 1,000)
Price
Item Content Quantity
(Remarks)
Land for camps in Section II and Section
(1) Land Use/Compensation 20,000 m2 960
III
Land for stockpiling machines, Not required
12,500m2
equipment and materials (public land)
(2) Relocation of Public Facilities Not Happen 0
(3) Environmental Monitoring During detailed design (Update of EMP 1 set 129
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The estimated initial cost of obligations of the recipient country is about NPR 3,885,000 including
land use and compensation, landslide monitoring, IEE, environmental monitoring and others.
It is important to maintain the functions of the countermeasure facilities planned in this project. The
maintenance and management system of the DOR was built in Strengthened Maintenance Divisions
Program (SMDP) implemented by Swiss in 1993-2006. Currently, this maintenance and management
system is the basic system of the DOR maintenance plan. All maintenance offices classify the road
maintenance tasks into six items and create an annual road maintenance plan (ARMP) based on this
plan. In Sindhuli Road also, maintenance is carried out based on this plan. At present, there are no
problems in this maintenance system and this system will continue in the future.
The maintenance method of anchor work that can be considered at present is as shown in Table 2.4.1.
The inspection frequency shall be once a year (periodic inspection) and after heavy rains etc.
(emergency inspection). The emergency inspection is to be carried out when rain falls at a
continuously at 150 mm, but it is desirable to change the continuous rainfall according to the actual
result.
Table 2.4.1 Assumed Maintenance Method
Item Contents of inspection
Anchor works a. Load measurement with a load meter
b. Visual inspection
Pop-out of anchor material
Deformation of head cap
Oil leakage of antirust oil
Deformation, settlement of anchor plate
Spring
Subsidence and displacement
Source: JICA Survey Team
Initial project cost undertaken by the Japanese government is confidential before tender.
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TOTAL
Source: JICA Survey Team
After the construction is completed, the cost of operation and maintenance expected for ten years has
been estimated as shown in Table. The cost estimated is less than 1% of NPR 243 million, the DOR
maintenance budget for 2016/2017. Therefore, it is assumed that the maintenance budget can be easily
secured.
Table 2.5.2 O&M Costs for the Entire Sindhuli Road
Estimated Cost
Category Item
(NPR 1000 / 10 years)
(1) Daily maintenance Cleaning, reduction of deposit, grass cutting, etc. 5,400
(2) Annual repair Repair of road surface, side ditch, etc. 400
(3) Repair conducted once in Overlay, reshaping, repair of structures,
five years (converted to repainting of traffic signs and steel structures, 200
annual cost) etc.
(4) Urgent rehabilitation Removal of collapsed soil, urgent rehabilitation,
5,000
works construction of detour route, etc.
Preventative works against rock-fall, collapse,
(5) Preventive works 5,000
scouring and mudflow, etc.
(6) Monitoring after
Monitoring after completion of construction 720
completion
16,720
Total
(NPR 1,672,000/year)
Source: JICA Survey Team
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3.1 PRECONDITIONS
Prerequisites for the implementation of the project are described in Chapter 3 OBLIGATION OF THE
RECIPIENT COUNTRY.
To derive the benefits from the entire Project and to make it sustainable, the necessary input by
recipient country is shown as follows:
- In order to smoothly carry out this project, the budget of GON side mentioned in Chapter 3 is
secured in advance.
- In order to secure the permanent function of the countermeasures targeted for this project, GON
shall secure the annual budget mentioned in Chapter 4. In addition, GON shall arrange personnel
to carry out sustainable maintenance.
- In order to secure acquisition of environmental approval permission, GON shall secure personnel
and budget
The Sindhuli Road is an important logistics route linking the capital city of Kathmandu and the Terai
Plain in the south, and the traffic volume is expected to increase further in the future. The external
conditions are as follows:
- Continue daily and periodic maintenance to ensure the safety of facilities expected in the design
- Environmental change that exceeds the assumed value such as rainfall exceeding the planned
scale does not occur around the site.
- There is no significant change in the relevant policies of GON.
- Continue the improvement of the road and the maintenance management carried out in Nepal to
ensure smooth traffic on the Sindhuli Road.
3.4.1 RELEVANCE
As shown below, the validity of this project is high and it can be judged effective.
I. Reconstruction by hard and soft countermeasures against earthquakes and disaster risk
reduction; and
II. Improve social and economic infrastructure directly linked to economic growth and
improvement of people's lives.
By making Sindhuli Road a strong road to the earthquake, it is possible to secure a stable logistics
even in the event of a disaster, contributing to creating a country that is resistant to disasters. It is also
expected to make a great contribution to securing stable logistics of the Kathmandu Valley and the
Terai region in the south, promoting industry and revitalizing the regional economy, and improving
the lives of local people living along the roadside. The purpose of this project is consistent with
Japan's aid policy.
3.4.2 EFFECTIVENESS
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