GOVT.

POLYTECHNIC, MAYURBHANJ

TIKARPADA
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
POWER ELECTRONICS AND PLC LABORATORY MANUAL
5th SEM. ELECTRICAL
DOS

 It is COMPULSORY to wear covered shoes when entering the lab.

 You must keep your bags at the designated area. Bags should NOT
be placed on or under the workbench.
 Chairs and stools should be kept under the workbenches when not
in use. Sit upright on chairs or stools, keeping feet on the floor.
 Follow the instructions of your lab demonstrator while conducting
the experiments.
 In an emergency, all power in this lab can be switched off by
pressing the button on the main breaker panel. It is to be used for
emergencies ONLY.

DON’TS

 Do NOT transfer equipment to other workbench or other labs

without permission.
 Do NOT touch any equipment until you are told to do so.
 Wearing a ring or watch can be hazardous in an electrical lab
since such items make good electrodes for the human body
 NO food and drinks are allowed in this lab.
 NEVER touch any equipment’s or components with wet or damp
hands.

2
 Pr.2 POWER ELECTRONICS & PLC LAB
Name of the Course: Diploma in Electrical Engineering
Course code: Pr.2 Semester 5th
Total Period: 45 Examination 3hrs
Lab. periods: 3 P / week Term Work 25
Maximum marks: 75 End Semester 50
Examination:

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

(I) Power Electronics

1. Study of switching characteristics of a power transistor.

2. Study of V-I characteristics of SCR.

3. Study of V-I characteristics of TRIAC.

4. Study of V-I characteristics of DIAC.

5. Study of drive circuit for SCR & TRIAC using DIAC.

6. Study of drive circuit for SCR & TRIAC using UJT.

7. To study phase controlled bridge rectifier using resistive load.

8. To study series Inverter.

9. Study of voltage source Inverter.

10. To perform the speed control of DC motor using Chopper.

11. To study single-phase Cyclo-converter.

(II) PLC Programming

1. Introduction/Familiarization PLC Trainer & its Installation with PC

(a) Learn the basics and hardware components of PLC.

(b) Understand configuration of PLC system.

3
(c) Study various building blocks of PLC.

(d) Determine the No. of digital I/O & Analog I/O.

2. Execute the different Ladder Diagrams

(a) Demonstrate PLC and Ladder diagram-Preparation downloading and running.

(b) Execute Ladder diagrams for different Logical Gates.

(c) Execute Ladder diagrams using timers & counters.

3. Execute the Ladder Diagrams with model applications.

(i) DOL starter (ii) Star- Delta starter.

4. Execute Ladder diagrams with model applications (i) Stair case lighting (ii)

Traffic light controller.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SI.No Name of the Experiments Pages
Power Electronics
1 Study of switching characteristics of a power transistor 6-7
2 Study of V-I characteristics of SCR 8-11
3 Study of V-I characteristics of TRIAC 12-16
4 Study of V-I characteristics of DIAC 17-19
5 Study of drive circuit for SCR & TRIAC using DIAC 20-21
6 Study of drive circuit for SCR & TRIAC using UJT 22-23
7 To study phase controlled bridge rectifier using resistive load 24-29
8 To study series Inverter 30-32
9 Study of voltage source Inverter 33-34
10 To perform the speed control of DC motor using Chopper 35-37
11 To study single-phase Cyclo-converter 38-41
PLC Programming 42-76

1 Introduction/Familiarization PLC Trainer & its Installation with

PC
(a) Learn the basics and hardware components of PLC
(b) Understand configuration of PLC system
(c) Study various building blocks of PLC
(d) Determine the No. of digital I/O & Analog I/O
2 Execute the different Ladder Diagrams
(a) Demonstrate PLC and Ladder diagram-Preparation downloading
and running
(b) Execute Ladder diagrams for different Logical Gates
(c) Execute Ladder diagrams using timers & counters
3 Execute the Ladder Diagrams with model applications
(i) DOL starter
(ii) Star- Delta starter
4 Execute Ladder diagrams with model applications
(i) Stair case lighting
(ii) Traffic light controller

5
 Experiment No: 01

1. AIM-Switching Characteristics of Transistor.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. Apparatus Specification Quantity

1 CRO 0-20MHz (Dual 1No.

Channel)
2 Function Generator 1Hz– 1 MHz 1No.
3 Resistor 1Kῼ-100Kῼ 1No. each
4 Transistor BC l07 1No.
5 D.C Power Supply 0-30V 1No.
6 Connecting wires - As required
7 Bread board - 1No.

Theory:

The Transistor can act as a switch. To operate the transistor as a switch, it has to be
operated in saturation region for ON state and to be operated in cut off region
for OFF state.

Power BJT has 3 terminals — collector, base and emitter. It is a current controlled
device. It is the base current that controls the device

Power Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) has 3

terminals — Drain, Source and Gate. It is a voltage controlled device. It is the gate
voltage that controls the device.

6
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) has 3 terminals — Collector, Emitter
and Gate. It is also a voltage controlled device. It is the gate voltage that controls
the device.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above figure.

2. Apply the Square wave of 4 Vp-p at frequency of l KHz.
3. Observe the waveforms at Collector and Base of the transistor and plot it.

CONCLUSION:

Hence, we verified the above experiment.

7
 Experiment No: 02

1. AIM: Study of V-I characteristics of SCR

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI.No Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 SCR Kit 1
2 Voltmeter 0- 50V DC 1
3 Ammeter 0-500 mA DC 1
4 Ammeter 0-25mA DC 1
5 Resister 100omh 1
6 Patch cards - As per required

3. THEORY:

An elementary circuit diagram for obtaining static V-I characteristics of a thyristor

is shown in Fig. (a). The anode and cathode are connected to main source through
the load. The gate and cathode are fed from a source Es which provides positive
gate current from gate to cathode.
8
Fig. (b) Shows static V-I characteristics of a thyristor. Here Va is the anode voltage
across thyristor terminals A, K and Ia is the anode current. Typical SCR V-I
characteristicshown in Fig. (b) reveals that a thyristor has three basic modes of
operation; namely, reverse blocking mode, forward blocking (off-state) mode and
forward conduction (on-state) mode. These three modes of operation are now
discussed below:

Reverse Blocking Mode: When cathode is made positive with respect to anode
with switch S open, Fig. (a), thyristor is reverse biased. Junctions J1 J3 are seen to
be reverse biased whereas junction J2 is forward biased. The device behaves as if
two diodes are connected in series with reverse voltage applied across them. A
small leakage current of the order of a few mill amperes (or a few microamperes
depending upon the SCR rating) flows. This is reverse blocking mode, called the
off-state, of the thyristor. If the reverse voltage is increased, then at a critical
breakdown level, called reverse break-down voltage VBR, an avalanche occurs at
J1 and J3 and the reverse current increases rap-idly. A large current associated with
VBR gives rise to more losses in the SCR. This may lead to thyristor damage as
the junction temperature may exceed its permissible temperature rise. It should,
therefore, be ensured that maximum working reverse voltage across a thyristor
does not exceed VBR. When reverse voltage applied across a thyristor is less than
VBR, the device offers high impedance in the reverse direction. The SCR in the
reverse blocking mode may therefore be treated as an open switch.

Note that V-I characteristic after avalanche breakdown during reverse blocking
mode is applicable only when load resistance is zero, Fig.(b). In case load
resistance is present, a large anode current associated with avalanche breakdown at
VBR would cause substantial voltage drop across load and as a result, V-I
characteristic in third quadrant would bend to the right of vertical line drawn at
VBR.

Forward Blocking Mode: When anode is positive with respect to the cathode,
with gate circuit open, thyristor is said to be forward biased. It is seen from this
figure that junctions J1, J3 are forward biased but junction J2 is reverse biased. In
this mode, a small current, called forward leakage current, flows. In case the
forward voltage is increased, then the reverse biased junction J2 will have an
avalanche breakdown at a voltage called forward break over voltage VB0. When
forward voltage is less than VBO, SCR offers high impedance. Therefore, a
thyristor can be treated as an open switch even in the forward blocking mode.
9
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

5. PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

 The value of gate current IG, is set to convenient value by adjusting VGG.
 By varying the anode cathode voltage VAA gradually in step by step, note
down the cor-responding values of VAK and IA. Note down VAK and IA at
the instant of firing of SCRand after firing (by reducing the voltmeter ranges
and ammeter ranges) then increase the supply voltage VAA. Note down
corresponding values of VAK and IA.
 The point at which SCR fires, gives the value of break over voltage VBO.
 A graph of VAK V/S IA is to be plotted.
 The on state resistance can be calculated from the graph by using a formula.
 The gate supply voltage VGG is to be switched off.
 Observe the ammeter reading by reducing the anode cathode supply voltage
VAA .The point at which ammeter reading suddenly goes to zero gives the
value of holding current IH
 Steps no.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 are repeated for another value of gate current IG.

10
6. OBSERVATION:

For forward bias

SI.No Voltage (V) Current (mA)

For reverse bias

SI.No Voltage (V) Current (μA)

7. CONCLUSION:

The V-I characteristics of silicon controlled rectifier is plotted on the graph which
is true according to theory.

11
 Experiment No: 03

1. AIM: Study of V-I characteristics of TRIAC

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI.No Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 TRIAC KIT 1
2 Voltmeter 0- 50V DC 1
3 Ammeter 0-50 mA DC 1
4 Ammeter 0-25mA DC 1
5 Resister 100omh 2
6 Patch cards - As per required

3. THEORY:

V-I characteristics of TRIAC

12
Typical V-I characteristics of a triacare shown in figure. The triac has on and off
state characteristics similar to SCR but now the characteristic is applicable to both
positive and negative voltages. This is expected because triac consists of two SCRs
connected in parallel but opposite in directions.

MT2 is positive with respect to MTX in the first quadrant and it is negative in the
third quad rant. As already said in previous blog posts, the gate triggering may
occur in any of the following four modes.

Quadrant I operation: VMT2, positive; VG1 positive

Quadrant II operation: VMT21 positive; VGl negative
Quadrant III operation: VMT21 negative; VGl negative
Quadrant IV operation: VMT21 negative; VG1 positive

Where VMT21 and VGl are the voltages of terminal MT2 and gate with respect to
terminal MT1.

The device, when starts conduction permits a very heavy amount of current to flow
through it. This large inrush of current must be restricted by employing external
resistance; otherwise the device may get damaged.

The gate is the control terminal of the device. By applying proper signal to the
gate, the firing angle of the device can be controlled. The circuits used in the gate
for triggering the device are called the gate-triggering circuits. The gate-triggering
circuits for the triac are almost same like those used for SCRs. These triggering
circuits usually generate trigger pulses for firing the device. The trigger pulse
should be of sufficient magnitude and duration so that firing of the device is
assured. Usually, duration of 35 us is sufficient for sustaining the firing of the
device.

A typical triac has the following voltage/current values:

 Instantaneous on-state voltage – 1.5 Volts

 On-state current – 25 Amperes

 Holding current, IH - 75 Milli Amperes

 Average triggering current, IG – 5 Milli Amperes

13
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

14
5. PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Adjust the value of Ig to zero or some minimum value.
3. By varying the voltage (Vmt1mt2) from 0- 10v, note down the corresponding
values of current ( I1).
4. Now apply the gate voltage gradually, until SCR fires, then note down the
values of Ig and also the values of Vmt1mt2 and I1.
5. Increase Vm to some value and note down Vmt1mt2 and I1.
6. Reduce the gate voltage to zero; observe ammeter reading by reducing Vm
which gives the values of IH (Holding current) at the point at which, current
suddenly drops to zero.
7. Repeat the above process 2,3,4,5,6 for different values of break over
voltages.

8. Plot the graph of Vmt1mt2 Vs I1

6. OBSERVATION:

For forward bias

SI.No Voltage (V) Current (mA)

15
For reverse bias

SI.No Voltage (V) Current (μA)

7. CONCLUSION:

The V-I characteristics of TRIAC is plotted on the graph which is true according to
theory.

16
 Experiment No: 04

1. AIM: Study of V-I characteristics of DIAC

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI.No Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 DIAC KIT 1
2 Voltmeter 0- 50V DC 1
3 Ammeter 0-50 mA DC 1
4 Ammeter 0-25mA DC 1
5 Resister 100omh 2
6 Patch cards - As per required

3. THEORY:
A diac is an important member of the thyristor family and is usually employed for
trigger-ing triacs. A diac is a two-electrode bidirectional avalanche diode which
can be switched from off-state to the on-state for either polarity of the applied
voltage. This is just like a triacwithout gate terminal, as shown in figure. Its
equivalent circuit is a pair of inverted four layer diodes. Two schematic symbols
are shown in figure. Again the terminal designations are arbitrary since the diac,
like triac, is also a bilateral device. The switching from off-state to on-state is
achieved by simply exceeding the avalanche break down voltage in either
direction.

17
Volt-ampere characteristic of a diac is shown in figure. It resembles the English
letter Z because of the symmetrical switching characteristics for either polarity of
the applied volt-age.
The diac acts like an open-circuit until it‘s switching or break over voltage is
exceeded. At that point the diac conducts until its current reduces toward zero
(below the level of the holding current of the device). The diac, because of its
peculiar construction, does not switch sharply into a low voltage condition at a low
current level like the SCR or triac. In-stead, once it goes into conduction, the diac
maintains an almost continuous negative resistance characteristic, that is, voltage
decreases with the increase in current. This means that, unlike the SCR and the
triac, the diac cannot be expected to maintain a low (on) voltage drop until its
current falls below a holding current level.

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

5. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the millimeter, DIAC, Voltmeter to the circuit.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Increase the supply voltage in steps; note the corresponding currents and
voltages for each step.
4. Plot the graph of VI characteristics.
5. Reverse the terminal of DIAC. Increase the supply voltage in steps; note the
corresponding currents and voltages for each step.
6. Plot the graph of VI characteristics.
18
6. OBSERVATION:

For forward bias

SI.No Voltage (V) Current (mA)

For reverse bias

SI.No Voltage (V) Current (μA)

7. CONCLUSION:

The V-I characteristics of DIAC is plotted on the graph which is true according to
theory.

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 EXPERIMENT NO- 5

1. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Study of drive circuit for SCR & TRIAC using DIAC.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL. No. Name of the Equipment Quantity

1 Drive circuit for SCR and TRIAC using 1

DIAC kit

2 Lamp (50V) 1

3 CRO 1

3. THEORY:
SCR‘s and Triacs, we saw that in ON-OFF switching applications, these devices
could be triggered by simple circuits producing steady state gate currents as shown.

When switch, S1 is open no gate current flows and the lamp is ―OFF‖. When
switch S1 is closed, gate current IG flows and the SCR conducts on the positive half
cycles only as it is operating in quadrant Ι.

We remember also that once gated ―ON‖, the SCR will only switch ―OFF‖ again
when its supply voltage falls to values such that its Anode current, IA is less than
the value of its holding current, IH.

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

20
5. PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the lamp at load terminal.
3. Switch ON the mains supply, vary the firing angle potentiometer and
Observe the variation in lamp brightness and also note down the voltage(AC
volts) variation across the lamp using multimeter.
4. Write down these readings in table.

5. Observe the wave form.

6. OBSERVATION:

SL. Input Voltage AC in Firing angle in Output voltage DC

NO. volts degrees in Volts

7. CONCLUSION:

Drive circuit for SCR and TRIAC using DIAC is studied.

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 EXPERIMENT NO- 6

1. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Study of drive circuit for SCR & TRIAC using UJT.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL. No. Name of the Equipment Range Quantity

1 Drive circuit for SCR and 1

TRIAC using UJT kit

2 Resistive load 25 watt 1

3 CRO 1

3. THEORY:

UJT Triggering circuit: A unit junction transistor (UJT) is an electronic

semiconductor device that has only one junction. The UJT has three terminals: an
emitter (E) and two bases (B1 and B2). The base is formed by lightly doped n-type
bar of silicon. Two ohmic contacts B1 and B2 are attached at its ends. The emitter
is of p-type and it is heavily doped. The resistance between B1 and B2, when the
emitter is open-circuited is called inter base resistance.

Initially the capacitor charges through R whose voltage is applied to the emitter
of UJT. When the capacitor voltage reaches peak point voltage of UJT.
The UJT will switch to ON condition. Now the capacitor discharges through the
output resistance. Thus the pulse is generated in the circuit.

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

22
5. PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram given above.
2. The R Load must be 60W bulb.
3. When the load is Rheostat, then it must be in maximum position.
4. Turn on the SW2 and observe the waveform across between G1&K1
5. Turn ON SW1 and observe the waveform across the R load.
6. Measure the X-axis time interval of ON time of Load Voltage and OFF
Time of Load Voltage.
7. Adjust the value of Firing angle and note down the load voltage.
8. Repeat the step 6.
9. Repeat the experiment for different values of α and note down Vo.

6. OBSERVATION:

Sl. NO. Firing Angle Load Voltage

7. CONCLUSION:

UJT triggering circuit using SCR and TRIAC is constructed and found the load
voltage for various firing angles.

23
 Experiment No: 07

1. AIM:To study phase controlled bridge rectifier using resistive load.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI.No Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 Single Phase Fully 1
Controlled Bridge
Rectifier module
2 CRO with probes 20MHz 1
3 Resistive load 500ῼ,1Kῼ 2
4 Multi Meter - 1
5 Ammeter (0-1A,MC) 1
6 RPS , Dual Channel 0-30V 1
7 Transformer 230/0-30V 230/00-30V 1
8 Connecting wire - As required

3. THEORY:

One important application of an SCR is the controlled half wave

rectification. The AC supply to be rectified is supplied at the anode. Let the peak
inverse voltage appearing across secondary is less than the reverse breakdown
voltage of the SCR. This ensures that SCR will not breakdown during negative half
cycles of AC supply. The circuit action can be explained as follows:.

i. During the negative half cycles of AC voltage appearing across secondary,

the SCR doesn‘t conduct irrespective of the gate voltage. In this condition
anode is negative w.r.t cathode and also PIV is less than reverse breakdown
voltage.
ii. The SCR will conduct during positive half cycles provided proper gate
current is made to flow. The larger the gate current, the lesser the supply
voltage at which SCR is turned ON.

The SCR half-wave rectifier can be compared with the ordinary half-wave
rectifier. The ordinary half-wave rectifier will conduct full positive half-cycle
whereas SCR half-wave rectifier can be made to conduct full or part of a positive
half-cycle adjusting the gate current. Therefore, an SCR can control power fed to
the load and hence the name controlled rectifier.
24
 The SCR full wave rectifier, in all respects resembles the
ordinary center tap circuit except that the two diodes have been replaced by two
SCR‘s. The gates of both SCR‘s get their supply from the two gates controls. One
SCR conducts during the positive half cycle and the other during the negative half-
cycle. Thus, full wave rectified output is obtained across the load. During the
positive half-cycle of AC across secondary, the upper end of secondary is positive
and lower end negative. SCR1 will conduct. During the negative half-cycle of AC
input the upper end of secondary becomes and the lower end positive. Now SCR2
will conduct it may be noted that current through the load is in the same direction
on both half-cycles of input AC. The advantage of this circuit over ordinary full-
wave rectifier circuit is that by adjusting the gate currents, the conduction angle
and so the output voltage can be changed.

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(Controlled bridge rectifier using resistive load)

25
5. PROCEDURE:

For Half Wave Rectifier

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. (1) by connecting the dotted line
through patch cords.
2. To observe the change in phase angle connect CRO across voltmeter points.
Connect load resistance (RL) in circuit by connecting dotted line though
patch cord. Also connect voltmeter, milli ammeter& AC voltmeter in the
circuit through patch cords.
3. Set the load Resistance RL to 1 KΩ and switch ON the instrument as well as
CRO.
4. Now set the VR1 Potentiometer to get complete half wave rectified signal on
CRO. Note down Average DC Voltage, DC Current & AC Ripples.
Calculate the value of Ripple factor by using formula.

Ripple Factor = AC Ripples (Voltage) / DC Voltage

(Standard value of Ripple Factor = 1.21)

26
 5. Now change the firing angle of SCR by varying potentiometer VR1 and
every time note down the observations of Average DC voltage, Current &
AC Ripples. Also note down Firing Angle from CRO.
6. Also note down the observations of Voltage, Current & AC Ripples by
varying the Load Resistances (RL).

For Full Wave Rectifier

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.(2) by connecting the dotted lines

through patch cords.
2. To observe the change in phase angle connect CRO across voltmeter
points. Connect load resistance (RL) in the circuit by connecting dotted
line through patch cord. Also connect voltmeter, milli ammeter& AC
voltmeter in the circuit through patch cords.
3. Set the load Resistance RL to 1 KΩ and switch ON the instrument as
well as CRO.
4. Now set VR1& VR2 Potentiometer to get complete full wave rectified
signal on CRO. Note down average DC voltage, DC current & AC
ripples. Calculate the value of Ripple factor by using formula :
Ripple Factor = AC Ripples (Voltage) / DC Voltage
(Standard value of Ripple Factor = 0.48)
5. Now change the firing angle of SCR by varying potentiometer VR 1&
VR2 and every time note down the observations of Average DC voltage,
Current & AC Ripples. Also note down firing angle from CRO.
6. Also note down the observations of Voltage, Current & AC supplies by
varying the load resistance (RL).

For Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. (3) by connecting the dotted line
through patch cords.
2. To observe the change in phase angle connect CRO across voltmeter points.
Connect load Resistance (RL) in the circuit by connecting dotted line
through patch cord. Also connect Voltmeter, millimeter& AC Voltmeter in
the circuit through patch cords.
3. Set the Load Resistance (RL) to 1KΩ and switch ON the instrument as well
as CRO.

27
 4. Now set the VR1, VR2, VR3, VR4 Potentiometers to get complete full wave
rectified (Through Bridge circuit) signal on CRO. Note down average DC
voltage, DC current & AC ripples. Calculate the value of Ripple factor using
formula:

Ripple Factor = AC Ripples (Voltage) / DC Voltage

(Standard value of ripple factor = 0.48)

5. Now change the firing angle of SCR by varying potentiometer VR1, VR2,
VR3 & VR4 every time note down the observations of Average DC voltage,
Current & AC Ripples. Also note down Firing Angle from CRO.
6. Also note down the observations of Voltage, Current & AC Ripples by
varying the Load Resistances (RL).

6. OBSERVATION:

For Half Wave Rectifier

Firing DC voltage DC Load Ripple Ripple

Angle current Resistance (AC Factor=
voltage) AC
volts/DC
volts

For Full wave Rectifier

Firing DC voltage DC Load Ripple Ripple

Angle current Resistance (AC Factor=
voltage) AC
volts/DC
volts

28
For Bridge Rectifier

Firing DC voltage DC Load Ripple Ripple

Angle current Resistance (AC Factor=
voltage) AC
volts/DC
volts

7. CONCLUSION:

From the above experiment we studied the phase controlled bridge rectifier using
resistive load.

29
 Experiment No: 08

1. AIM:To study series Inverter.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 Series Inverter Module 1
2 CRO 30MHz 1
3 Capacitor 2
4 Inductor 1
5 Connecting wire - As per required
6 Patch cards - As per required

3. THEORY:

The commutating components L and C are connected in series with the load
therefore this inverter is called as SERIES INVERTER. The value of commutating
components is selected such that the circuit becomes under damped. The
anode current itself becomes zero in this inverter resulting the SCR turns off
automatically therefore this inverter is also called as self commutated or load
commutated inverter.
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

30
 MODEL GRAPH

5. PROCEDURE:

 To begin with switch on the power supply to the firing circuit check
that trigger pulses by varying thefrequency.
 Connections are made as shown in the circuitdiagram.

 Now connect trigger outputs from the firing circuits to gate and
cathode of SCRs T1 &T2.
 Connect DC input from a 30v/2A regulated power supply and
switch on the input DCsupply.
 Now apply trigger pulses to SCRs and observe voltage waveform
across theload.

31
  Measure Vorms& frequency of o/p voltagewaveform.

6. OBSERVATION:

Sl.No Amplitude in Volt TON (ms) TOFF (ms)

7. CONCLUSION:
Thus the operation of a series inverter is studied.

32
 Experiment No: 09

1. AIM:Study of voltage source Inverter.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL. NO. EQUIPMENT Specification QUANTITY

REQUIRED

1 inverter kit 1

2 CRO 1

3. THEORY:
Inverters are static power converters that produce an AC output waveform from a
DC power supply. They are applied in adjustable AC speed drives, Uninterruptible
Power Supplies (UPS), shunt active power filter, etc. For sinusoidal AC outputs,
the magnitude, frequency, and phase should be controllable. If a DC input is a
voltage source, then the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI).

According to a number of phases, inverters are classified into two types

1. Single Phase Voltage Source Inverter

2. Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:(Single Phase Voltage Source Inverter)

33
 (Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter)

5. PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the firing circuit.

2. Observe the trigger outputs by varying frequency potentiometer and by
operating ON/OFF switch.
3. Then connect input DC supply to the power circuit. Connect trigger outputs
to Gate and Cathode of SCR.
4. Apply trigger pulses to SCR 4.
5. Observe voltage waveforms across load. Output voltage is square wave
only.
6. Vary the load, vary the frequency and observe waveforms.

6. CONCLUSION:

Hence we verified the above experiment.

34
 Experiment No: 10

1. AIM:To perform the speed control ofDC motor using Chopper.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.No Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 Power electronic kit 1
2 Servo motor 1
3 DSO 1
4 Connecting lead As per required

3. THEORY:

Circuit diagram is shown in fig. (1) and it consist of RC network which

control the speed of motor. There are two method of Triggering to SCR using RC
network. They are explained below and we are using RC half wave circuit to
control the speed of motor .SCR is here acting as an half wave rectifier and allows
only half cycle of ac signal to the armature. This is an method of voltage control of
armature by using SCR whose firing angle is varied and accordingly voltage of
armature is varied.

RC FIRING CIRCUITS:

The limited range of firing angle control by resistance firing circuit can be
overcome by RC firing circuit .There are several variations of RC trigger circuits.
Here only two of them are presented.

(i) RC Half wave Trigger Circuit

By varying the value of R ,firing angle can be controlled from 0-180.In

negative half cycle ,capacitor c charges through resistance with lower plate
positive to the peak supply voltage Vm at wt = -900.after wt= -900 ,sources voltage
VS decreases from –Vm to zero. During this period capacitor voltage VC may fall
from –Vm at wt=-900 to some lower value at wt=00. Now, as the SCR anode
voltage passes through zero and becomes positive, C begins to charge through
variable resistance R from the initial voltage. When capacitor charges to positive
voltage equal to gate trigger voltage Vgt SCR is fired and after this capacitor holds

35
to a small positive voltage. Diode D1 is used to prevent the breakdown of cathode
to gate junction the negative half cycle. Firing angle α cannot lay to zero or 1800.

The SCR will trigger when VC = Vgt+ Vd, where Vd is the voltage drop
across diode D1. At the instant of triggering, if VC is assumed constant, the current
Igt must be supplied by voltage source through R, D1 and gate to cathode circuit.
Hence the maximum value of R is given by

Vs≥ Rlgt+ Vc

Or Vs ≥ Rlgt+ Vgt + Vd
Vs−Vdt−Vd
Or R ≤
Idt

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

36
5. PROCEDURE:

1. Connect motor unit with main unit through patch cords as per the ckt diagram.
2. Connect the main lead of instrument in the mains plug. Keep ―SET SPEED”
potentiometer at minimum position initially i.e. fully anticlockwise and switch ON
the instrument.
3. Very the speed of motor using ―SET SEED‖ potentiometer slowly. Note down
the reading on the current meter at equal interval of voltage in the observation table
given in the procedure.
4. Connect the CRO across the SCR using attenuation lead and observe different
wave form at different firing angle.

(Timing Diagram of Output Waveforms from the Chopper Circuit)

6. CONCLUSION:

Hence we proved the experiment and traced the wave form.

37
 Experiment No: 11

1. AIM:To study single-phase Cyclo-converter.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.No Apparatus Specification Quantity

1 Cycloconverter power 1
ckt.with firing ckt.
2 Transformer 230V(150V-15V) 1
3 Rheostat 100ῼ/2A 1
4 Multimeter 1
5 CRO 30MHz 1
5 Connecting wire - As per required
6 Patch cards - As per required

3. THEORY:

A cycloconverter converts input power at one frequency to output power at a

different frequency with one stage conversion. Cycloconverter is used in speed
Control of high power AC drives, induction heating etc.

The circuit shown is for obtaining single phase frequency divided output from a
single phase AC input. One group of SCR‘s produces positive polarity load voltage
and other group produces negative half cycle of the output. SCR‘s T1 andT3 of the
positive group are gated together depending on the polarity of the input, only one
of them will conduct, when upper AC terminal is positive with respect too, SCR
T1will conduct and when upper AC terminal is negative, SCR T3willconduct thus
in both half cycles of input, the load voltage polarity will be positive by changing
firing angle, the duration of conducting of each SCR (and there by the magnitude
of the output voltage) can be varied.

For the sake of simplicity it is assumed that the load is positive. Then each SCR
will have a conduction angle of (π –α) and turn off by natural commutation at the
end of every half cycle of the input. At the end of each half period of the output,
the firing pulses to the SCR‘sof the positive group will be stopped and SCR‘s T2
and T4 of the negative group will be fired.

38
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

39
5. PROCEDURE:

 The connections are made as shown in the circuit of single phase

 Cycloconverter with Motor Load with divided by 2 frequency.
 The gate cathode terminals of the thyristors are connected to the
 Respective points on the firing module.
 Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct
 Before switching on the equipment.
 Switch ON unit.
 The output wave forms are seen on a CRO.
 The firing angle is varied and AC output voltage across the load is noted.
 A graph of Vacverses load voltage is plotted.
 Repeat the above procedure for divided by four frequencies.

40
6. OBSERVATION:

Frequency divided by 2

SI.No Firing angle α (degrees) Load voltage in volts RPM

using AC voltmeter in
volts
0
1 180

2 1500

3 1200

4 900

5 600

6 300

7 00

7. CONCLUSION:

Thus the operation of a single-phase Cyclo-converter is studied.

 PLC LAB
Learn the basics and hardware components of PLC
The basic elements of a PLC include input modules or points, a Central Processing Unit
(CPU), output modules or points, and a programming device. The type of input modules
or points used by a PLC depends upon the types of input devices used. Some input
modules or points respond to digital inputs, also called discrete inputs, which are either
on or off. Other modules or inputs respond to analog signals.

PLC Hardware components

Alright, now that we‘ve got that out of the way, let‘s look at what we mean by the
term PLC Hardware. The Hardware components of a PLC include the following:
Processor, Power Supply, Input/output Modules, and a Programming Device.
Let‘s look at each piece of hardware, or module one at a time.
1) Power Supply
The Power Supply is connected to AC mains for the supply voltage.

The output of the Power supply is a DC voltage used to power all of the other modules
associated with the PLC.
The Power supply DOES NOT provide power for field devices.
2) Input/output modules