CH 2012: Problem sheet 3

Class discussion: Fri, Sep 30, 2022

DUE DATE: 1 pm, Mon, Oct 3, 2022 (in class)

• CH21B011-CH21B034 - Probs 3, 7
• CH21B035-CH21B057 - Probs 5, 8
• CH21B058-CH21B081 - Probs 2b, 9
• CH21B082-CH21B104 - Probs 6, 12
• CH21B105-CH21B117, CH18B014, CH21B001-CH21B010 - Probs 4,10

1. Flow around an object: simplify the statement of mass balance (for this
problem, start with the differential statements of the balance, in the ap-
propriate coordinate system) for flow of an incompressible fluid around
a) A cylinder of circular cross-section: assume flow over a cylinder (flow is
in directions prependicular to z direction). Assume cylinder dimension to
be infinite in z, and velocity in z direction to be zero
b) A sphere: assume flow over a sphere with symmetry around φ direction,
and no velocity in φ direction
c) A cuboid with flow in yz plane: assume length in x direction to be
infinite and velocity in x direction to be 0
2. Flow around an object: simplify the statement of momentum balance (for
this problem, start with the differential statements of the balance, in the
appropriate coordinate system) for flow of an incompressible fluid around
a) A cylinder of circular cross-section: assume flow over a cylinder (flow is
in directions prependicular to z direction). Assume cylinder dimension to
be infinite in z, and velocity in z direction to be zero
b) A sphere: assume flow over a sphere with symmetry around φ direction,
and no velocity in φ direction
c) A cuboid with flow in yz plane: assume length in x direction to be
infinite and velocity in x direction to be 0
3. Consider the following statement from wikipedia about traffic flow:
Methods of analysis:
 Figure 1: Flame arrestor

(a) Microscopic scale: At the most basic level, every vehicle is considered
as an individual. This is analogous to considering a molecule of a
fluid.
(b) Macroscopic scale: Similar to models of fluid mechanics, it is consid-
ered useful to employ a system of partial differential equations, which
balance laws for some gross quantities of interest
(c) Kinetic scale: The scale is between microscopic and macroscopic. This
is analogous to kinetic theory of gases, where hypothetical particles and
their random collisions are used to understand fluid behaviour.

Let us assume that we want to apply concepts learnt in continuum me-

chanics / fluid mechanics to the analysis of traffic flow / traffic jam /
optimum design of road networks, as mentioned in the macroscopic scale
above. Therefore, we will refer to the collection of vehicles moving as a
fluid flowing. Answer the following questions, with justifications:
a) Will this fluid be incompressible or compressible?
b) Will this fluid be Newtonian or non-Newtonian?
c) Will this fluid flow be steady or unsteady?
d) Will this fluid flow be developed or developing?
4. A flame arrestor in a gasoline engine, which prevents the propagation of a
flame, consists of a series of thin parallel plates. These plates are aligned
with the incoming air flow, as depicted in Figure 1. The spacing between
plates is h, and the plate length is L. The pressure at the entrance to
plates is pin and exit of the plates is pout . Assume the air flow to be steady,
laminar and incompressible; and one-dimensional in x direction.
Low velocity: When velocity is low, viscous flow can be assumed.
 h
Figure 2: A friction pump, D
is very small

a) Write governing equations and boundary conditions for the flow between
two neighbouring plates.
b) If we consider the overall geometry of the arrestor, it is quite compli-
cated. However, in engineering, it is a usual practice to make assumptions,
and reduce complex geometries to simpler ones, so that existing solutions
can be used for estimating/design. How can solution to part a) be used for
the overall solution to the flow separator. Outline the procedure (solution
is not required ).
5. A friction pump consists of a solid cylinder of diameter D and length W
that rotates clockwise at a constant angular speed Ω inside a hollow coaxial
cylinder of inside diameter D + 2h, as shown in Figure 2. The fluid flow
into the pump is pulled clockwise through a complete circle by the friction
with the moving inner cylinder surface. The inflow and outflow passages
to the pump are separated by a membrane that prevents leakage from the
higher outflow pressure Pout to the lower inflow pressure Pin .
a) Which components of velocity are non-zero, and what will they be func-
tions of?
b) Simplify the Navier Stokes equations given your answer in a).
c) Write non-zero components of stress tensors σ and τ and strain rate
tensor.
6. WWW
 Using the Navier Stokes equations, find the differential equation for a radial
flow in which vz = vθ = 0 and vr = f (r). Using mass balance, show that
the solution to the equation does not involve viscosity.
Parnes: Chapter 10 - for next two questions
Pressure vessels are part of most of process industries. They are used for
storage of liquids and gases. The design of these vessels require assessment
of stresses/strains, so that failure can be avoided.
7. Write the displacement field in the thin pressure vessel. Assume the fol-
lowing (assume isotropic material, Hooke’s law):
a) Pressure vessel is cylindrical.
b) Due to high pressure, inside the pressure vessel expands in radial direc-
tion.
c) Thickness of vessel is small.
8. Find expression for hoop tress (θθ component) in the pressure vessel, by
assuming σrr to be ∼ 0 (assume isotropic material, Hooke’s law).
9. Derive expression to relate the trace of stress tensor to trace of strain tensor
for Hooke’s law (assume isotropic material).
10. Following are the stress strain relations of Hooke’s law for a transversely
isotropic material:

Ex
C44 = 2A

a) How many constants are required to specify stress-strain relations in

case of transversely isotropic materials? The number of constants required
to specify Hooke’s law stress-strain relations in isotropic materials is 2.
 b) Use suitable assumptions for the constants in part a) to show how do
these relations reduce to the isotropic Hooke’s law.
11. The use of linear momentum balance in case of solid and fluid mechanics:
Carry out the analysis in terms of number of equations / variables for
the following system of governing equations (as written in goveq.pdf; from
course webpage):
a) Mass balance and Navier Stokes equations
b) Mass balance and equilibrium relations
12. Navier Cauchy equations (similar to Navier Stokes equations for velocity)
are written in terms of displacements. In the equilibrium relations, stress
is replaced by strain and then strain is replaced in terms of displacements.
These are written in wikipedia as follows,

µ∇2 u + (λ + µ) [grad (divu)] = 0 (1)

Derive these equations from the equilibrium relations.