Concepts of Culture and Diffusion ind blood being absorbed by us untt it became our own flesh and blood. Our clothing, our tins, everything we ‘needed for ie came from the buffalo's body. It was hard to say where the and popular cultures differ in the ways 's overall culture? Ts te Lakota, and ther indigenous people on North Ame Plains, the bi part of their culture. ‘ng and shelter, bones soap. The bison settlers hunted the bison near istence. Geographers ies and differences among ‘and in some cases, to help preserve these societies. Analyzing Culture beliefS, and objects are a part a visible force seen n'a group's actions, possessions, and these elements, visible and invi are the building blocks of a culture. A tomobile, may represent many different values, interrelated traits make up a cultural complex. ONTOS: CUILUI AI FALLOIIID and Processes Chapter 6 Concepts of Culture and Diffusion Chapter 7 Language and Culture Chapter 8 Religious and Ethnic Landscapes Unit Overview While some human biological inheritane shaped, formally and are heavily influenced by how people think and act is ey learn from other people. All les, and behaviors that people learn from ment of culture—such as speaking a ions. Geographers use maps, from ies have conflicts, they speak different language. Or people might blend the two languages to create ‘one, Improvements in transportation and communication have inc te of cultures throughout history. ure spreads as people move from one place to another and as people interact and other. In 1500, the region where most people spoke Enel area o1 ner of Europe. Today, English spoken aro Variations in Culture 90 HUMAN aFOaRARHY: Ape EniTiONg Scandinavia, people used people processed trees into board: Sometimes, people indeper e lar responses to similar environments, Long ago, Mongols in Central Asia and Plains Indians in North America, both living in flat, id with extreme weather, developed similar types of housing: portable, round shelters made of frames and animals skins. Many traits of folk culture continue today. Corn was first grown in Mexico around 10,000 years ago, and it ‘grown there today. The Spread of Cultures fovide a unique sense of pli and gives them a sense of ownership. However, because people, goods, and ideas move throughout the world, cultures spread spatially, ir hearths. Prior to the mid-20th ‘century, kiwi were part of the food culture of people only from China to New Zealand, Today, kiwi have diffused throughout the world. The Spatial Dimensions of Culture tural regions are broad areas where groups share similar but not identical , geographer Wilbur Zilensky divided the United ure regions, yet people in these regions still consider n culture that shares a c heritage. types: + Formal regions, such as states, are clearly defined by government or experts, + Functional regions, such around it, are based on interaction and are usually centered on a node or the city of Miami and the communities focus poi Perceptual (or vernacular) regions are based on how people think about part and Appalachia, begin. Cultural Landscapes ‘The boundaries ofa region reflect the humat in many ways, Children leam n passes its culture t ways: tation, as when a carns a language by repeating sounds to say “please’ tory hen a parent reminds a chi is when a school teaches studer hearth, also known as a cultura for democracy more than 2,000 years ago. New and diffuse to other pl Geographers also or insects. What 0 changes over time. In the United States, marriages between Protestants and Catholics were once taboo, but they are not widely opposed now. Folk Cultures they demonstrate the diverse ways that people For example, people learned to make whether it was snow or mud bricks or resources such as wood differentl shelters out of avi wood. However, people used sit 92 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP® EDITIONin their traditional language, and architecture that reflects the group's place of origin. These enclaves can provide a buffer against discrimination by the dominant culture. Borders and Barriers Unless regions are defined by clear f as @ mountain range, identifying cultural borders can be hard, Often a transition zone exists where cultures mix and people exhibit traits of both cultures. The border between the United State lustrates this pattern. People who live in border communities such as E] Paso, Texas, are often fluent in both Spa ies to both Mexico and the United States. tures, st culture m have a few t od preferences, architectu Globalization and Cultural Change ‘As a result of the Industrial Revolution, improvements in transportation and communication have shortened the time required for movement, trade, or other forms of interaction between two places. This development, known as space-time compression, has accelerated culture change around the world. In «a freight shipment from Cincinnati needed 52 days to reach New York y. By 1850, because of canals and railroads, it took half that long. And by 1852, it took only seven days. Today, an airplane flight takes only a few hours, and digital information takes seconds or less. ES Elomont [Area Significance National Park | Untod States | Land st aside Signage | avebeo the dosto of Fa hertago Schools [Pakistan | Gonder segregated ea toward male and female oes Otte | Shanghal | Massho slyserapers fact economic power Bullaings anda dese tohave businesses ina conv, An observant traveler can observe changes in driving alon Pe hway. For example, tra ‘ape while 18 on Interstate 25 going from in toponyms (place names) ‘Wooden buildings are looking like ones in En: CULTURAL CHANGE ALONG INTERSTATE 25 Ame 1 pueblos end ighborhood level of the cultural landscape might include ethnic enclaves, clusters of people of the same culture, but surrounded by people of a culture that is dominant in the region. Ethnic enclaves sometimes reflect the desire of people nt i le these enclaves are often tutions that are supported by the ethnic group, signs stores and religious 94 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP® EDITIONSimitar change has occurred on the global scale. People travel freely and communication has advanced to a fantaneously across the globe. The apact on cultures, spreading English tion is the process of intensified interaction among peoples, nd companies of different countries around the globe. More Specifically, globalization usually refers to the increased integration of the world economy iovies, types of businesses, area and are adopted by of popular culture. Elements of popular in urban areas and diffus rough the media, net. They can quickly be adopted globally. People around the world follow European soccer, Indian Bollywood movies, and Japanese animation known as e around the world wearing si {o similar music, and eating similar food, popular cultural traits often promote uniformity in beliefS, values, and the cultu ateross many cultures, ‘The culture of the United States is intertwined the influence of its the United Stat alization. Through Hollywood movies, and goverment, Popular Culture Versus Folk Culture Popular culture emph trying what is new rather than preserving what itional. Many people, especially those in the older generation or follow a folk culture, openly resist the adoption of popular cultural do this by preserving t ages, religions, values, and foods. While they often slow down the adoption of popular culture, they sel are successful in keeping their traditional cultures from changing, especi lar and folk culture is occurring in Brazil. As the ior of the rain forest, many indigenous folk th outside groups. Remaining isolated by lifficult and many young people become Popular culture and are beginning to integrate into the larger ‘ty. As the young people leave their communities, they are more to accept popular culture at the expense of their indigenous cultural heritage, which threatens the very existence of their folk the forest is becoming increasingly di exposed, 96 uinans neneoaninn ane eninne Trait Folk Culture Popular Culture ‘Society * Rural and isolated location |+ Urban and connected + Homogeneous and location indigenous population + Diverse and multisthnic population + Most people spsak an indigenous or ethnic local language * Many people speak a global language such as Engish or Arabic | ‘Social + Emphasis on community, Structure and conformity + Families lve close to each { sakty defined gender Diffusion + Relatively rapid ang extensive (chica Social madia and mass + Materials produced locally, such as stone or grass. * Built by community or + Bull by @ business for community | + Variety of, + Different between cutures | styles Food + Locally produced + Choices limited by yor [+ Purchased in restaurants + National and global Spatial Focus |+ Local and ragional Geography of Gender The geography of gender has become an increasingly important topic for geographers in recent decades. In folk cultures, people often have clearly defined gender-specific roles. Often women take care of the household while men work outside the house to earn money and serve as leaders in religion and politics. In popular culture, gender-specific roles are diminishing. Women have more access to economic resources, more opportunity to work outside the home, and more chances to serve as leaders. CONCEPTS OF CULTURE AND DIFFUSION 97orewwo Mt BSUMEICU HAHUSCADES CUTIMeS the importance of cultural values on the Of power in souetes Throughout history, tures, certain behaviors have been acceptable for only one gender, and often only in certain spaces. Often, men have operated ‘more freely than women in public spaces, while certain private spaces have been reserved for women. These differences might appear in the i movies. Workers in the United States resi insfer of their Jobs to overseas locations. Speakers of endangered languages struggle to preserve their c in the face of the spread of English, Diffusion of Culture migration and by more indirect means. Relocation Diffusion One main type of d ‘trait by people who mi scale exampl United States in the late of European culture arou areas where mi its hearth, The pe 's through direct or indirect exchange without ‘many ways. al trait spreads continuously outward from among people, For example, hearth for blues music is the southern United States. As musici 98 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: APS EDITION ion come through cultural exchanges both by northward and eventually reached major cities such as Saint and New York, Hicrarchical diffusion is the spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and importance. Cultural ago, contagious diffusion, hierarchical diffusion may skip some places while moving on to others. Most popular culture, such as music, fashion, and fads, follows the hierarchical diffusion path, first appeared on the smmonty owned by more developed countries, As cell phone networks grew and cell phones became ‘mass-produced, they eventually spread to a wider market. Today, cell phones have diffused throughout the world, At times, a trait diffuses from a lower class to a higher class, in a process called reverse fusion. For example, in the United States in the 1940s through the 1960s, people commonly considered tattoos to be a symbol of low social Stimulus diffusion occurs when people in a culture adopt an underlying {dea or process from another culture, but modify it because they reject one trait of it. For example, Hindus in India adopted the practice of eating fast food, but they rejected eating beef because doing so would beliefs, So, they adapted the custom by making veg types of burgers. Five centuries ago, Europeans adopted the use beautifully decorated porcelain dishes that rejected the high cost of found deposits of the rigl modified the process of ol Contact Between Cultures Diffusion describes the ways et contact with other et forces in human hi CONCEPTS OF CULTURE AND DIFFUSION 99.Acculturation Often, an and pray ‘major clements of t ic of immigrant group moving (o a new area adopts the values ithas received them, while still ma ie is called acculturation. For example, migrated from Denmark to the United wa. The mother and father gave most in happens when an ethnic group can the receiving group. This ofte ethnic groups become more affluent and leave their ethnic areas, Complete neighborhoods. Multiculturalism valued and worthy of study. A raction of cultures enriches the fence of cultures can also bring conflicts, as people and groups with different values, beliefs, and customs soften clash Minority groups often face prejudice 1s opposition in the United States to Roman Catholic immigrants in the 1800s and early 1900s. Other ivism reflects a general dislike of people from other countries, or xenophobia, 490 GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES: HE DIFFUSION OF DEADLY DISEASES Many people study deadly diseases. Doctors ts. Economists might focus on how a es. Geographers focus a disease diffuses across space, outward from its hearth. t focus on how to treat ‘The 1918 Influenza Epidemic The influenza outbreak of 1918-1919, immedi World War I, was an example of contagious diffusion, The outbreak was devastating, killing three times as many people as World War I had. The source of the outbreak is not clear. It n Kansas, Great Britain, or France. Some scholars believe laborers from i mnada to Europe to work on the wat after the end of on the East Coast quick! turning home after the war either port. Then, as they traveled hhome by train, they spread the disease throughout the country. Recent Epidemics ia in West Africa in 2013 and the Zika America in 2015 threatened death and io diseases diffuse, coordinated global public health efforts prevented devastation on the scale of the 1918-1919 flu outbreak. KEY TERMS ‘ethnic enciave hierarchical reverse hierarchical cculture realm expansion sense of place contagious diffusion | taboos perceptual region cultural landscape CONCEPTS OF CULTURE AND DIFFUSION 101ists, scientists who study languages, began communicating through spoken sounds as r Language and Culture fost] we wail not be a unique Wwe will have no prayers. Immersion Schoo}, reservation, Arzone Indo-European Languages One of the 15 major language fa a large group of languages in group of the United States Southwest, face ‘many of the same problems as indigenous people across the world—the loss of their native language and cultur ext of globalization. Curre there are approximately 7,000 languages that people speak around the world; but by the end of the century, about half of those languages will be gone. Most A these groups become learn the language of the EXAMPLES OF INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, Proto === nd trade, up to the globalization and widespread instant of the present day. 106 Human GEOGRAPHY: AP® EDITIONne of the branches is Latin, The history of Latin ly of language is: languages constantly evolve as other languages oi inguages. ‘Two thousand years ago, when the Roman Empire dominated much of what is today Europe, people in the empire spoke Latin. However, as the empire dissolved starting in the Sth century, transportation became more dangerous and trade de from each oth: i language of Latin diverged languages, known as Romance I Portuguese, Spanish, French, Ital Piieereom sale u kN cmcaeaN eMusic Gategory ‘American English Vocabulary + Elevator + Apa + Trunk (of car) + Gas (for a car) Pronunciation | + Lieutenant (oo-TEN-uhnt) | = Spelling Note that English words such as father and mother are similar to Latin words, but words such as bread and wolfare not. This suggests that English is not a direct descendant of Latin—it evolved from a Germanic language—but it has been heavily influenced by Romance languages such as French. Accents and Dialects Languages can be further divided into smaller categories by other traits. One is by accent, how words social class or geographic regi pronunciations or word usage are ¢ include distinct adages, or sayings ed States, a native Latin (meaning |Pater | Mater | Pani Lupus [i ingnglish) | (father) | (mother) [tbread) | (wot) _| (day) Portuguese | Pai Mae Pao Lobo Dia Ceanom Pheesee Spanish Paro [Mado | Pan Lobo | Dia Ferengi Pore. Mere Pain Loup Jour Within dialects are subdialects. For example, in the italien Pare [Madre] Pane {uno | Giomo speak a different dialect than a native of New York City. acy of differences Romansch | Tata Mama __[Peine [up zi ace the Isaoey. of es but they can also be Diffusion of Languages Languages often spread through wide areas through mi globalized languages of spread from their hearths largely because of conquest and colo case of Arabic, its use as a standard religious language in Islam ess. “Some Janguages never diffuse widely. Mandarin Chinese, though the second most commonly spoken language in the world, did not. Though China was the most powerful and innovative country in the world for much of the past 2,000 years, a us parts of Asia and Oceania, China never e Asarresult, Chinese speakers have always been concentraEnglish as a Lingua Franca English has a wide spatial distribution, English is the most widely used language in the world, with nearly 1. billion speakers. Native lands col Britain such as the tes, Canada, South Africa, Indi However, most speakers of E Rather, they use it as a lingua franca, a common language used by people who do not share t mple, Nigerians commonly speak one of 500 indigenous languages at home, but they learn English to tewith everyone who doesnot speak their language. Global ish to communicate across the globe. ua franca of the Internet and is widely used ‘American language and culture dilutes their own unique tural practice Other Lingua Francas Other major I Russian. are Arabic, Spanish, French, Swahili, and stribution and is often learned as a second language. Creating New Words and Languages Many new words beginas slang, informal usage by a segment ofthe population For example, the word brunch was slang before it became standard. Pidgin Languages When speakers of two different languages have extensive contact with each other—often because of trade—they sometimes develop a pidgin language, a simplified mixture of two languages that has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary, but is not the native language of either group. In Papua New Guinea, the pidgin combines English and Papuan languages. Creole Languages Over time, two or more separate languages can mix and develop a more formal structure and vocabulary so that they are no longer a pidgin language. They 110 Hunan GEOGRAPHY: AP® EDITION ‘ creole language spoken in South Africa that combines Dutch with several European and African languages. On the islands of the Caribbean, creole languages are common. Africans captured and brought to enslavement in the Americas between the 1500s and the 1800s were unable to transplant their languages. Stolen from their communities, they were forced onto ships with captives from various regions in Aftica. With no common language among the groups of captives, communication was difficult. Because of this linguistic isol ost lost their languages after ‘a generation in the Americas. Yet they were able to create creole languages 12 Tanguages with the European colonizers” languages of English, Spanish, Fre “The most widely used creole language in the Americas is found in Hait Haitian Creole is derived mostly from French with influences from numerous languages of West Africa. It has become an official language of Haiti and a source of national pride and cultural the United States included a smaller percentage of enslaved A fricans than did many Caribbean islands, so it had fewer creole languages. One exception is the Gullah or Geechee language of South Carolina and Georgia, in places ‘where enslaved Africans once made up about three-quarters of the population. ‘Swahili in East Africa Another example of language mixing occurred in East Aftica. As early as the Sth century, trade between Arab-speaking merchants and Bantu-speaking residents resulted in the di Swal some groups in Africa an Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Language Policies and the Cultural Landscape Language isimportant to a groups cultura . Because aculture occupies certain spatial area, its language becomes intertwined with that place and its landscape. For example, native Hawaiians, whose economy relies on fishing, have five dozen words for fishing nets. In addition, signs in some places create @ cultural landscape as they reflect the people's them to that place—from the single-language signs in France to bilingual mas in places such as 1m or Quebec. LANGUAGE AND CULTURE 111Toponyms Toponyms, the names of places, re Greeks founded a colony named Byzas. After the city e Romans renamed it Constantinople, after one of their emperors. When the Turks seized th 1453, they started to c: culture, For example, in 657 B.C.E,, the m, probably after a leader Official Languages While the United States does law to be t be grou + Some countries are homogene similar people, suc! + Some traditional culture. Wales to promote quick assimil nto three categories: intaining a |, Scotland, and + Some count elude several ips. These countries mbabwe is home to languages. People use ingua franca to make communication easier (GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES: SPANISH AT VARIOUS SCALES hat defines the region of the United States where Spanish is widely spoken? Geographers answer this census data, surveys, and the cultur found that the Spanish-speaking region changes depending on the level of analysis. Spanish at the Country and State Levels At the global level, the answer is # re country. The United Stat who grew up speaking primarily who are bilingual. On a cartogram showing the total number of Spanish-speakers in a country, the Unit States would be be larger. ‘Age Group | 2000 2014 Sto17 181033, 0 of US. Hispanics who speak English very Source: Based on sol Comm LANGUAGE AND,Religious and Ethnic Landscapes neutral as well as universal, and! so or ethnic groups use them. Values are spends on iduals enced by so many factors su ‘economy and technology. —F Sion Joso,Fipino novelist and and ethnic groups both r ferent scales? Il other aspects of histor because, compared to other aspects immigrants often adopt a th of their ancestors. Developing ibution of major rel divisions is 01 Religion, Ethnicity, and Nation people who share and common experi which ics such as ances ion. To do so, they focus , as they trace the movement of ethnic groups and dimensions and cultural landscapes, Spatial Dimensions of Religious and Ethnic Groups To analyze rel ionship among all o 120 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP® EDITION pre Cultural Variation by Place and Region ic groups vary by place and the regional level, Bay ‘means that women are likely 10 ranged marriage, and to avoid wor outside the home. Fundamentalists are more likely than others in their to enforce strict standards of dress and personal behavi ‘Thestrength| ism in Islam is by lamic legal framework fora country. Sharia is strongest in countries of the Arabian Pe ich as Saudi Arabia and Yemen, with those who ious traditions more loosely or to live a more sec Regional Patterns in U.S. Religion The distribution of ethnic and ns were spread by traveling ie Midwest, where their the late 1800s cou prea ‘German or Scandinavian forbears wi good farmland. Many Mormons Mormons s in the mid-1800s after religious persecution drove them out of Missouri and linois. Roman Catholics are most common in urban areas in the Northeast . Jews, Muslims, and Hindus live most often in ne to immigrants. RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC LANDSCAPES 124' Two Major Eastern Religions Several belief systems have developed Of these, two developed in India other traditions. Today, no one However, if that Irish farmer immigrated Foday, an Irish immigrant neolocalism, the And sometimes people respond to globalization wi process of e uniqueness and auther Buddhism Buddhism grew out of Siddhartha who lived about 600 years B. Hinduism, Siddhartha (who became know pes the cultural to understand '$ unwritten laws and customs. For the pas years, most Jews lived in Europe and North Africa. Always a small minority, they often suffered persecution. iberty began efforts to establ J predominant vel was formed. Jews from around the 148, the country of I rai grate hee. Christiani Christianity began when followers of a Jewish teacher, ion followed by Muslims, Muslims believe that Allah (the Arabic word for God) revealed his teachings to humans through The last of these was Muhammad, who lived in what is in the sixth and seventh centuries C.E. Must lah communicated his teachings to Muhammad, wi book of ings known as the Koran, FELIGIOUS AND ETHReligion Hinduism pr Along Indus Rive in| present-day Pakistan South Asia in TR SEE Oe aed ‘Type of Diffusion subcontinent + Relocation ditfusio + Contagious difusion across Indian esent-day Nopal tion dftusion th a and Europe Romans beginning aro Middle East rope, a as teachings stand Southeast | | sion throughout the + Contagious diffusion through the roughout ed by nd 1nd Central Asia ‘conquest fo Spain, of Asia id + Relocation citfusion throughout the ea, and much | are born experience or strugale that creates strong bonds. new followers a Hinduism The Jew of such relocat 124 Human cod id Judaism are the world’s iat emphasize n most cases, membé Members have a or adopted into vely. Rather, they spread as a res most widespread ethnic background: sRAPHY: AP® EDITION ic religions rarely recruit of relocation diffusion, far from their original hearths because ex strong cultural | ers of an ethnic hared hi nic religions of Hindus from India are examples U: ing members in Burope in the fifteenth cen m1 missionaries accompanied the European explorers and conquerors to the Western Hemisphere, southern Africa, an In many faith traditions, followers feel ious journey taken by a person Fach year, over 20 Muslims travel to M Jews, and Christians v sm, Imperialism, and Trade Influences of Colc is , and trade have played a powerful rol ci separate waves. Americas and S ropean col ns. For example, before Europeai practiced by the native people of Aftica and North America were 3m, the belief that nor Europeans forced of their colonizers throughout Latin America, North Americ and Dutch spread forms of Protestantism Today, few formal colonies remain tices left behind by pean pk former colonies. The afternoon break for tea, a British tra in Kenya and In ropean colonizers is widespread in many former colonies, Religion’s Impact on Laws and Customs Since religious traditions predate current governments, they are often the source for many present-day laws and punishments by the government. Some religions have strict systems of laws that have been adopted fully by some governments. An example of or Islamic law, which is based entirely on the teachings of Islam and has been adopted by some fundamentalist religious groups, such as t n Afghanistan, as the law of the land. RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC LANDSCAPES 125,many cot us, laws that restrict cert as the sale of alcohol, on Sundays. In Colorado and some other states, all dealerships must be closed on Sundays as w. as guides to behavior than as state-sponsored laws. For example, many faiths include guidelines o and how they cut their against eating and drinkin; in items. For example, many Hindus do not eat s do not eat pork source of many daily, weekly, or annual practices for times a day, and many Buddhists and Hindus igious services for worship or instruction, Fridays, Jews on Friday that people now commonly treat as secularized in religious practices. Valentine’s Day, St. Patrick's The Physical Landscape Many specific places and natural features have religious significance. Some sites are sacred spaces where deities dwell: followers of Shinto view certain its. Other sites are not sacred but Mt. Sinai is honored by Jews, Christians, and Mustims because they believe it is where God handed the Ten Commandments to Moses. Some entire cities, such as Jerusalem (Israel), Mecea (Saudi Arabia), and Lhasa (Tibet), have special religious meanings. The Cultural Landscape Sacred ph but rare. More commonly, people express their beliefs through the cultural landscapes that they create: mountains and rocks as the homes of 126 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP® EDITION spaces wu located close to wor + Restaurants and food markets often cater to particular religious groups by offering religiously approved food. * Signs often are written in the k ip spaces, id sometimes the alphabet that tend to have dome-shaped roofs that popular with the Romans, while chi Pitched roofs designed for snow to ape the preferred and avai One similarity among Chris parts of the world, Cl Hinduism Hindu temples often have elaborately carved exteriors. ‘Thousands of shrines and temples dot the landscape in I such as the Ganges River, provide pilgrims a place to bat for the purpose RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC LANDSCAPES 127although a shortage of wood has made cremation very expensive. The ashes of the deceased are often spread in the Ganges River. As the population of India has increased, so amount of ashes in the river, which has raised concerns about pollution. Buddhism The practice of Buddhism differs widely from place to place, to symbolize five aspects of \ce—where people can meditate, Among Buddhists, the decision to cremate or to bury the dead is a personal choice. Juda 1es or temples, Once concentrated in the Middle East, Jews spread throughout the world because of exile or persecution, or though vol This scattering is known as the Diaspora (a diaspora occurs when one group of people is dispersed to various locations). Temples vary in size based on the number of Jews in an area. Burial ofthe dead customarily occurs before sundown on the day following the death, Jam. In places where Islam is widely practiced, the mosque is the most prominent structure on the landscape and is usually located in the center of sd by a few minarets (Arabic for beacon) from which daily prayer is called. Burial of the dead is to be done as soon as possible, and burials are in cemeteries. Shinto Shinto, whose cultural hearth is Japan, emphasizes honoring one’s ancestors and the relationship between people and nature, One common landscape feature of Shinto shrines is an impressive gateway, or torii (see yw), to: mark tl ion from the outside world to a nature—ear m Jews wor 128 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: APS EDITION P- Religion and Etnnicity Snape opace a ‘The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space as the charter group. Native Americans were the original cl the Americas. Their influence appears in many places, such as in place riames from Mt. Denali in Alaska to Miami, Florida. Often, charter groups show their heritage. For example, English settlements in colonial America resembled the settlements they migrated away from in England, and names such as Plymouth and Jamestown reflect this heritage, Ethnic Symbolic Landscapes Ethnic groups that arrive after the particular location and areas, thes ss become ethnic neighborhoods. In rural areas, ethnic concentrations form ethnic islant prints revolve around housing theirheritage, Because ethnic islands are in rural ares with other groups than do grou ss interaction a strong and long- reli ind the Amish), Canada (Mennoni stern Europe. Urban Ethnic Neighborhoods thn neighborhoods in urban set fen occupied by migrants ster group's former space. The charter group shaped much of the landscape, but new arrivals create their own influence as ‘yell. Dozens of cities around the world—Melbou New Cultural Influences Ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape in a process geographers call sequent oceupance. Th Chicago, the Pilsen neighborhood is heavily Hispanic today, but its name from Eastern Europe starting in the late 1800s, African Americans from the southern United States starting in the 1910s, and Puerto starting in the Tate 20th century. As result of sequent occupance, Harlem’s cultural landscape ludes former Jewish synagogues, public spaces named for Aftican America leaders such as Marcus Garvey Park, and street names honoring Puerto Rican Jeaders such as Luis Mufioz Marin Boulevard IGIOUS AND ETHNIG LANDSCAPES 129