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    PHM Question ............. 22222

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    Jonathan Lukwichi
    The document is a test paper for the subject Physical Metallurgy. It contains 3 questions assessing various metallurgical concepts. Question 1 involves calculating vacancy formation energy in silver and discussing the effect of vacancies on material deformation. Question 2 predicts alloy phase formation and calculates alloy density. Question 3 involves calculating diffusion flux in an iron membrane exposed to a nitrogen pressure gradient, and specifying a heat treatment to achieve desired carbon diffusion in steel.

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    PHM Question ............. 22222

    Uploaded by

    Jonathan Lukwichi
    23 views4 pages
    The document is a test paper for the subject Physical Metallurgy. It contains 3 questions assessing various metallurgical concepts. Question 1 involves calculating vacancy formation energy in silver and discussing the effect of vacancies on material deformation. Question 2 predicts alloy phase formation and calculates alloy density. Question 3 involves calculating diffusion flux in an iron membrane exposed to a nitrogen pressure gradient, and specifying a heat treatment to achieve desired carbon diffusion in steel.

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    PHM QUESTION .............22222

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    The document is a test paper for the subject Physical Metallurgy. It contains 3 questions assessing various metallurgical concepts. Question 1 involves calculating vacancy formation energy in silver and discussing the effect of vacancies on material deformation. Question 2 predicts alloy phase formation and calculates alloy density. Question 3 involves calculating diffusion flux in an iron membrane exposed to a nitrogen pressure gradient, and specifying a heat treatment to achieve desired carbon diffusion in steel.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views4 pages

    PHM Question ............. 22222

    Uploaded by

    Jonathan Lukwichi
    The document is a test paper for the subject Physical Metallurgy. It contains 3 questions assessing various metallurgical concepts. Question 1 involves calculating vacancy formation energy in silver and discussing the effect of vacancies on material deformation. Question 2 predicts alloy phase formation and calculates alloy density. Question 3 involves calculating diffusion flux in an iron membrane exposed to a nitrogen pressure gradient, and specifying a heat treatment to achieve desired carbon diffusion in steel.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Tshwane University of Technology

    Test 2
    2021

    SUBJECT: Physical Metallurgy

    SUBJECT CODE: PHM206B


    PAPER NO.:
    PAPER DESCRIPTION: Close Book
    TOTAL MARKS: 65 FULL MARKS: 65
    DURATION: 120 Minutes

    SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS:
    None
    Non-programmable pocket calculators
    Scientific calculators ()
    Drawing instruments
    Other

    INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

    NUMBER OF PAGES: 4

    QUALIFICATION:

    BEng(Tech): Metallurgical
    Engineering

    EXAMINER: Mr. N Malatji


    Question 1 [16]

    1.1 Discuss the effect of temperature on the formation of vacancies. (4)

    1.2 Explain the effect of vacancies and self-interstitials on deformation behaviour of materials.
    (4)
    1.3 Calculate the energy (eV) for vacancy formation in silver, given that the equilibrium
    number of vacancies at 900oC is 3.56 x 1023/m3. The atomic weight and density (at
    900oC) for silver are, respectively, 107.9 g/mol and 9.5 g.cm3. (8)

    Question 2 [21]

    2.1 Using Table 1, predict if solid solution structures or intermetallic phases will form in the
    following alloys:

    (a) Fe-Y alloy

    (b) Ni-Cr alloy

    Write down the possible solid solution structure that might form and show the criteria you used
    to make your determination. (8)

    2.2 The concentration of chromium in an iron-chromium alloy is 18 at%. What is the average
    density of the alloy? (8)

    2.3 Mention three stress fields that occur around an edge dislocation. (3)

    2.5 Differentiate between tilt and twist grain boundaries. (2

    Question 3 [28]

    3.1 When α-iron is subjected to an atmosphere of nitrogen gas, the concentration of nitrogen
    in the iron, CN (in wt.%), is a function of hydrogen pressure, 𝑝𝑁2 (in MPa), and absolute
    temperature (T) according to

    Furthermore, the values of Do and Qd for this diffusion system are 3 x 10-7 m2/s and 76 150
    J/mol, respectively. Consider a thin iron membrane 1.4 mm thick that is at 400oC. Compute the
    diffusion flux through this membrane if the nitrogen pressure on one side of the membrane is
    0.2 MPa and on the other side is 5.0 MPa. (14)

    3.2 The wear resistance of a steel gear is to be improved by hardening its surface. This is to be
    accomplished by increasing the content of carbon within an outer surface layer as a result of
    carbon diffusion into the steel; carbon is to be supplied from an external carbon-rich gaseous
    atmosphere at an elevated and constant temperature. The initial carbon content of the steel is
    0.15 wt.%, and a carbon content of 0.75 wt.% is to be established at a position 0.6 mm below
    the surface. Furthermore, the surface concentration is to be maintained constant at 1.1 wt.% C.
    Specify an appropriate heat treatment in terms of surface carbon concentration and time, and
    for a temperature between 800oC and 1000oC. Use data in table 3 for the diffusion of carbon in
    γ-iron. (14)

    Table 1

    Elements Crystal structure Atomic Radii Valence

    Ni FCC 124 3

    Cu FCC 128 2

    Fe BCC 126 2

    Y HCP 180 3

    Zr HCP 160 2

    Cr BCC 128 2

    Table 2: Tabulation of error function values.


    Table 3: Tabulation diffusion data

    Density of Fe and Cr are 7.87 g/cm3 and 7.19 g.cm3, respectively.

    Molar mass of Fe and Cr are 56 and 52 g/mol, respectively.

    Boltzmann’s constant: 8.62 x 10-5 ev/atom-K

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