Systems Engineering

Experiment No. 8 : 7 QC Tools

[To be submitted in Word format]

Scatter Diagram

Example 1

A group of machine operators suspect that the machine speed affects the defect rate. To test this,
they keep track of the number of defects in same-sized batches produced at different machine
speeds. The results are as follows:

Machine Number Machine Number

Speed (rpm) of Defects Speed (rpm) of Defects
1900 10 2300 9
2450 17 2550 16
1800 12 2150 6
1850 14 1950 7
2000 6 2100 6
2350 15 2400 12
2200 7 2250 7

Plot a scatter diagram. What does the diagram indicate?

Example 2

The following data represents the digital-mode talk time in hours and the battery capacity in
milliampere-hours of cellphones.

Talk Time Battery Capacity Talk Time Battery Capacity

4.50 800 1.50 450
4.00 1500 2.25 900
3.00 1300 2.25 900
2.00 1550 3.25 900
2.75 900 2.25 700
1.75 875 2.25 800
1.75 750 2.50 800
2.25 1100 2.25 900
1.75 850 2.00 900

a. Construct a scatter diagram with battery capacity on the X axis and digital-mode talk time on
the Y axis. Determine linear correlation coefficient.
b. What conclusions can you reach about the relationship between the battery capacity and the
digital-mode talk time?
c. Would you expect the cellphones with higher battery capacity to have a higher talk time? Is this
borne out by the data?

Example 3

The data set below represents a random sample of 5 workers in a particular industry. The
productivity of each worker was measured at one point in time, and the worker was asked the
number of years of job experience. The response variable is productivity, measured in widgets
per day, and the predictor variable is experience, measured in years. Plot scatter diagram and
determine linear correlation coefficient.
Worker y=Productivity (widgets/day) x=Experience (years)
1 33 10
2 19 6
3 32 12
4 26 8
5 15 4
 Systems Engineering

Fishbone Diagram

Example 1
The operations manager of Checker Board Airlines at Port Columbus International Airport noticed
an increase in the number of delayed flight departures. Analyse all possible causes of that
problem to find the main source by constructing fishbone diagram.

Example 2

Consider the following situations:

i. You are always late to work (college)

ii. You buy a new appliance, and it won’t work

a. Draw a cause-and-effect (fishbone) diagram

b. To solve the problem, explain which of the causes from the diagram in (a) you would look
at first
 Systems Engineering

Histogram

Example 1

A pizza owner provides the following data set showing the number of pizzas on a Thursday night.
Data Set from last Thursday (Slices)

0212241312122434143223212212214221212212121212121222
1212112223142232221232242244122232212242124217212231
21121222122121222424

The owner of pizza shop wants a distribution of Thursday Night’s Pizza Sales using a histogram.
Interpret the distribution and comment on the pattern.

Example 2

A random sample of 50 observations of the mileage per gallon (mpg) of a particular brand of
gasoline is shown:
33.2 29.4 36.5 39.1 30.0
29.1 32.2 29.5 36.0 31.5
34.5 33.6 27.4 30.4 28.4
32.6 30.4 31.8 29.8 34.6
30.7 31.9 32.3 28.2 27.5
34.9 32.8 27.7 28.4 27.5
30.2 26.8 27.8 30.5 28.5
31.8 29.2 28.6 27.5 28.5
30.8 31.8 29.1 26.9 34.2
33.5 27.4 28.5 34.8 30.5

a. Construct a frequency histogram

b. Construct a relative frequency histogram and a cumulative frequency histogram
c. What conclusions can you draw regarding the product?
d. If the company has goal of a gas mileage of 31 mpg, is it achieving its objective?

Example 3

Consider the situation in example 3 above. The company, on further experimentation with product
development, has come up with a new brand of gasoline. A random sample of 30 observations
yields the following values for mileage per gallon:
32.9 31.5 34.3 36.8 35.0
29.4 33.2 37.8 35.0 32.7
28.5 30.4 32.6 31.5 30.6
35.8 36.4 34.2 35.0 33.5
31.8 32.5 28.4 33.8 35.1
30.2 33.0 34.6 32.4 32.0

a. Construct a frequency histogram

b. Has an improvement taken place in the product?
c. Is the company meeting its goal of a gas mileage of 31 mpg?
 Systems Engineering

Pareto Diagram

Example 1

The manager of a neighbourhood restaurant is concerned about the smaller numbers of

customers patronising his place. The number of complaints have been rising and he would like
some means of finding out what issues to address and of presenting the findings in a way his
employees can understand them

The manager surveyed his customers over several weeks and collected the following data:

Complaint Frequency
Discourteous server 12 Present the data in a way that shows which complaints
Slow service 42 are the most relevant.
Cold dinner 5
Cramped tables 20
Smoky air 10

Example 2

An analysis of defects of the output from a printing press produced the following results:

Type of Defect Frequency Rs. Value (Rs. 1000)

Paper particle build-up 40 3
Excessive temperature 80 7
Guides misaligned 50 2
Defective roller 20 1
Worn roller 60 2.5

a. Construct a Pareto diagram and discuss the results

b. If management has an allocation of Rs. 10000, which problem areas should they tackle?

Example 3

Data is gathered regarding the types of nonconformance in a textile mill. The table below lists the
problem areas, along with percentage of occurrence of each and the associated annual cost.
What which nonconformities should be addressed on priority by the government.

Types of Nonconformities in a Textile Mill

Problem Description % Occurrence Annual Cost
Type (Rs. 1000)
A Subpar quality of cotton 40 20
B Improper tension setting 20 6
C Inadequate operator training 14 3
D Bale storage problems 10 2
E Drop in hydraulic pressure 8 2
F Cutter not sharp 5 1.5
G Dye for use in color not adequate3 1.8
 Systems Engineering

Control Charts

Example 1

A quality control inspector at the Cocoa Fizz soft drink company has taken twenty-five
samples with four observations each of the volume of bottles filled. The data and the
computed means are shown in the table. Construct X-bar chart and R chart.
 Systems Engineering

Example 2

A quality control inspector at the Crunchy Potato Chip Company has taken 3 samples
with 4 observations each of the volume of bags filled. The data and the computed means
are shown in the following table:

Use the information in the table to develop control charts. Interpret whether process is in
control?