UNIX Hand Notes by Amarsoftech
wc -l: To find the number of lines
wc -w: To find the number of words
wc -c: To find the number of characters
more -n: The content of the complete file is displayed
ls: listing
ls -l: long listing
ls -a: hidden files will be displayed
ls -r: this gives the reverse order
ls -t: time when the file was created
ls -tr: time based + reverse order
ls -lart: long listing + hidden files + reverse order + time based
Head: Top to bottom
Tail: Bottom to top
Ps: list of processes
Ps tree: list of process running since long time and memory usage.
Kill: to kill a process/terminates the process
Kill -9 1286 (1286 is the file we want to kill)
Cmp: compares word by word
Diff: compares line by line
m -ls-l: memory size of file
cd: change directory
$ touch command: to create a empty file
.done: to create a 0 byte file
Chmod 777 filename: to give permissions to group, users and others
777-All Permissions
7-Group, 7-Users, 7-Others
1-Execute
2-Write
3-Execute/Write
4-Read
5-Read/Execute
6-Read/Write
7-Read/Write/Execute
Pwd: Present Working Directory
Whoami: to know which user am i
Awk command ---this for awake
CAT command:
CAT > filename: we can enter the values into the file
CAT >> filename: values entered into the file can be edited (only at the end of the
file)
CAT filename: we can view the file
Vi editor: Using vi editor also we can edit the values (here we can edit anywhere –
Beginning, Middle or end of the file)
Vi filename: to create a file
i – to go into insert mode
w - save the data
q – quit from existing mode
:wq! – save and quit
!q; - exit without saving data
Cut command -- It is a search option for COLUMN’S
Cut -f --- columns
Cut -c --- characters
Cut command for selecting Columns/Fields ($cut –f ‘number of columns we want’
filename)
$ cut -f n filename (in place of n you need to mention the number of the column
you want)
Example : $ cut –f 2-5 filename ---- we will get 2,3,4,5 columns
Cut command for selecting Characters (cut –c ‘number of characters we want’
filename)
Unix Cut Command Example
Lets consider the below as an example
> cat file.txt
unix or linux os
is unix good os
is linux good os
1. Cut command to print characters by position?
The cut command can be used to print characters in a line by specifying the
position of the characters. To print the characters in a line, use the -c option in
cut command
OUTPUT:
cut -c4 file.txt
If we give 4,6 we will get the below result
cut -c4,6 file.txt
xo
ui
ln
This command prints the fourth and sixth character in each line.
tr --- translator
tr ‘0’ ‘9’ <filename ----9 will be replaced in place of 0
Note: 0 is old value, 9 is new value
tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’ <filename --- small letters will be replaced into CAPITAL LETTERS
tr -d ‘0-9’ <filename ----0 to 9 numbers gets deleted
tr -d ‘0-9’,‘a-z’ <filename ----particular relevant numbers and alphabets gets
deleted
SED Command---It is a search option for ROWS (Sed -n ‘parameter number’
filename)
SED -n ‘25p’ filename this gives the 25th row (Here p is the parameter)
SED -n ‘11p – 19p’ filename this gives the rows from 11 to 19 (Here p is the
parameter)
GREP Command --It is a search option for WORDS (grep -n ‘word’ filename)
grep-n: this shows the number of times a particular word is present in a
paragraph or a page
Example: grep -n ‘word we want to search’ filename
Grep –ni (Here i ignores case sensitive)
Example : If we want to search the amount 50k?
If there is 50k (with a small letter k)
AND
If there is 50K (with a capital letter K)
In this case if you mention i it ignores case sensitive and gives all the 50k values (it
will have both 50k and 50K).
Grep Command (WITHOUT USING ni)
Grep ‘is’ filename – we will get all the records which has the word ‘is’ from that
particular file
Grep ‘rahul’ * ----- we will get all the records which has rahul from all the files.
Grep -l ----we will get all the filenames
Cal | (pipe symbol) tee filename ----Here it gives the result and copies the data
to another file.
Points to Remember
GREP WORDS (-n)
SED SENTENCES (-n)
CUT COLUMNS (-f) f is for columns (-c) c is for characters
