ENGLISH GRAMMAR

MATERIAL
PREPARED BY - RAM
CONTACT - 8500100141
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 Parts of Speech
 Sub + Verb + Object
 Tenses
 Articles
 Degrees of Comparison
 “WH” Words
 Active Voice and Passive Voice
 Direct and Indirect Speech
 Modal Verbs / Attitude Verbs
 PARTS OF SPEECH
 The Parts of Speech explain how a word is used in a sentence.
There are 8 types of Part of Speech. These are
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

 Noun: -Noun is a naming word which describe name of People, Places,

Things and Animals.
Example People – Ram, Shyam, Sita, Geetha
Places –Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad
Things – Chair, Table, Pen
Animals – Tiger, Lion, Dog
Nouns are two types
Singular Plural
Boy Boys
Woman Women
Person People
Man Men
Factory Factories
Knife knives

Again Nouns are two types

Countable: - Which we can count.
Uncountable: - Which we cannot count.
Example
Countable Uncountable
How many K.M.S How much distance
How many litters How much quantity
How many rupees How much money
 Again Nouns are 8 types
i. Common Noun – Boy, Girl, Country
ii. Proper Noun – Ram, Sita, India
iii. Collective Noun –Team, Staff,
iv. Compound Noun – 2 different word together one word. Ex. –
Credit Card, Smart Phone,
v. Concrete Noun – Smell and Taste
vi. Material Noun – Gold, Silver, Clothes
vii. Abstract Noun – Feelings, Emotions, Expressions. Ex. – Love,
happy, sad, hate. Sometimes Abstract Noun is
Called adjective also.
viii. Gerunds – Verbal noun. Statements. (Smoking is injurious to health.)
Gerund
 Pronoun: -Replacement or Instead of Noun is called Pronoun.
Pronouns are I, You, We, He, She, It, They.
 Associate Pronoun – We cannot start sentence with that. We have to use in
passive voice.
PRONOUN ASS.PRONOUN POSSESSIVE P.N REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

I Me/mine My Myself
We Us Our Ourselves
You You Your Yourself
He Him His Himself
She Her Her Herself
It It It’s Itself
They Them Their Themselves

 Adjective: - Quality of Noun and Pronoun is called Adjective.

Example Ambani is rich.
She is intelligent.

 Verbs: - Doing some action or work is called Verb.

Verbs are 2 types
i. Action Verb or Main Verb – Sleep, Drink, Eat, Come
ii. Helping Verbs or Auxiliary Verb - Is/am/are/have/has/do/does
 Adverb: - Quality of Action verb or Main verb.
Example The train is coming lately.
He is running slowly.
 Preposition: - The word is using before the subject or object.
Example I am going to home by bus.
 Main Preposition on, in, at, by, to
 ON
i. Location: - Plain surface – Book is on the Table.
ii. Travel: - 4 wheelers and more than 4 wheelers. (On flight)
iii. Time: - Particular weekdays. (On Monday)
iv. Festivals: - On Durga Puja, On Christmas, On Eid
v. If we go by walk we can say on foot.
vi. Before Ordinal Numbers – On 15th August.
(Numbers are 3 types Cardinal: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5………..
Ordinal: 1st, 2nd, 3rd……….
Roman numbers.)

IN
i. Particularly inside location purpose.(I’m in room)
ii. I am in my Car. (4 Wheelers and more that that If it is own vehicle)
iii. Travel - 3 wheelers
iv. Before Months (In January, In February)
v. Before Years – Particular years (In 2018, In 2010)
vi. Before Morning & evening always IN.
AT
i. Particular Location – (I am at Veta)
ii. Im at class in NIT. For Smaller one we have to use AT and for bigger
one we have to use IN.
iii. Fixed time/Exact time/Particular time
Ex. – I will come at 9:30 (Not Before and not after)
BY By the end of.
Example I will come by 9:30 (it means after 9:30)
Travel: - I will come by Flight. (Just telling about travelling)

TO It is a Location Word.
FROM & TO are combination.
BETWEEN & AND are combination.
My class is from 2pm to 4pm.
My class is between 2pm and 4pm.

Conjunction: - The connecting word or Joining words

between 2 Nouns,2 Words and Sentences.
Example and – Ram and Shyam
But – I will come but late.
Because – I did not pick your call because I was in class.
Or – Are you coming or not.
 Either or –He is either student or trainer.
Neither nor – He is neither patient nor doctor.
 Interjection: - Feelings or Expressions. More happiness or sad.
Example Wow! Superb! Awesome!
 SENTENCES
 Group of words which gives proper meaning is called Sentences.
There are 4 types of Sentences. These are
i. Assertive Sentence – Ending with “.” (full stop)
ii. Interrogative Sentence – Ending with “?” mark
iii. Imperative Sentence – Let and Lets.
iv. Exclamatory Sentence – “!” Feelings, expressions.

SUB + VERB + OBJECT

3 rules are there
i. Sub + is/am/are + Adjective. (Ex. - He is handsome)
ii. Sub + have/has + Noun. (Ex. - I have a Car)
iii. Sub + do/does + Verb.
Example I work here. – (Positive)
I do not work here. – (Negative)
Do I work here? – (Interrogative)
Don’t I work here- (Negative
Interrogative)

ARTICLES
 Article is a word which is using before Nouns.
Articles are - a, an, the
 A– “A” is an article which is using before singular noun.
Example a book, a car, a pen
 An– “an” is an article which is using before the word starting with vowel and
pronunciation is like a vowel. (a, e, i, o, u)
Example an apple, an hour, an honest, an umbrella
 The– “the” is an article which is using before unique things.
Example Before the
i. Rivers – The Ganga, The Yamuna
ii. Oceans – The Atlantic Ocean
iii. Musical Instruments – The Guitar, The Harmonium
iv. Group of Mountains – The Himalayas
v. Higher Cadres – The Prime Minister of India
vi. Group of Countries – The U.S.A, The U.K, The Philippines(for single )
vii. Religious books – The Bible
viii. Last and Next – Who is the last, who is the next person
ix. Superlative Degree – The biggest, the highest, the best
x. Desserts – The Sahara
xi. Directions – The east, the west, the north, the south
xii. EPICS – The Ramayan.
xiii. Particular things – The university where I graduated is JNTU.
xiv. Old historical buildings- The Charminar
xv. Unique Things – The Earth.
 Where we should not use “ARTICLE”
Example Before
i. Meals – Breakfast, brunch, lunch, supper, dinner
ii. Materials – Gold, silver, cooper
iii. Person name – Krishna, Ram, Sarmil
iv. Games – Cricket, Football, Hockey

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
 Comparison between quality of Noun and Pronouns. Always
Degrees of Comparison is depend on Adjective only. There are
3 types of Degree. These are –
 Positive Degree – General statement.
Example He is a tall person.
 Comparative Degree – Compare with only one person.
Example He is taller than me.
 Superlative Degree – Compare with 2 or more people.
Example He is the tallest person in the class.

TENSES
 Time of action is called Tense. Tenses are 3 types and each
Tense classified to 4 tenses. These are –
i. Present Tense ii. Past Tense iii. Future Tense
 Present Tense: - What is happening right now it is called Present Tense.
Classification of Tenses
i. Simple Present: - Regular activities and universal truth.
(Here if Subject is Singular than Verb should be Plural)
(And if Subject is Plural than Verb should be Singular)
Singular Subject – He, she, it goes
Plural Subject – I, you, we, they go
Structure for Singular – Subject + Verb1 + s/es + Object
Example He drinks water. She goes to school.

Structure for Plural – Subject + Verb1 + Object

Example I drink water. We go to school.
And Universal Truth The Earth revolves around the Sun.

ii. Present Continuous Tense: - What is happening right now.

Structure – Subject + is/am/are + Verb1 + ing + Object
Example I am singing a song. “Am” is using only for I.
 You are dancing on the stage.
We are learning English.
They are playing Football.
He is speaking in English.
She is asking questions.
It is raining heavily.
iii. Present Perfect Tense: - Started in Past and recently completed.
Structure– Sub + have/has + Verb3 + Object
Identification Mark: - Already, Just now, Recently
(For Singular Subject He/she/it – Has)
(For Plural Subject I/we/you/they – Have)
Example I have done my Project.
We have learnt English.
She has taught us English.
It has lost somewhere.
iv. Present Perfect Continuous: - Started in Past and still continue.
Structure – Sub + have/has + been + V1 + ing + Obj
Identification Mark: -
SINCE – Point of time- 4PM, 2012, Sunday, January, childhood,
lastweek,
FOR – Period of time – an hour, 2 days , 3 months, 4 years,
Example I have been learning English at Veta since November.
She has been dancing on the stage for an hour.
 Past Tense: - Already completed or what happened before 1 second.
i. Simple Past: - Already completed.
Structure: - Sub + Verb2 + Object
Example I saw her.
We got prize from Veta.
He asked me about Past Tense.
ii. Past Continuous: - Started in past and at that time continue in Past.
Structure: - Sub + was/were + V1 + ing + Obj
While speaking 2 situations happened one is Past Continuous and another one is Simple Past.
{For Singular Subject I/he/she/it – Was} (“I” is exception here)
{For Plural Subject You/we/they – Were}
Example WHEN (1 continuous action+ 1 completed action)
When I was taking bathe somebody called me.
WHILE ( 2 continuous actions)
While I was taking class my mobile was ringing.
iii. Past Perfect: - Started in past and completed in Past.
Structure: - Sub + had + Verb3 + Object
Example I had finished my work.
We had played Hero ISL.
 Past Perfect
Continuous: - Started in
past and at that time
continue in Past. (While
speaking 2 situations should
happen one is Past Perfect
Continuous and one is Simple
Past.)
Structure: - Sub + had + been + v1 + ing + Object
Example When I had been going to market. I lost my wallet.
When we had been applying for Job they declined us.
When Teacher had been teaching us somebody threw stone.
 Future Tense: - what will happen after 1 second or in future.
i. Simple Future: - General statement/normal activities but what will
happen in future or after one second.
Structure: - Sub + will/shall + Verb1 + Object
Will – 100% chances / Shall – 50 -50
Example I shall join in the Party.
We will arrange a party on next week.
She will join with us in the Party.
ii. Future Continuous: -Started in future and at that time continue in future.
Structure: - Sub + will/shall + be + V1 + ing + Obj
Example I will be writing a letter to Veta.
We shall be playing cricket world cup.
She will be coming to meet me.
iii. Future Perfect: - Started in future and completed in future.
Structure: - Sub + will/shall + have + V3 + Obj
2 situations should happen. One is Simple Future and another one is Future Perfect.
Example I will join for degree in August and it will have completed in 2022.
They will play HISL and it will have finished in 5 months.
iv. Future Perfect Continuous: - Started in future and continue in future.
Structure: - Sub + will/shall + have + been + V1 + ing + Obj
2 situations will happen. One will Simple future and another one will Future Perfect
Continuous. (There is no ending time)
Example Ram will teach English and we will have been learning.
My work will start at 02:00 and it will have been continuing.
 MODAL VERBS OR ATTITUDE WORDS
Attitude means behaviour and respect.
Model Verbs are –
Can, Could, Shall, Should, Will, Would, May, Might,
Must, Need, Have to.
 Can – Without respect. (We can use with our friends)
As a question: - Can I speak? (Present Tense)
As a answer: - I can speak. (Present or Future Tense)
 Could: - with respect, elders.
As a question: - Could you please explain? (Present Tense)
As a answer: - I could speak. (Past Tense)
 Shall: - as a question I am ready. Are you ready or not? Or are you coming or not.
As a answer 50 – 50 chances.
As a question: - Shall we go for lunch? (Present)
As a answer: - I shall come tomorrow. (Future)
 Should: - As a question should always with “I” only. (Present)
Should I go there?
As a answer: - Advise or suggestions. (Present and future)
You should practice for your exam.
You should prepare for topic.
 Will: -
As a question: - We must give answer. (Present)
Will you come tomorrow?
As a answer: - 100 % chances. (Future)
I will come tomorrow.
 Would: -
As a question: - giving offer. (Present)
Would you like to take a cup of Coffee?
As a answer: - more interest or wish (Present)
I would like to sing a song.
 May: -
As a question: - Respect with unknown person/stranger. (Present)
May I know your name?
May I help you?
As a answer: - 70 – 80 % chances. (Present and Future)
I may come tomorrow.
I may go now.
 Might: - We cannot use as a question.
As a answer: - Less chances 30 – 40 % chances. (Future)
I might go for movie to night.
 Must: - It’s an ordering word. We cannot use as question.
You must come tomorrow. (Present and Future)
 Need: - It’s an ordering word. We cannot use as question.
You need to come tomorrow. (Present and Future)
 Have to: - It’s an ordering word. We cannot use as question.
You have to come tomorrow. (Present and Future)

VOICE
 An action verb or work which was performed by Subject/Object.
There are two types of Voice: - Active Voice and Passive Voice.
If preposition is there In-between SVO we can’t change into
passive voice.

Active Voice(Structure/Rule) Passive Voice(Structure/Rule)

Sub + Verb + Object Object + Verb +
No Preposition: – If preposition is Sub(Associate.pronoun)
there then we cannot change. *Always Verb form should be V3.
*Universal truth also cannot change. * We have to use “by”, “to” and “with”
but mostly we use “By”.

Example Example
I eat an apple. An apple is eaten by me.
I am eating an apple. An apple is being eaten by me.
I have eaten an apple. An apple has been eaten by me.
I have been eating. An apple has been eaten by me.
I ate an apple. An apple was eaten by me.
I was eating an apple. An apple was being eaten by me.
I had eaten an apple. An apple had been eaten by me.
I will eat an apple. An apple will be eaten by me.
I will be eating an apple. An apple will be eaten by me.
I will have eaten an apple. An apple will have been eaten by me.
I will have been eating an apple. An apple will have been eaten by me.
SPEECH
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Ram Said, “I’m taking class.” Ram said that he was taking class.

Ram is subject. Ram is same.

1st step check the tenses within the quotes.

Tenses Change :
Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense
Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense
Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense

2nd Step Reporting verb

Said Said
Said to Told
Say Tell
Says Tells

3rd Step , and “” remove put THAT

If modal verbs are there, and “” remove put IF/ WHETHER.
Example:
Ram said, “will you come tomorrow?”
Ram asked if/whether I would come the next day.
Remaining words change

Will Would,
May Might,
Shall Should,
Can Could,
Tomorrow The next day,
Yesterday The previous day
Now Then
Is Was
UNIVERSAL TRUTH REMAINS SAME
IN BOTH SPEECH.