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Glass Transformation

Zachariasen's rule states that for a glass to form, the coordination numbers of cations and anions must be similar. BaO cannot form a glass according to this rule because the coordination number of Ba2+ is 8 while that of O2- is 4, making it difficult to form a disordered structure. Likewise for Cu2O assuming an OCu4 tetrahedral structure, the coordination numbers of Cu+ (2) and O2- (4) differ, also making glass formation difficult. However, the assumed tetrahedral structure of Cu2O may not be valid as its crystal structure involves Cu coordination by 4 oxygen ions.

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69 views2 pages

Glass Transformation

Zachariasen's rule states that for a glass to form, the coordination numbers of cations and anions must be similar. BaO cannot form a glass according to this rule because the coordination number of Ba2+ is 8 while that of O2- is 4, making it difficult to form a disordered structure. Likewise for Cu2O assuming an OCu4 tetrahedral structure, the coordination numbers of Cu+ (2) and O2- (4) differ, also making glass formation difficult. However, the assumed tetrahedral structure of Cu2O may not be valid as its crystal structure involves Cu coordination by 4 oxygen ions.

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yeabsira getachew
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1. Apply Zachariasen’s rule to the glass formation in BaO.

Zachariasen's rule states that for a glass to form, the coordination number of the cations and anions
in the glass-forming material must be similar. In the case of BaO, the Ba2+ cation has a coordination
number of 8, while the O2- anion has a coordination number of 4. This difference in coordination
numbers makes it difficult for BaO to form a glass, as the packing of the cations and anions in the solid
state is highly ordered and crystalline. Therefore, BaO is not a good glass-forming material according
to Zachariasen's rule.

Or

BaO cannot form a glass according to Zachariasen's rule because the coordination numbers of its
cation and anion are significantly different. Ba2+ has a coordination number of 8, while O2- has a
coordination number of 4, making it difficult for them to form a disordered, glassy state

2. Apply Zachariasen’s rules to glass formation in Cu2O assuming tetrahedral


could form as OCu4.

Zachariasen's rule states that for a glass to form, the coordination number of the cations and anions
in the glass-forming material must be similar. In the case of Cu2O, assuming that tetrahedral could
form as OCu4, the Cu+ cation has a coordination number of 2, while the O2- anion has a coordination
number of 4. This difference in coordination numbers makes it difficult for Cu2O to form a glass, as
the packing of the cations and anions in the solid state is highly ordered and crystalline.

However, it is important to note that the assumption that tetrahedral could form as OCu4 in Cu2O
may not be valid. Cu2O has a crystal structure where each copper ion is surrounded by four oxygen
ions to form a tetrahedron and each oxygen ion is coordinated with two copper ions, forming a
distorted octahedral coordination geometry. Therefore, it is unlikely that tetrahedral coordination as
OCu4 would be present in Cu2O.

applying Zachariasen's rule to the glass formation in Cu2O assuming tetrahedral coordination as
OCu4 is not applicable, as Cu2O has a crystal structure where each copper ion is surrounded by four
oxygen ions to form a tetrahedron and each oxygen ion is coordinated with two copper ions, forming
a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. Nonetheless, the difference in coordination numbers
between Cu+ cation and O2- anion makes it difficult for Cu2O to form a glass.

3. What is the representative formula for the following glass network?


4. For the solidification of pure aluminum, calculate the critical radius, activation free energy
and number of atoms found in a nucleus of critical size, if the nucleation reaction is
homogeneous and the value of surface free energy and latent heat of fusion are 0.045J/m2
and -4.46*105 J/m3 , respectively. Undertake the lattice parameter of 0.1431nm for solid
aluminum at its melting temperature. Assume the melting temperature at 660OC and a
supercooling value of 216OC.

The critical radius (r*) for the solidification of pure aluminum can be calculated using the following
equation:

r* = 2σ_l / (ΔH_fus ΔT)

where σ_l is the surface free energy, ΔH_fus is the latent heat of fusion, and ΔT is the degree of
undercooling. Substituting the given values, we get:

r* = 2 x 0.045 J/m^2 / (-4.46 x 10^5 J/m^3 x 216 K)


= 7.03 x 10^-8 m

The activation free energy (ΔG*) can be calculated using the following equation:

ΔG* = 16πσ_l^3 / 3ΔH_fus^2r*^2

Substituting the given values, we get:

ΔG* = 16π x (0.045 J/m^2)^3 / (3 x (-4.46 x 10^5 J/m^3)^2 x (7.03 x 10^-8 m)^2)
= 1.52 x 10^-17 J

The number of atoms (N*) found in a nucleus of critical size can be calculated using the following
equation:

N* = (4π/3) x r*^3 x ρ

where ρ is the density of solid aluminum at its melting temperature. Substituting the given values, we
get:

N* = (4π/3) x (7.03 x 10^-8 m)^3 x 2700 kg/m^3 / (0.1431 x 10^-9 m)^3


= 128 atoms

Therefore, for the solidification of pure aluminum, the critical radius is 7.03 x 10^-8 m, the activation
free energy is 1.52 x 10^-17 J, and the number of atoms found in a nucleus of critical size is 128
atoms.

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