RRL 3

INTERNATIONAL
according to Fiona E Pelly, Sarah J Burkhart, Peter Dunn,(2018),Although the nutrient

requirements and dietary intake of athletes have been thoroughly investigated, little is known about the
influences on their food choice, particularly prior to and during competition. This study sought to
investigate factors that influence food selection of athletes at two similar international competition
events: the Melbourne 2006 and Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games. A secondary aim was to explore
differences in these factors between at each event given the culturally diverse locations. A survey
developed for this study was distributed to athletes in the village dining hall at both events. Athletes
scored a selection of factors influencing food choice on a scale of 1 (not important) to 5 (very
important). A total of 769 individuals completed the questionnaire in total, with 351 (46%) from Delhi
and 418 (54%) from Melbourne. Overall, athletes rated nutrient composition (M = 4.22), stage of
competition (M = 4.09), time of day (M = 4.02) and familiarity of the food (M = 4.07) higher than sensory
properties (smell M = 3.88; visual appearance M = 3.22) when making a food selection. Visual
appearance (p = 0.01), stage of competition (p < 0.001) and time of day (p = 0.01) had greater influence
in Delhi than Melbourne. Overall, a significantly higher proportion of female athletes rated smell (p <
0.001) and familiar food (p < 0.001) as important compared to males. The stage of competition and
nutrition composition was rated as very important by the greatest proportion of athletes from weight
category sports (61.9%) and endurance sports (57.9%) respectively. The influence of the coach and team
mates was less of an influence than other factors, but more so for athletes from Non-Western regions.
Further investigation of the various determinants and motives for food section of athletes from a range
of sports and cultures is warranted.
according to Fernanda Baeza Scagliusi, Bruno Gualano,(2020),Presence of eating disorders

symptoms, and body image perception and satisfaction were assessed using validated questionnaires.
Focus groups were held to discuss their attitudes toward eating and body image perception in more
detail. Little to no evidence of symptoms consistent with eating disorders was observed, and this was
supported by the qualitative data. However, some concerning practices and attitudes were described.
Negative emotional eating cycles appeared prevalent (e.g. feelings of anger, stress and anxiety creating
a desire to eat “junk foods”, followed by guilt and regret). Body image perception and attitudes toward
body weight’s influence on performance varied widely. Some athletes expressed a desire to lose weight
and believed that this would positively impact their performance, while others believed weight to be
irrelevant and focused on feeling strong and vital. Athletes believed their female counterparts
experienced far greater pressure to maintain low body weight and described some very concerning
practices. We conclude that eating disorders and disordered eating did not appear to be prevalent
among these elite male artistic gymnastics. However, some concerning attitudes and practices were
observed and should be addressed with nutritional support programmes encompassing psychological
and behavioural aspects of eating. These programmes should be extended to support staff and
significant others, in addition to athletes.
ASEAN
according to Klaas R Westerterp, Guy Plasqui,(2020),For the same BMI, South Asians have a higher
body fat percentage, a higher liver fat content and a more adverse metabolic profile than whites. South
Asians may have a lower fat oxidation than whites, which could result in an unfavorable metabolic
profile when exposed to increased high-fat foods consumption and decreased physical activity as in
current modern lifestyle.To determine substrate partitioning, liver fat accumulation and metabolic
profile in South Asian and white men in response to overfeeding with high-fat diet under sedentary
conditions in a respiration chamber.The 24-h fat oxidation as a percentage of total energy expenditure
did not differ between ethnicities (P = 0.30). Overfeeding increased liver fat content (P = 0.02), but the
increase did not differ between ethnicities (P = 0.64). In South Asians, overfeeding tended to increase
LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.08), tended to decrease glucose clearance (P = 0.06) and tended to elevate insulin
response (P = 0.07) slightly more than whites.Despite a similar substrate partitioning and similar
accretion of liver fat, overfeeding with high-fat under sedentary conditions tended to have more
adverse effects on the lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in South Asians
according to Venkata Ramana Yagnambhatt,(2020),Adolescence is a transitional phase of

development with the risk of adopting unhealthy behaviours, which is carried on to adulthood.
Adolescent athletes tend to resort to unhealthy eating habits resulting in eating disorders and other
clinical outcomes. Hence, it forms a crucial age to understand modifiable food habits and provide
appropriate counselling. In India, coaches closely monitor the adolescent athletes, even concerning their
eating habits due to the lack of multi-disciplinary support staff. Thus, our study aimed to understand the
perceptions of coaches towards food, appetite and nutrition of adolescent athletes using In-depth
interviews (IDI). Of all 14 coaches at the state-sponsored residential sports centre, 10 consented. The IDI
were conducted in a standardized manner and were recorded and transcribed. They were coded
manually, using the open and axial coding in the grounded theory approach to determine themes. They
considered nutrition as key to performance and consumption of higher animal protein as important.
Majority of them considered sprouts, dry fruits, fruits and vegetables as healthy foods, though were
unable to define the quantities nor nutrients therein. Coaches considered protein as “important”, while
fat as “unhealthy”. They also observed that athletes were avoiding fruits and vegetables, while
consuming more rice. Meal timing, fluid and supplement intake were considered essential for
international performance, albeit unaware of the specific requirements. Hygiene practices and peer
isolation were considered to affect food intake. This lacunae in the nutrition knowledge and the
modifiable nutrition practices explored can be targeted by developing a nutrition education and
assessment tool for coaches and junior athletes. Further, a long-term engagement of a nutritionist with
every sports academy in India is recommended.
LOCAL
according to Graeme L Close, James P Morton,(2016),Using an amalgamation of previously

studied “train‐low” paradigms, we tested the effects of reduced carbohydrate (CHO) but high leucine
availability on cell‐signaling responses associated with exercise‐induced regulation of mitochondrial
biogenesis and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). In a repeated‐measures crossover design, 11 males
completed an exhaustive cycling protocol with high CHO availability before, during, and after exercise
(HIGH) or alternatively, low CHO but high protein (leucine enriched) availability (LOW + LEU). Muscle
glycogen was different (P < 0.05) pre‐exercise (HIGH: 583 ± 158, LOW + LEU: 271 ± 85 mmol kg−1 dw)
but decreased (P < 0.05) to comparable levels at exhaustion (≈100 mmol kg−1 dw). Despite differences
(P < 0.05) in exercise capacity (HIGH: 158 ± 29, LOW + LEU: 100 ± 17 min), exercise induced (P < 0.05)
comparable AMPKα2 (3–4‐fold) activity, PGC‐1α (13‐fold), p53 (2‐fold), Tfam (1.5‐fold), SIRT1 (1.5‐fold),
Atrogin 1 (2‐fold), and MuRF1 (5‐fold) gene expression at 3 h post‐exercise. Exhaustive exercise
suppressed p70S6K activity to comparable levels immediately post‐exercise (≈20 fmol min−1 mg−1).
Despite elevated leucine availability post‐exercise, p70S6K activity remained suppressed (P < 0.05) 3 h
post‐exercise in LOW + LEU (28 ± 14 fmol min−1 mg−1), whereas muscle glycogen resynthesis (40 mmol
kg−1 dw h−1) was associated with elevated (P < 0.05) p70S6K activity in HIGH (53 ± 30 fmol min−1
mg−1). We conclude: (1) CHO restriction before and during exercise induces “work‐efficient”
mitochondrial‐related cell signaling but; (2) post‐exercise CHO and energy restriction maintains p70S6K
activity at basal levels despite feeding leucine‐enriched protein. Our data support the practical concept
of “fuelling for the work required” as a potential strategy for which to amalgamate train‐low paradigms
into periodized training programs.
according to Stephanie Scott, Cassey Muir,2016),Alcohol use peaks in early adulthood and can
contribute both directly and indirectly to unhealthy weight gain. This is the first qualitative study to
explore the links between unhealthy eating behaviour and heavy alcohol use in the social, emotional
and cultural lives of young adults. We conducted 45 in-depth interviews with 18–25-year-olds in North-
East England to inform development of a dual-focused intervention to reduce health risk due to excess
weight gain and alcohol use. Data were analysed thematically, following the principles of constant
comparison, resulting in three intersecting themes: (1) how food and alcohol consumption currently link
together for this population group; (2) influences upon linked eating and drinking behaviours and (3)
young adults’ feelings and concerns about linked eating and drinking behaviours. Socio-cultural, physical
and emotional links between food and alcohol consumption were an unquestioned norm among young
adults. Eating patterns linked to alcohol use were not tied only to hunger, but also to sociability,
traditions and identity. Young adults conceptualised and calculated risks to weight, appearance and
social status, rather than to long-term health. This study is the first to evidence the deeply
interconnected nature of food and alcohol consumption for many young adults. Findings have important
implications for intervention development, UK public health policy and practice, and point to a need for
similar research in other countries

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INTERNATIONAL

according to Fiona E Pelly, Sarah J Burkhart, Peter Dunn,(2018),Although the nutrient

according to Fernanda Baeza Scagliusi, Bruno Gualano,(2020),Presence of eating disorders

according to Venkata Ramana Yagnambhatt,(2020),Adolescence is a transitional phase of

according to Graeme L Close, James P Morton,(2016),Using an amalgamation of previously

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