Indefinite Integrals

A. INTEGRATION BY DEFINITIONS

Table of Elementary Indefinite Integrals.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
 11.

12.

13.

∫ sec x dx=ln|sec x tan x|+c

14.

∫ 1
x 2 +a2
dx =
1 −1 x
a
tan
a
+c()
15.

DISCUSSIONS FOR 1 - 13
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1.
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Let

Since the derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the
derivative of that function

By definition of indefinite integral,

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2.
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Let

 and 

Since the derivative of a sum is the sum of the derivatives,

By definition of indefinite integral,

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3.
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Since

it follows that
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4.
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Let x > 0; recall that

Now, let x < 0; by the Chain Rule,

By definition of indefinite integral,

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5.
==========================================================

Since

it follows that

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6.
==========================================================
Since

it follows that

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7.
==========================================================
Since

it follows that

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8.
==========================================================
Since

it follows that

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9.
==========================================================
Since

it follows that

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10.
==========================================================
Since

it follows that

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11.
==========================================================
Since

it follows that

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12.
==================================================================
Since

it follows that

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13.
==========================================================
Since

it follows that

B. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

C. INTEGRATION BY PARTS

A very useful technique for evaluating integrals is Integration by Parts:

It is derived from the
product formula for
derivatives. Sometimes it is more convenient to express this formula using
differentials:

Discussion:

d d d
[ f ( x ) g( x )]= f ( x ). g( x )+f ( x ) g( x )
Product Rule: dx dx dx nnn

d d d
∫ dx [ f (x )g( x ) ] dx=∫ dx f ( x ). g( x)dx+∫ f ( x) dx g( x )dx
d d
f (x )g( x )=∫ g ( x ) f ( x )dx+∫ f ( x ) g ( x )dx
dx dx
d d
∫ f ( x ) dx g( x )dx=f ( x ) g( x )−∫ g( x ) dx f (x )dx
∫ f ( x)g ' ( x)dx=f ( x)g ( x)−∫ g( x)f ' ( x)dx
Let u=f ( x ) and v =g ( x ) , then du=f ( x ) dx and dv=g ( x )dx . Substitution
' '

to this formula, we have

∫ u dv=uv−∫ v du
Examples:

1.
Solution [Using Flash] [Using Java]

2.
Solution [Using Flash] [Using Java]

3.
Solution [Using Flash] [Using Java]
 4.
Solution [Using Flash] [Using Java]

5.
Solution [Using Flash] [Using Java]

6.
Solution [Using Flash] [Using Java]

REFERENCE:

http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/4/int_by_parts.3/

D. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

The numerator is definitely not the derivative of the denominator nor is it a

constant multiple of the derivative of the denominator.

then the integral is actually quite simple.

3 x+ 11 4 1
∫ x 2−x−6 dx =∫ x−3 − x +2 dx=4 ln|x−3|−ln|x+ 2|+c

This process of taking a rational expression and decomposing it into simpler

rational expressions that we can add or subtract to get the original rational
expression is called partial fraction decomposition.  Many integrals involving
rational expressions can be done if we first do partial fractions on the integrand.
 
So, let’s do a quick review of partial fractions.  We’ll start with a rational
expression in the form,

where both P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and the degree of P(x) is smaller than the
degree of Q(x).  Recall that the degree of a polynomial is the largest exponent in the
polynomial.   Partial fractions can only be done if the degree of the numerator is
strictly less than the degree of the denominator.  That is important to remember.
 
So, once we’ve determined that partial fractions can be done we factor the
denominator as completely as possible.  Then for each factor in the denominator we
can use the following table to determine the term(s) we pick up in the partial
fraction decomposition.
 

Factor in Term in partial

denominator fraction decomposition

,   
 
Notice that the first and third cases are really special cases of the second and fourth
cases respectively.
 
There are several methods for determining the coefficients for each term and we
will go over each of those in the following examples.
 
Let’s start the examples by doing the integral above.
 
Example 1  Evaluate the following integral.

                                                            
Solution
The first step is to factor the denominator as much as possible and get the form of the
partial fraction decomposition.  Doing this gives,

                                                 

The next step is to actually add the right side back up.

                                           

Now, we need to choose A and B so that the numerators of these two are equal for every x. 
To do this we’ll need to set the numerators equal.

                                                 

Note that in most problems we will go straight from the general form of the decomposition
to this step and not bother with actually adding the terms back up.  The only point to adding
the terms is to get the numerator and we can get that without actually writing down the
results of the addition.

At this point we have one of two ways to proceed.  One way will always work, but is often
more work.  The other, while it won’t always work, is often quicker when it does work.  In
this case both will work and so we’ll use the quicker way for this example.  We’ll take a
look at the other method in a later example.

What we’re going to do here is to notice that the numerators must be equal for any x that we
would choose to use.  In particular the numerators must be equal for   and  . 
So, let’s plug these in and see what we get.
                               
So, by carefully picking the x’s we got the unknown constants to quickly drop out.  Note
that these are the values we claimed they would be above.

At this point there really isn’t a whole lot to do other than the integral.

                                        
Recall that to do this integral we first split it up into two integrals and then used the
substitutions,
                                               

on the integrals to get the final answer.

 
Before moving onto the next example a couple of quick notes are in order here. 
First, many of the integrals in partial fractions problems come down to the type of
integral seen above.  Make sure that you can do those integrals. 
 
There is also another integral that often shows up in these kinds of problems so we
may as well give the formula for it here since we are already on the subject.

∫ 2
1
x +a 2
dx =
1 −1 x
a
tan
a
+c ()
It will be an example or two before we use this so don’t forget about it.
 
Now, let’s work some more examples.
 
Example 2  Evaluate the following integral.

                                                         
Solution
We won’t be putting as much detail into this solution as we did in the previous example. 
The first thing is to factor the denominator and get the form of the partial fraction
decomposition.
                                            

The next step is to set numerators equal.  If you need to actually add the right side together
to get the numerator for that side then you should do so, however, it will definitely make
the problem quicker if you can do the addition in your head to get,
                                

 As with the previous example it looks like we can just pick a few values of x and find the
constants so let’s do that.
                           

Note that unlike the first example most of the coefficients here are fractions.  That is not
unusual so don’t get excited about it when it happens.

Now, let’s do the integral.

                           

Again, as noted above, integrals that generate natural logarithms are very common in these
problems so make sure you can do them.
 
Example 3  Evaluate the following integral.

                                                       
Solution
This time the denominator is already factored so let’s just jump right to the partial fraction
decomposition.
                                      

Setting numerators gives,

                       

In this case we aren’t going to be able to just pick values of x that will give us all the
constants.  Therefore, we will need to work this the second (and often longer) way.  The
first step is to multiply out the right side and collect all the like terms together.  Doing this
gives,

   

Now we need to choose A, B, C, and D so that these two are equal.  In other words we will
need to set the coefficients of like powers of x equal.  This will give a system of equations
that can be solved.
               

Note that we used x0 to represent the constants.  Also note that these systems can often be
quite large and have a fair amount of work involved in solving them.  The best way to deal
with these is to use some form of computer aided solving techniques.

Now, let’s take a look at the integral.

               
 In order to take care of the third term we needed to split it up into two separate terms.  Once
we’ve done this we can do all the integrals in the problem.  The first two use the
substitution  , the third uses the substitution   and the fourth term
uses the formula given above for inverse tangents.
 
Example 4  Evaluate the following integral.

                                                     
Solution
Let’s first get the general form of the partial fraction decomposition.

                                   

Now, set numerators equal, expand the right side and collect like terms.
         

Setting coefficient equal gives the following system.

              
Don’t get excited if some of the coefficients end up being zero.  It happens on occasion.

Here’s the integral.

             

 
To this point we’ve only looked at rational expressions where the degree of the
numerator was strictly less that the degree of the denominator.  Of course not all
rational expressions will fit into this form and so we need to take a look at a couple
of examples where this isn’t the case.
 
Example 5  Evaluate the following integral.

                                                     
Solution
So, in this case the degree of the numerator is 4 and the degree of the denominator is 3. 
Therefore, partial fractions can’t be done on this rational expression.

To fix this up we’ll need to do long division on this to get it into a form that we can deal
with.  Here is the work for that.

                                                  

So, from the long division we see that,

                                           

and the integral becomes,

                                

The first integral we can do easily enough and the second integral is now in a form that
allows us to do partial fractions.  So, let’s get the general form of the partial fractions for
the second integrand.

                                                   
Setting numerators equal gives us,

                                               

Now, there is a variation of the method we used in the first couple of examples that will
work here.  There are a couple of values of x that will allow us to quickly get two of the
three constants, but there is no value of x that will just hand us the third.

What we’ll do in this example is pick x’s to get the two constants that we can easily get and
then we’ll just pick another value of x that will be easy to work with (i.e. it won’t give
large/messy numbers anywhere) and then we’ll use the fact that we also know the other two
constants to find the third.
                   

The integral is then,

                       
 
In the previous example there were actually two different ways of dealing with
the x2 in the denominator.  One is to treat it as a quadratic which would give the
following term in the decomposition

and the other is to treat it as a linear term in the following way,

which gives the following two terms in the decomposition,

 
We used the second way of thinking about it in our example.  Notice however that
the two will give identical partial fraction decompositions.  So, why talk about
this?  Simple.  This will work for x2, but what about x3 or x4?  In these cases we
really will need to use the second way of thinking about these kinds of terms.
 

 
Let’s take a look at one more example.
 
Example 6  Evaluate the following integral.

                                                                
Solution
In this case the numerator and denominator have the same degree.  As with the last example
we’ll need to do long division to get this into the correct form.  I’ll leave the details of that
to you to check.

                                   

So, we’ll need to partial fraction the second integral.  Here’s the decomposition.

                                                  
Setting numerator equal gives,

                                                       

Picking value of x gives us the following coefficients.

                                    
The integral is then,

                                       

E. DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Theorem
 d
[ F ( x )]=f ( x )
Let dx , then definite integral of f (x ) over interval
b

[ a , b ] , denoted by
∫ f ( x )dx
a , and is defined by
b

∫ f ( x )dx=[ F( x ) ]ba=F ( b )−F ( a)

a

a 2

∫ x dx 2
∫ ( x 2−3 x +2 ) dx
Example 1: Evaluate (a) 0 , and (b) −1

Solution:
a
1 3 a a3
∫ x 2
dx=| x |=
3 0 3
a. 0

(3 )
2
∫ x −3 x +2 dx=| x − x +2 x| = 1 (8 )− 3 (4 )+ 4− 1 (−1 )− 3 (1 )+(−2) = 9
( 2
) 1 3 3 2
3 2 3 2 2 2
b. −1 −1

∫ ( 4−x 2) dx
Example 2: Evaluate −2

[ ] ( )
3 3 3
x 3
33 (−2 ) 25
∫ ( 4−x ) dx= 4 x− 3
2
=4 . 3− − 4 .(−2)−
3 3
=
3
Solution: −2 −2

Example 3: Evaluate: ∫ 3 sin 2 xdx

2
0

Solution:

[( )] [ { }]
π π

∫0 3 sin 2 xdx= 3 −2 cos2 x 2 = −32 cos2 2π −cos2(0)

2 1
0
()
3 3
¿− (cos π −cos 0 )=− (−1−1)=3
2 2

Example 4: Find
Solution: We know that is an anti-derivative of

Now is continuous on and on

is continuous on and is integrable on .

By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

Remark

is often written as to emphasize on the variable .

Example 5: Find

Solution: is continuous on , so it is integrable on . We need to find one

antiderivative of .

We need only one antiderivative of , we choose

Thus

2 3xdx
∫0
Example: Evaluate: √2 x 2+1
2
Solution: Let u=2 x +1
du du
∴ =4 x ,dx=
dx 4x
whenx=2, u=9,
x=0 ,u=1
 1
1 2 9
2 3 xdx3 9 du 3 9 −2 3 u 3
∫0 ∫ = ∫ = u du=| | = [ √ 9−√ 1 ] =3
√2 x 2+1 4 1 √u 4 1 4 1 2
Thus 2 1
π

Example: ∫ 2
0
cos 2 xdx
Solution:

[ ]
π π π π
∫ cos xdx =12 ∫20 2 cos2 xdx= 12 ∫20 ( 1+cos2 x ) dx= 2x + 14 sin2 x
2
0
2 2
0
π 1 π
¿ + sin π=
4 4 4
1 sin−1 x
∫0 dx
Example: √ 1−x 2

1
sin−1 x=θ , ∴ dθ= dx
Solution: Putting √ 1−x 2

π
θ=0 ;x =1, θ=
When x =0, 2

[]
π π
1 sin −1 x θ2 2 π 2
∴ I=∫0 dx=∫2
θdθ= =
√1−x2 0 2 0 8
a

Example: ∫0 √ a2−x 2 dx
Solution: Put x=a sin θ , dx=a cosθdθ
π
θ=0 ; and x=a ⇒ θ=
When x=0 ⇒ 2
π π

[ ]
π
1 a2 sin 2 θ 2 πa2
∴ I=∫ 2
a 2 cos2 θdθ=a2 . ∫02 ( 1+cos 2θ ) dθ= θ+ =
0 2 2 2 0 4

General properties of definite Integral:

b b c a
a
i.∫ f ( x )dx=−∫b f ( x )dx , ii .∫ f ( x )dx=∫ f ( x )dx+∫ f ( x )dx , a< c <b
a a a c
a a na a
iii .∫ f ( x )dx=∫ f ( a−x )dx , iv .∫ f ( x )dx=n∫ f ( x ) dx , if , f (x )=f ( a+ x )
0 0 0 0
a a a
v .∫−a f ( x)dx=0, vi .∫−a f ( x)dx=2∫0 f ( x)dx
if f(x) is odd function, , if f(x) is even function
Cor: A function f(x) is said to be an odd function of x, if f(-x)= - f(x). e.g x, sinx
A function f(x) is said to be an even function of x, if f(-x)= f(x). e.g f (x )=x 2 ,cos x
 π

Example: Show that ∫ 2

0
logtan xdx =0
Solution:
π π π π
I =∫ logtan xdx=∫
2
0
2
0
π
2 ( )
logtan −x dx=∫20 logcot xdx =−∫20 logtan xdx=−I
∴2 I=0 , ∴ I =0
π

∫ √sin√xsin
2
0
x
+ √ cos x
dx=
π
4
Example: Show that
Solution:

I=∫
√
π
sin x
2
dx=∫
√ ( π
2
−x )
π
2
sin
dx=∫
√cos x
π
2
dx
√sin x + √ cos x
√sin(2 −x)+ √cos (2 −x ) √cos x + √ sin x
0 0 0
π π

π π
∴2 I=∫
√ sin x
2
dx+ ∫20
√ cos x dx
√ sin x + √ cos x
0
√ cos x + √ sin x
π π π
2 √ sin x+ √ cos x 2 π π
=∫0 dx= ∫0 dx=[ x ]0 = , ∴ I =
2
√ sin x+ √cos x 2 4

F. APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
1. Displacement
2. Arc length of a curve,
3. the area of a surface of revolution
4. the volume of a solid of a revolution.
5.

F.1. Displacement

Let x=x (t ) is the displacement at x-direction at time t , then the velocity and
acceleration at time t are given, respectively, by:
' dx
⃗v (t )=x (t )=
(i) dt
 2
'' d ⃗v d x
⃗a (t )=x (t )= = 2
(ii) dt dt
2
'' d ⃗v d x
⃗a ( t )=x (t )= =
It means that, if it is given acceleration dt dt 2 , then

(iii) ⃗v (t )=∫ ⃗a (t )dt

(iv) x(t )=∫ ⃗v (t )dt

Example 1: A car is travelling at 72 km/h. At a certain instant its brakes are

applied to produce a constant deceleration of 0.8 m/s2. How far does the car
travel before coming to a stop?

Solution: Let x(t ) be the distance the car travels in the t seconds after the breaks
'' 2
are applied. Then the deceleration x (t )=−0 . 8(m/ s ) , and the velocity at time t
is given by
x ' (t )=∫ x ' ' (t )dt=∫ −0.8dt=−0.8t+c 1 m/s.
Since x (0 )=72 km/h = 20 m/s, we have c 1=20 . Thus,
'

x ' ( t )=20−0 . 8 t
And
x(t )=∫ ( 20−0. 8 t ) dt=20 t−0 .4 t2 +c 2 .
2
Since x(0)=0 , we have c 2 =0 and x(t )=20 t−0 .4 t . When the car has stopped,
its velocity will be 0. Hence, the stopping time is the solution t of the equation
0=x' (t )=20−0 . 8 t , that is, t=25 s .
2
The distance travelled during deceleration is x (25)=20(25)−0 . 4(25 ) =250 m.

F.2. Arc length (Length of a curve)

The length of the curve is defined as

The length of the line segment joining and is given by

Theorem 1.
If y=f ( x ) is a function with continuous first order derivative on the interval
, then the length of the curve (arc length) y=f ( x), x∈[ a , b ] is defined by
the integral
b
Arc length , L=∫ √1+[ f ' ( x ) ]2 dx
a

Theorem 2.
If x=x (t ) and y= y (t ) is parametric function of the curve with continuous first
order derivative on the interval , then the length of the curve (arc length)
x=x (t ) , y= y(t ) for t ∈[ a ,b ] , is defined by the integral

√[ ][ ]
b 2 2
dx dy
Arc length , L=∫ + dt
a dt dt

3
( 2,2 √2 ) .
2
Example 1: Find the length of the curve y=x from (1,1) to
1
3/ 2 dy 3
y=x ⇒ = x2
Solution: Let dx 2 , then the required arc length is given by

√
2 2
9
L=∫ √ 1+[ dy /dx ] dx=∫ 1+ x dx
2

1 1 4 . By method of substitution,
9 9 13 22
u=1+ x ⇒ du= dx x=1⇒ u= x=2 ⇒u=
Let 4 4 . When 4 and when 4
Hence,

22/ 4 1 3 3 3
4
9 13/ 4
8 2 22 /4 8 22 2 13
L= ∫ u du=| u | = [
2
27 13 /4 27 4
−
4 ( ) ( ) 2 ]≈2 . 09

Example 2: Find the length of the curve from to

Let , then and

Solution:
Hence,

√
4 4 4 4
13 9 1 11
L=∫ √ 1+[f ( x )] dx=∫
' 2
+ x dx= ∫ √13+9 x dx= ∫ (13+9 x )1/2 d ( 13+9 x )
0 0 4 4 20 290

4 3
1 1 2 1 4
L= ∫ (13+ 9 x )1/2 d (13+9 x )= ( 13+9 x ) 2 |40 = [( 13+ 9 x ) √ 13+9 x ]0
18 0 18 3 27

1 1 1
L=
27
[ (13+9( 4 )) √ 13+9(4 ) ]− [(13+9(0 )) √13+9(0) ]= [ 343−13 √ 13 ]
27 27

Example 3: Determine the length of an arc of the cycloid x=a(θ+sin θ) ,

y=a(1−cosθ ) measured from the vertex (i.e., the origin).

Solution: Here
ds
dθ
=
√()( ) dx 2 dy 2
dθ
+
dθ
=a √ ( 1+ cos θ )2 + sin2 θ=2 a cos
θ
2

√[ dθ ] [ dθ ] dθ=∫ √a ( 1+ cos θ) +a ( sin θ) dθ

b 2 2 θ
dx dy
Arc length , L=∫ + 2 2 2 2

a 0

θ θ
θ θ
Arc length , L=a∫ √ 2+2 cos θ dθ=2 a ∫ cos dθ=4 a sin
0 0 2 2

Also at the origin θ=0 .

Hence the required length, from θ=0 to any point θ is
θ θ θ
s=∫0 2 a cos dθ=4 a sin
2 2 .

F.3. Areas of a plane curves

b b

The definite integral ∫a f (x )dx ,i.e,∫a ydx

represents the area bounded by the curves
y = f(x), the x-axis and the two fixed ordinates x = a and x =b.

Example 1: Find the area of the quadrant of the ellipse

 2 2
x y
+ =1
a 2 b2 between the major and minor axes.
Solution: The required area is
2 2
a a b 2 2 x y
=∫0 ydx=∫0
a
√ a −x dx , ∵ 2 + 2 =1
a b , for the curve
π
b 2
∫ a cosθ . a cosθdθ ,
y= a 0 putting x=a sin θ

[ ]
π π
ab 2 ab sin 2θ 2 1
2
∫0
( 1+cos2 θ ) dθ= θ+
2 2 0 4
= π ab
=

Example 1: Find the area A of the plane region lying above the x-axis and under
2
the curve y=3 x−x .
Solution:
2
We need to find the points where the curve y=3 x−x meets the x-axis. These are
solutions of the equation
0=3 x− x2 =x (3−x ).
The only roots are x = 0 and 3. Hence, the area of the region is given by
3
3 1 3 27 27 9
A=∫ ( 3 x− x2 ) dx=| x 2 − x3| = − −(0−0 )=
0 2 3 0 2 3 2 square units.

Example 2: Find the area under the curve y=sin x , above y = 0 from x = 0 to
x=π .
Solution: The required area is
π
A=∫ sin x dx=|−cos x|π0 =−(−1−1 )=2
0 square units.

F.4. Area between two curves

If f and g are continuous functions on the interval [a,b] and if f (x )≥g( x ) for all x in [a,b], then the

area of the region bounded above by y = f(x), below by y = g(x), on the left by x = a and on the right

by the line x = b is

b
A=∫ [ f ( x )−g (x )]dx
a

Example: Find the area of the bounded, plane region R lying between the curves
 2 2
y=x −2 x and y=4−x .
Solution: First, we must find the intersections of the curves, so we solve the equations simultaneously:

y=x 2 −2 x= y=4−x 2
2 x 2 −2 x−4=0
2( x−2)( x+1)=0
So x = 2 or x = -1

2 2
Since 4−x ≥x −2 x ,−1≤x≤2, The area A of R is given by
2 2
2 3 22
A=∫ [ ( 4−x )−( x −2 x ) ] dx=∫ (4−2 x +2 x )dx =|4 x − x +x |
2 2 2

−1 −1 3 −1
2 2
¿ 4 (2)− (8 )+4−(−4+ +1 )
3 3

= 9 square units.

Example 1: Find the area of the region bounded above by y = x+6, bounded
2
below by y=x , and bounded on the sides by the lines x = 0 and x = 2.

Solution: The required area

[ ]
2 2
x2 x 3 34
A=∫ [ ( x +6 )−x ]dx= + 6 x−2
=
0 2 3 0 3

Example 2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves and

Solution: The two curves and meet when , i.e.

which gives or . Note that on the interval , the graph of lies
above that of . Thus the area of the region between and is
F.5. Area of Surface of Revolution

If is a continuously differentiable non-negative function on ,then the area

of a surface generated by revolving the curve , about the -axis
is

Suppose that a parametric curve in the upper half of the -plane defined by a
pair of continuously differentiable functions

Example 1: Find the surface area of a sphere with radius

Solution: The surface of a sphere can be generated by revolving a semicircle
, about the -axis.

Let , . Then
F.6. Volume of Revolution

The Disc Method:

The volume of the solid of revolution generated by revolving about the -axis the region bounded by

the curve , where is continuous, and the -axis from to is given

by

Example: Find the volume of a sold ball having radius a.

Solution: The ball can be generated by rotating the half-disk, 0≤ y≤√ a2 −x 2 ,−a≤x ≤a about the
x-axis. Therefore its volume is
a a
22 1 a 4
V =π ∫ ( √ a −x 2
) dx=2 π ∫ ( a2 −x2 ) dx= 2 π|a 2 x− x 3| = πa3
−a 0 3 0 3 cubic units.

Example: Find the volume of the solid of revolution when the region which is bounded by the
curves and is revolved about
(i) The -axis, (ii) The -axis
Solution: Let us first find the points of intersection between the two given curves. Solving the
two equations and , we have

i.e.

So, or , and the curves meet at and .

(i) The region bounded by the two curves (refer to the figure above) is revolved about the -
axis. Note that a small vertical slice of the solid which is perpendicular to the axis of
revolution is in the form of a washer with cross sectional area

The volume obtained by revolving about the -axis is

(ii) The region is revolved about the -axis. A small horizontal slice of the solid which is
perpendicular to the axis of revolution is in the form of a washer with cross sectional area

The volume obtained by revolving about the -axis is

The Shell Method:

The volume of the solid of revolution is

Example: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the curve

and the -axis between and about

(i) The -axis
(ii) The -axis
(iii) The line
Solution:
(i) The given region is revolved about the -axis. Subdivide the region into small strips that
are parallel to the axis of revolution, then each strip when revolved generates a cylindrical
shell. The volume of the solid of revolution about the -axis is

(ii)When the given region is revolved about the -axis, we subdivide the region into small strips that
are perpendicular to the axis of revolution. Each strip when revolved generates a disc. The volume of
the solid of revolution is
(iii)When the given region is revolved about the line , a vertical strip at coordinate is at

distance from the axis of revolution; and when revolved it generates a cylindrical
shell. The volume of solid of revolution is