Physical Education Project
Physical Education Project
Physical Education Project
DURGAPUR
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION (048)
PRACTICAL NOTEBOOK
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TEACHER’S
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
OISHANI SARKAR
Of Class - XI, Section – H
C, Roll no. – 20
40 of Hem Sheela Model School, Durgapur
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INDEX :
SL TOPICS REMARKS
NO.
01 STUDENT’S PARTICULARS
02 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
03 TEACHER’S CERTIFICATE
04 INDEX
5.8 PERSONALITIES
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF FOOTBALL
Football is the world’s most popular ball game in numbers of participants and
spectators. Simple in its principal rules and essential equipment, the sport can be
played almost anywhere, from official football playing fields (pitches) to
gymnasiums, streets, school playgrounds, parks, or beaches.
History books dictate that people have had plenty of good times in the field
kicking a ball around for thousands of years, but not all those games are
recognised now as what we consider football today. The earliest record of
football was in China, as early as the third century BC, where there are
mentions of a game resembling football in military manuals. The Han Dynasty
played a game called Tsu’ Chu, which involved kicking a ball through a 30-
40cm opening and into what we’d now see as a goal makes of canes with a net
attached to it.
Football's modern origins began in England more than 100 years ago, in 1863.
Rugby football and association football, once the same thing, went their
separate ways and the Football Association, the first official governing body for
the sport, was established.
Records show that, in 1314, the Lord Mayor of London banned football in the
city due to it causing ‘chaos’. Despite opposition for the game, football thrived
in Britain from the 8th to 19th centuries, however, a standardised version of the
game was still a rarity as regional versions often gained favour. These different
versions of the game were neatened up to eventually become association
football, rugby football and Gaelic football, all of which contributed to the
contemporary equivalent of the game we play today. Even though the official
rules of modern football were dictated in 1863 when the Football Association
was established, the specifications of the ball were not standardised for another
eight years. Eight years after it was founded, The Football Association had
established 50 member clubs. That’s when, in 1872, the FA Cup was born, with
the first championship in the works by 1888.
➢ Goal Area :
Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 5.5m from the inside of
each goalpost. These lines extend into the field of play for a distance of 5.5m
and are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. The area bounded by
these lines and the goal line is the goal area.
➢ Penalty Area :
Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 16.5m from the inside of
each goalpost. These lines extend 16.5m into the field of play and are joined by
a line drawn parallel with the goal line.
The area bounded by these lines and the goal line is the penalty area. Within
each penalty area, a penalty mark is made 11m from the midpoint between the
goalposts and equidistant to them.
An arc of a circle with a radius of 9.15m from the centre of each penalty mark is
drawn outside the penalty area.
➢ Goals :
A goal is located on the centre of each goal line. A goal consists of two upright
posts equidistant from the corner flag posts and joined at the top by a horizontal
crossbar. The goalposts and crossbar must be made of wood, metal or other
approved material. They are square, rectangular, round or elliptical in shape and
are not dangerous to players. The distance between the posts is 7.320m and the
distance from the lower edge of the crossbar to the ground is 2.44m.
Both goalposts and the crossbar have the same width and depth of 12cm. The
goal lines have the same width as the goalposts and the crossbar. Goal nets are
attached to the posts and ground behind the goals that conforms to the
Australian Standard 4866.1—2007 Playing Field Equipment – Soccer Goals.
The goalposts and crossbars are white. For safety reasons goals are anchored
securely to the ground.
➢ Technical Area :
The technical area includes:
EQIPMENTS REQUIRED
2. A Goal Net :
A net is useful not just to stop the ball when a goal has been scored but
also clearly show the ball has passed between the goalposts and not
missed on either side on the outside of the post.
3. Corner flags :
The corner flag is there to clearly show where the boundary of the field
is. When a player is running at speed or is distracted by another player,
they will be able to see the corner flag with their peripheral vision much
more easily than they would notice the line markings on the floor.
The corner flag also marks the location where a corner kick is taken from.
4. Soccer ball :
A good ball will be pumped up, made of a suitable material, and be of the
correct size and weight.
5. Shin Guards :
Having a good pair of shin guards can give protection for your shins but,
at the same time, will still give you good freedom of movement.
There are a few different types of shin guards you can use, but the main
difference is that some come with ankle support and protection, and some
come without.
If you are in a position where you will be doing lots of tackling and
putting your leg in where there is a higher chance of getting kicked, I
would recommend using shin guards with ankle support and protection. If
you are playing as a striker and you may not be making so many tackles
as the defenders, you may want to go for the shin guards without ankle
support, as it probably won’t be as necessary.
6. Soccer Jersey :
Every soccer team must wear matching jerseys.
This is to identify all the players as being on one team and to make it
easier to pick out the other players on your team while you’re in the
middle of a game.
The color and design of the jersey will vary depending on what team you
are playing for. There is a whole range of different colors and designs on
the soccer jerseys being used out there. A soccer jersey has to have
sleeves. They can have either short or long sleeves, but they have to have
sleeves. A jersey with no sleeves is not permitted.
7. Shorts :
When playing in a game, each player needs to be wearing a pair of shorts.
There is no specific color that the shorts have to be, but, as with the
jerseys, it’s important that the whole team matches(except for the
goalkeeper). The goalkeeper is also the only player on the team who is
permitted to wear long pants if they wish. Every other player is restricted
to only wearing shorts.
8. Long Socks :
The reason for the socks to be long rather than short is due to the fact that
the socks are required to cover the shin guards that are being worn.
Because of this, the actual length of the socks will depend on what shin
guards are being worn.
9. Soccer cleats :
Cleats are small, often plastic or rubber, that project from the sole of the
shoe. These are worn with the intention of providing a better grip on a
potentially slippery surface.
Cleats also help a player to turn or change direction more swiftly when
they are running.
▪ Attacker: A player whose job is to play the ball forward towards the
opponent's goal area to create a scoring opportunity.
▪ Back Heel: A ball kicked using the back (heel) of the foot.
▪ Back Pass: A pass that a player makes back toward their own goal,
usually made back to the goalkeeper. This is often a defensive move to
restart a new phase of play.
▪ Ball Carrier: The player in possession of the ball.
▪ Bending the Ball: Striking the ball off-center so that it travels in a curved
path, ideally for shots at goal.
▪ Bicycle Kick: A spectacular move in which a player jumps in the air in a
backflip motion, kicking the ball backward over their head. The name
comes from action which mimics their legs moving as if pedaling a
bicycle.
▪ Center Spot: The spot marked at the center of the field from which the
kickoff is made.
▪ Confederation: Organization responsible for football in their region
▪ Corner Flag: The flag marking each of the four corners of the field.
▪ Corner Kick: A free kick taken from the corner of the field by an
attacker. The corner kick is awarded when the ball has passed over the
goal line after last touching a defensive player. The shot is taken from the
corner nearest to where the ball went out.
▪ Cross: A pass played across the face of a goal.
▪ Defender: A player whose job is to stop the opposition attacking players
from goal scoring.
▪ Direct Free Kick: A free kick in which a goal may be scored by the
player taking the free kick.
▪ Dribble: Keeping control of the ball while running.
▪ Dummy Run: A run by a player without the ball, to lure defenders away
from the ball carrier.
▪ Far Post: The goalpost farthest from the ball.
▪ FIFA: The acronym used for the Federation Internationale de Football
Association, the world governing body for the game of association
football, which is based in Switzerland.
▪ Football: The term used for soccer in Europe and other countries outside
of North America and Australia.
▪ Foul: Any illegal play.
▪ Free Kick: A kick awarded to an opposition player when an player has
committed a foul. Free kicks can be either direct or indirect.
▪ Futsal: version of Football played indoors
▪ Give and Go: (also known as a 1-2) When a player passes the ball to a
teammate, who immediately one-touch passes the ball back to the first
player.
▪ Goal Area: The rectangular area in front of the goal. It is also known as
the 6-yard box because of its dimensions.
▪ Goal Kick: A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball is
played over the goal line by the attacking team. It can taken by any player
though it is normally taken by the goalkeeper.
▪ Goal Line: The two boundary lines located at each end of the field.
▪ Goal Mouth: The area in front of the goal.
▪ Goalkeeper: The specialized player who is the last line of defense, who
is allowed to control the ball with his hands when in the goal area.
▪ Header: Using of the head to pass or control the ball.
▪ Indirect Free Kick: A free kick awarded to a player from which a goal
may not be scored directly.
▪ Inswinger: A kick that curves in toward the goal.
▪ Kickoff: The kickoff is taken from the center spot at the start of play at
the beginning of each half and after a goal has been scored.
▪ Man to Man Marking: A defensive system where defenders are
designated one attacking player to track continuously.
▪ Midfielder: The playing position for players that are responsible for
linking play between attackers and defenders.
▪ Nearpost: The goalpost nearest the ball.
▪ Obstruction: Causing obstruction, which is blocking an opponent with
the body, is penalized by awarding an indirect free kick to the opposition.
▪ Offside Trap: A technique used by defenders to put attacking players in
an offside position, by moving quickly away from their own goal to leave
attackers offside.
▪ Offside: A player is in an offside position if he is nearer to his opponent's
goal line than both the ball and the second-to-last opponent. This does not
apply if the players is is on their half of the field. An indirect free kick is
awarded to the opposing team at the place where the offside occurred.
▪ One-Touch Pass: A pass in which the ball is played on with a player's
first touch.
▪ Out Swinger: A kick that swerves away from the goal.
▪ Penalty Area: The rectangular area in front of the goal in which the
goalkeeper may handle the ball. It is also known as the 18-yard box
because of its dimensions.
▪ Penalty Spot: The marked spot 12 yards from the goal line from which a
penalty kick is taken.
▪ Penalty: A penalty kick is awarded when a foul has been committed
inside the penalty area in front of the goal. A penalty is taken by one
player opposed only by the goal keeper.
▪ Pitch: The soccer field of play.
▪ Red Card: A red card is issued to a player when that player has
committed a serious infraction or has been issued with two yellow cards
within the same game. The red card held up by the referee to signal that a
player is being sent off. The player sent off cannot be replaced.
▪ Referee: The official who is in charge of the game.
▪ Shot: A kick, header, or any intended deflection of the ball toward a goal
by a player attempting to score a goal.
▪ Sliding Tackle: A tackle in which the defender slides along the surface
of the field of play before making one-footed contact with the ball.
▪ Striker: An attacking player whose job is to finish attacking plays by
scoring a goal.
▪ Sweeper: A defensive player whose job is to roam behind the other
defenders.
A sweeper has no specific marking duties and is the last line of defense
before the goalkeeper.
▪ Tackle: To take the ball away from the opponent using the feet.
▪ Through Pass: A pass played past defenders into free space to allow a
teammate to run onto the ball.
▪ Throw-In: The ball is thrown in after the ball has crossed the touch line.
A player taking a throw in must have both feet on or behind the touch
line, must maintain contact with the ground, and must use a two-handed
throw made from behind the head. A goal cannot be score directly from a
throw-in.
▪ Toe Poke: Use of the toe to strike the ball.
▪ Touch Line: The line that defines the outer edge of the longer sides of
the field of play.
▪ Trapping the Ball: Controlling the ball with the sole of the foot.
▪ Volley: Striking the ball in mid-air with either foot.
▪ Wingers: Attackers who play on the wings/flanks of the field.
▪ Yellow Card: A yellow card is held up by a referee to signal a caution
for a minor infringement.
▪ Zone Defense: A defensive system where defenders mark a designated
area of the field of play instead of tracking players across the field.
FAMOUS PERSONALITIES
Some of the legends of football who have taken their gameplay to a different
height and have inspired many to opt football as a career.
✓ DIEGO MARADONA
✓ PELE
✓ LIONEL MESSI
✓ JOHAN CRUYFF
✓ CRISTIANO RONALDO
✓ NEYMAR JR.
✓ ZINEDINE ZIDANE
✓ FRANZ BECKENBAUER
✓ SUNIL CHHETRI
✓ BAICHUNG BHUTIA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites used in this project are listed below :-
Football – Wikipedia
Soccer Equipment List | Equipment Checklist – SVsports.com
Soccer Equipments used in every game – yoursoccerhome.com
Football Terminology – topendsports.com
Football (soccer) | DLGSC – dlgsc.wa.gov.au
Football Pitch – Wikipedia
The History of Football – blog.decathlon.in
Ratna Sagar PHYSICAL EDUCATION BOOK