Hanoi University of Science and Technology

School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics

Dr. Trung Duy Doan
==========*****==========

EXERCISES ON LINEAR ALGEBRA

CHAPTER I

Sets – Maps – Complex numbers

Exercise 1. Let 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) be two functions defined on ℝ. We denote by 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑓(𝑥) = 0},
𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑔(𝑥) = 0}. Show the solutions the following equations through 𝐴, 𝐵

a) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 0 b) [𝑓(𝑥)]2 + [𝑔(𝑥)]2 = 0

Exercise 2. Let 𝐴, 𝐵 be two sets such that 𝐴 = [3; 6), 𝐵 = (1; 5), 𝐶 = [2; 4]. Determine the
following set (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)\𝐶.

Exercise 3. Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 be four sets. Prove that

a) 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵\𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)\(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶).

b) 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵\𝐴) = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵.

c) (𝐴\𝐵) ∩ (𝐶\𝐷) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)\(𝐵 ∪ 𝐷)

Exercise 4. Let 𝑓, 𝑔 be two maps such that

𝑓: ℝ\{0} → ℝ 𝑔: ℝ→ℝ
1 2𝑥
  𝑥↦𝑥   𝑥 ↦ 1+𝑥 2

a) Which of the maps are injective, surjective? Determine 𝑔(ℝ).

b) Determine the following map ℎ = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓.

Exercise 5. Let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 be a map. Prove that

a) 𝑓(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑓(𝐴) ∪ 𝑓(𝐵);  𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑋.

a) 𝑓(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊂ 𝑓(𝐴) ∩ 𝑓(𝐵);  𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑋. Give the examples that prove the opposite is false?

b) 𝑓 −1 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑓 −1 (𝐴) ∪ 𝑓 −1 (𝐵);  𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑌

c) 𝑓 −1 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑓 −1 (𝐴) ∩ 𝑓 −1 (𝐵);  𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑌

d) 𝑓 −1 (𝐴\𝐵) = 𝑓 −1 (𝐴)\𝑓 −1 (𝐵);  𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑌

e) Prove that 𝑓 is injective if and only if 𝑓(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑓(𝐴) ∩ 𝑓(𝐵); ∀𝐴, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑋

Exercise 6. Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a map defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5, ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, and the set 𝐴 =

{𝑥 ∈ ℝ |−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3}. Determine the following sets 𝑓(𝐴), 𝑓 −1 (𝐴).

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Hanoi University of Science and Technology
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics
Dr. Trung Duy Doan
==========*****==========
Exercise 7. Let 𝑓: ℝ2 → ℝ2 be a map defined by 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦) and the set 𝐴 =
{(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ R2 |𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9}. Determine the following sets 𝑓(𝐴) and 𝑓 −1 (𝐴).

Exercise 8. Let 𝑓: ℝ2 → ℝ2 be a map defined by 𝑓(𝑥; 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦; 𝑥 + 𝑦). Determine whether

the map 𝑓 is injective or surjective? Why?

Exercise 9. Show the canonical form of the following complex numbers

(1+𝑖)21
a) (1 + 𝑖√3)9 b) c) (2 + 𝑖√12)5 (√3 − 𝑖)11
(1−𝑖)13

Exercise 10. Find complex solutions of the following equations

a) 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0 b) 𝑧 2 + 2𝑖𝑧 − 5 = 0 c) 𝑧 4 − 3𝑖𝑧 2 + 4 = 0
1024
d) 𝑧 6 − 7𝑧 3 − 8 = 0 e) 𝑧 7 = f)𝑧 8 (√3 + 𝑖) = 1 − 𝑖 g) 𝒊𝒛𝟐 − (𝟏 + 𝟖𝒊)𝒛 + 𝟕 +
𝑧3
𝟏𝟕𝒊 = 𝟎
Exercise 11. Let 𝜖1 , … , 𝜖2014 be the different 2014-roots of the complex number 1. Compute 𝐴 =
∑2014 2
𝑖=1 𝜖𝑖
(𝑥+1)9 −1
Exercise 12. Given the equation =0
𝑥

a) Solve the above equation.

b) Find the modulus of the solutions.
𝑘𝜋
c) Compute the product of its solutions and ∏8𝑘=1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
9

Exercise 13. Let 𝑓: ℂ → ℂ be a map defined by 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑖𝑧 2 + (4 − 𝑖)𝑧 − 9𝑖, where 𝑖 is the
imaginary unit. Determine 𝑓 −1 ({7}).

Exercise 14. Let 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 be two complex solutions of the equation 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 𝑎𝑖 = 0, where 𝑎 is a

real and 𝑖 is the imaginary unit. Find 𝑎 such that |𝑧12 − 𝑧22 | = 1.

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Hanoi University of Science and Technology
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics
Dr. Trung Duy Doan
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CHAPTER II

Matrix – Determinant – System of linear equations

1 −3 2 2 1 1
Exercise 1. Given the following matrices 𝐴 = [2 1 −1] , 𝐵 = [−2 3 0],
0 3 −2 1 2 4
−1 2 1
𝐶 = [ 3 4 1].
2 0 2
Find : 𝐴 + 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝑇 𝐵 − 𝐶, 𝐴(𝐵𝐶), (𝐴 + 3𝐵)(𝐵 − 𝐶).
1 3 −1 0
Exercise 2. Let 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] be two matrices and 𝐼 be the identity matrix of size
−1 2 1 1
2.
a) Compute 𝐹 = 𝐴2 − 3𝐴.
b) Find matrix 𝑋 that satisfies (𝐴2 + 5𝐸)𝑋 = 𝐵 𝑇 (3𝐴 − 𝐴2 ).
1 −2 3
Exercise 3. Let 𝐴 = [2 −4 1] be a matrix and 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 be a function. Compute
3 −5 3
𝑓(𝐴).
Exercise 4. Compute 𝐴𝑛 , where
𝑎 1 0
𝑐osa -sina
a) 𝐴 = [ ]. b) 𝐴 = [0 𝑎 1].
sina cosa
0 0 𝑎

Exercise 5. Find all square matrices of size 2 that satisfy

0 0 1 0
a) 𝑋 2 = [ ] b) 𝑋 2 = [ ]
0 0 0 1

Exercise 6.

𝑎 𝑏
a) Prove that the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] that satisfies the following equation
𝑐 𝑑

𝑥 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑑)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 = 0

b) Prove that if 𝐴 is a square matrix of size 2 then 𝐴𝑘 = 0, (𝑘 > 2)  𝐴2 = 0.

Exercise 7. Prove the following equalities by using the properties of determinant

𝑎1 + 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑎1 − 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 1 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2
a) |𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑥 𝑐2 | = −2𝑥 |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | b) |1 𝑏 𝑎𝑐 | = |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 |.
𝑎3 + 𝑏3 𝑥 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 𝑥 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 1 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 1 𝑐 𝑐2

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Hanoi University of Science and Technology
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics
Dr. Trung Duy Doan
==========*****==========
Exercise 8. Compute the following determinants

1 3 5 −1
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
2 −1 −1 4
a) 𝐴 = | | b) 𝐵 = | 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 |
5 1 −1 7
𝑐+𝑎 𝑐𝑎 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2
7 7 9 1
1 1 2 3
1 2 − 𝑥2 2 3
c) 𝐷 = | |
2 3 1 5
2 3 1 9 − 𝑥2
Exercise 9.

a) Let 𝐴 be an antisymmetric matrix of an odd size. Prove that det(𝐴) = 0

b) Let 𝐴 be a square matrix of size 2021. Prove that det(𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 ) = 0

Exercise 10. Determine the rank of the following matrices

1 3 5 −1 4 3 −5 2 3
2 −1 −1 4 8 6 −7 4 2
a) 𝐴 = [ ] b) 𝐵 = 4 3 −8 2 7
5 1 −1 7
4 3 1 2 −5
7 7 9 1 [8 6 −1 4 −6]
1 −1 1 2
Exercise 11. Find 𝑚 such that the rank of matrix 𝐴 = [−1 2 2 1] is 2
1 0 4 𝑚

Exercise 12. Find the inverse of the following matrices

1 −𝑎 0 0
3 −4 5
3 4 0 1 −𝑎 0
a) 𝐴 = [ ] b) 𝐵 = [2 −3 1] c) 𝐶 = [ ].
5 7 0 0 1 −𝑎
3 −5 1
0 0 0 1
𝑎+1 −1 𝑎
Exercise 13. Find 𝑎 such that matrix 𝐴 = [ 3 𝑎+1 3 ] is invertible.
𝑎−1 0 𝑎−1

Exercise 14. Let 𝐴 be a square matrix of size 𝑛. Prove that if 𝐴 satisfies 𝑎𝑘 𝐴𝑘 + 𝑎𝑘−1 𝐴𝑘−1 + ⋯ +
𝑎1 𝐴 + 𝑎0 𝐸 = 0 , where 𝑎𝑖 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎0 ≠ 0, then 𝐴 is invertible.

−1 2 1 −1 2
2 12 10
Exercise 15. Given 𝐴 = [ 2 3 4 ] ; 𝐵 = [ 3 4 ] ; 𝐶 = [ ] . Find matrix 𝑋 that
6 16 7
3 1 −1 0 3
satisfies 𝐴𝑋 + 𝐵 = 𝐶 𝑇

Exercise 16. Solve the following systems of linear equations

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Hanoi University of Science and Technology
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics
Dr. Trung Duy Doan
==========*****==========
3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 1
3𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 + 4𝑥4 = 2
−4𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 3
a) { 7𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 3𝑥4 = 5 b){
−2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 4
5𝑥1 + 7𝑥2 − 4𝑥3 − 6𝑥4 = 3
10𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 − 6𝑥3 = −10
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 1
3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 2
c) {
5𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 5𝑥3 = 3
𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 = 1
Exercise 17. Solve the following systems of linear equations by using Gauss’ method

𝑥 +2𝑦 −𝑧 +3𝑡 = 12 𝑥+2𝑦+3𝑧+4𝑡=−4

2𝑥 +5𝑦 −𝑧 +11𝑡= 49 3𝑥+7𝑦+10𝑧+11𝑡=−11
a) { b) { 𝑥+2𝑦+4𝑧+2𝑡=−3
3𝑥 +6𝑦 −4𝑧 +13𝑡= 49
𝑥 +2𝑦 −2𝑧 +9𝑡 = 33 𝑥+2𝑦+2𝑧+7=−6
(𝑎 + 5)𝑥 + 3𝑦 +(2𝑎 + 1)𝑧= 0
Exercise 18. Find 𝑎 such that the system of linear equations { 𝑎𝑥 +(𝑎 − 1)𝑦 + 4𝑧 =0
(𝑎 + 5)𝑥+(𝑎 + 2)𝑦 + 5𝑧 =0
has nontrivial solutions.

𝑚𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 3
Exercise 19. Find 𝑚 such that the system of linear equations { 𝑥1 + 𝑚𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 4 has a unique
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −𝑚
solution

𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 𝑚𝑥4 = 4
−𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 = 𝑘
Exercise 20. Given the system of linear equations {
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 + (𝑚 − 1)𝑥4 = 3
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 2𝑚𝑥4 = 5

a) Solve the system of linear equations when 𝑚 = 2, 𝑘 = 5

b) Find 𝑚, 𝑘 such that the system has a unique solution

c) Find 𝑚, 𝑘 such that the system has infinitely many solutions

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Hanoi University of Science and Technology
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics
Dr. Trung Duy Doan
==========*****==========
CHAPTER III

Vector space

Exercise 1. Let 𝑉 be a set with the following operations. Determine whether 𝑉 is a vector space?

a) 𝑉 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) |𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ}
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + (𝑥′, 𝑦′, 𝑧′) = (𝑥 + 𝑥′, 𝑦 + 𝑦′, 𝑧 + 𝑧′)
𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (|𝑘|𝑥, |𝑘|𝑦, |𝑘|𝑧), where 𝑘 ∈ ℝ
b) 𝑉 = {𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) |𝑥1 > 0, 𝑥2 > 0} ⊂ ℝ2
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) = (𝑥1 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 𝑦2 )
𝑘 𝑘
𝑘(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ), where 𝑘 ∈ ℝ
Exercise 2. Prove that the following subset of each vector space is a vector subspace
a) Given set 𝐸 = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) ∈ ℝ3 |2𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 0}
b) The set of symmetric matrices of the square matrices on size 𝑛
Exercise 3. Let 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 be two vector subspaces of vector space 𝑉.
a) Prove that 𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 is a vector subspace of 𝑉
b) Let 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = {𝑢1 + 𝑢2 |𝑢1 ∈ 𝑉1 , 𝑢2 ∈ 𝑉2 }. Prove that 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 is a vector subspace of 𝑉
Exercise 4. Given a vector space 𝑉. Let vector set {𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , ⋯ , 𝑢𝑛 , 𝑢𝑛+1 } be a linearly dependent
and {𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , ⋯ , 𝑢𝑛 } be linearly independent. Prove that 𝑢𝑛+1 is a linear combination of vectors
𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , … , 𝑢𝑛
Exercise 5. Determine whether the following vector sets are linearly independent in 𝑅 3 ?
a) 𝑣1 = (4; −2; 6), 𝑣2 = (−6; 3; −9).
b) 𝑣1 = (2; 3; −1), 𝑣2 = (3; −1; 5), 𝑣3 = (−1; 3; −4).
c) 𝑣1 = (1; 2; 3), 𝑣2 = (3; 6; 7), 𝑣3 = (−3; 1; 3), 𝑣4 = (0; 4; 2).
Exercise 6. Determine whether the vector set 𝐵 = {𝑢1 = 1 + 2𝑥, 𝑢2 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑢3 = 2 − 𝑥 +
𝑥 2 } is linearly independent in the vector space 𝑃2 [𝑥]?
Exercise 7. Consider ℝ3 ,prove that 𝐵 = {𝑣1 = (1; 1; 1), 𝑣2 = (1; 1; 2), 𝑣3 = (1; 2; 3)} is a basis.
Determine the transformation matrix from the standard basis of 𝑅 3 to this basis. Find the
coordinate vector 𝑥 = (6; 9; 14) with respect to this
of basis by two ways.
Exercise 8. Prove that 𝐵 = {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 } is a basis of ℝ3 and find [𝑣]𝐵

a) 𝑣1 = (2; 1; 1), 𝑣2 = (6; 2; 0), 𝑣3 = (7; 0; 7), 𝑣 = (15; 3; 1).

𝑏) 𝑣1 = (0; 1; 1), 𝑣2 = (2; 3; 0), 𝑣3 = (1; 0; 1), 𝑣 = (2; 3; 0).

Exercise 9. Find a basis and the dimension of the following vector space which is generated by
the following vector set

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Hanoi University of Science and Technology
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics
Dr. Trung Duy Doan
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a) 𝑣1 = (2; 1; 3; 4), 𝑣2 = (1; 2; 0; 1), 𝑣3 = (−1; 1; −3; 0) in ℝ4 .

b) 𝑣1 = (2; 0; 1; 3; −1), 𝑣2 = (1; 1; 0; −1; 1), 𝑣3 = (0; −2; 1; 5; −3), 𝑣4 = (1; −3; 2; 9; −5) in
ℝ5 .

Exercise 10. Consider ℝ4 , given vectors 𝑣1 = (1; 0; 1; 0), 𝑣2 = (0; 1; −1; 1), 𝑣3 =
(1; 1; 1; 2), 𝑣4 = (0; 0; 1; 1). Let 𝑉1 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑣1 , 𝑣2 }, 𝑉2 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑣3 , 𝑣4 }. Find a basis and the
dimension of vector spaces 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 , 𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2

Exercise 11. Consider ℝ4 , given vectors 𝑢1 = (1; 3; −2; 1), 𝑢2 = (−2; 3; 1; 1), 𝑢3 =
(2; 1; 0; 1), 𝑢 = (1; −1; −3; 𝑚). Find 𝑚 such that 𝑢 ∈ 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 }

Exercise 12. Consider 𝑃3 [𝑥], given vectors 𝑣1 = 1, 𝑣2 = 1 + 𝑥, 𝑣3 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑣4 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3

a) Prove that 𝐵 = {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 } is the basis of 𝑃3 [𝑥]

b) Find the coordinate of vector 𝑣 = 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 with respect to this basis

c) find the coordinate of vector 𝑣 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 with respect to this basis

Exercise 13. Consider 𝑃3 [𝑥], given a vector set containing 𝑣1 = 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 , 𝑣2 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 ,

𝑣3 = 2 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 3 , 𝑣4 = −1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 .
a) Find the rank of this vector set

b) Find a basis of space 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , 𝑣4 }

Exercise 14. Find a basis and the dimension of solutions space of the following system of linear
equations

𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 − 𝑥5 = 0
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 + 4𝑥5 = 0
𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 − 𝑥4 + 5𝑥5 = 0
a) { b) {4𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 5𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 7𝑥5 = 0
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 3𝑥5 = 0
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 8𝑥4 + 2𝑥5 = 0
3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 − 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 = 0

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Hanoi University of Science and Technology
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics
Dr. Trung Duy Doan
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CHAPTER IV.

Linear map

Exercise 1. Consider the map 𝑓: ℝ3 → ℝ2 defined by 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 , 2𝑥1 + 𝑥3 )

a) Prove that 𝑓 is a linear map.
b) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to two standard bases.
c) Find a basis of 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑓.

Exercise 2. Consider the map 𝑓: 𝑃2 [𝑥] → 𝑃4 [𝑥] defined by 𝑓(𝑝) = 𝑝 + 𝑥 2 𝑝, ∀𝑝 ∈ 𝑃2. [𝑥]
a) Prove that 𝑓 is a linear map
b) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the standard bases 𝐸1 = {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 } in 𝑃2 [𝑥] and 𝐸2 =
{1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 4 } in 𝑃4 [𝑥]
c) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the bases 𝐸1 ′ = {1 + 𝑥, 2𝑥, 1 + 𝑥 2 } in 𝑃2 [𝑥] and 𝐸2 =
{1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 4 } in 𝑃4 [𝑥]
Exercise 3. Consider the map 𝑓: 𝑃2 [𝑥] → 𝑃2 [𝑥] that satisfies 𝑓(1 − 𝑥 2 ) = −3 + 3𝑥 −
6𝑥 2 , 𝑓(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 ) = 17 + 𝑥 + 16𝑥 2 , 𝑓(2 + 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) = 32 + 7𝑥 + 25𝑥 2 .
a) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to standard basis in 𝑃2 [𝑥]. Compute 𝑓(1 + 𝑥 2 )
b) Determine 𝑚 that vector 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 2 in 𝐼𝑚𝑓
1 3 −1
Exercise 4. Let 𝐴 = [2 0 5 ] be a matrix of linear map 𝑓: 𝑃2 [𝑥] → 𝑃2 [𝑥] with respect to
6 −2 4
basis 𝐵 = {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 }, where 𝑣1 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 , 𝑣2 = −1 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 , 𝑣3 = 3 + 7𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
a) Find 𝑓(𝑣1 ), 𝑓(𝑣2 ), 𝑓(𝑣3 ) b) Find 𝑓(1 + 𝑥 2 )
Exercise 5. Consider 𝑓: ℝ3 → ℝ3 defined by 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 , 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 , −𝑥1 +
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ). Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the basis 𝐵 = {𝑣1 = (1; 0; 0), 𝑣2 = (1; 1; 0), 𝑣3 =
(1; 1; 1)}
Exercise 6. Consider a linear map 𝑓: 𝑃2 [𝑥] → 𝑃2 [𝑥] that satisfies
𝑓(1 − 𝑥 2 ) = −3 + 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 , 𝑓(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 ) = 17 + 𝑥 + 16𝑥 2 , 𝑓(2 + 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) = 32 + 7𝑥 +
25𝑥 2 .
a) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the standard basis in 𝑃2 [𝑥]. Compute 𝑓(1 + 𝑥 2 ).
b) Determine 𝑚 that vector 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 2 in 𝐼𝑚𝑓
3 −2 1 0
Exercise 7. Let 𝐴 = [ 1 6 2 1 ] be a matrix of a linear map ℝ4 → ℝ3 with respect to the two
−3 0 7 1
standard bases 𝐵 = {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , 𝑣4 } in ℝ4 and 𝐵′ = {𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 } in ℝ3 where 𝑣1 = (0; 1; 1; 1), 𝑣2 =
(2; 1; −1; −1), 𝑣3 = (1; 4; −1; 2), 𝑣4 = (6; 9; 4; 2) và 𝑢1 = (0; 8; 8), 𝑢2 = (−7; 8; 1), 𝑢3 =
(−6; 9; 1).

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Dr. Trung Duy Doan
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a) Find [𝑓(𝑣1 )]𝐵′ , [𝑓(𝑣2 )]𝐵′ , [𝑓(𝑣3 )]𝐵′ , [𝑓(𝑣4 )]𝐵′ .
b) Find 𝑓(𝑣1 ), 𝑓(𝑣2 ), 𝑓(𝑣3 ), 𝑓(𝑣4 )
c) Find 𝑓(2; 2; 0; 0).
Exercise 8. Consider a linear operator in 𝑃2 [𝑥] defined by 𝑓(1 + 2𝑥) = −19 + 12𝑥 +
2𝑥 2 ; 𝑓(2 + 𝑥) = −14 + 9𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ; 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) = 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the basis in 𝑃2 [𝑥] and find 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘(𝑓)
Exercise 9. Consider a linear operator in ℝ3 defined by 𝑓(𝑥1 ; 𝑥2 ; 𝑥3 ) = (𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ; 𝑥1 +
𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ; 𝑚𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ), where 𝑚 is a paramater. Determine the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the
standard basis of 𝑓 and find 𝑚 that 𝑓 is surjective
Exercise 10. Find eigenvalues and a basis of eigenvector spaces of the following matrices
2 −1 0
3 0 10 −9
a) 𝐴 = [ ] b) 𝐵 = [ ] c) 𝐶 = [ 5 −3 3 ]
8 −1 4 −2
−1 0 −2
0 1 0 4 −5 2
d) 𝐷 = [−4 4 0] e) 𝐸 = [5 −7 3]
−2 1 2 6 −9 4
Exercise 11. Consider a linear operator 𝑓: 𝑃2 [𝑥] → 𝑃2 [𝑥] defined by 𝑓(𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 ) =
(5𝑎0 + 6𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 ) − (𝑎1 + 8𝑎2 )𝑥 + (𝑎0 − 2𝑎2 )𝑥 2 .
a) Find eigenvalues of 𝑓
b) Find eigenvectors with respect to the above eigenvalues.
Exercise 12. Find 𝑃 such that 𝑃 diagonalizes 𝐴 and determine 𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃
1 0 0 2 1 −2
−14 12 1 0
a) 𝐴 = [ ] b) 𝐵 = [ ] c) 𝐶 = [0 1 1] d) 𝐷 = [0 3 1 ].
−20 17 6 −1
0 1 1 0 0 3
𝑛
Find 𝐴
Exercise 13. Is matrix 𝐴 diagonal? If yes, find the diagonal matrix
−1 4 −2 5 0 0 0 0 0
a) 𝐴 = [−3 4 0 ] b) 𝐵 = [1 5 0] c) 𝐶 = [0 0 0].
−3 1 3 0 1 5 3 0 1
3 3 3
Exercise 14. Find a basis of ℝ that the matrix of 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ with respect to this basis is diagonal
a) 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 , 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 , 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 ).
b) 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 , 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 , −𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 )
Exercise 15. Consider a linear operator in ℝ3 defined by 𝑓(1; 2; −1) = (4; −2; −6), 𝑓(1; 1; 2) =
(5; 5; 0), 𝑓(1; 0; 0) = (1; 2; 1)
a) Find 𝑚 that 𝑢 = (6; −3; 𝑚) ∈ 𝐼𝑚(𝑓)
b) Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of 𝑓

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Dr. Trung Duy Doan
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−3 1 2
Exercise 16. Consider a linear map 𝑓: 𝑃2 [𝑥] → 𝑃2 [𝑥] with matrix 𝐴 = [ 6 0 −3] with
−10 2 6
2
respect to standard basis {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 } of 𝑃2 [𝑥]
a) Find 𝑓(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ). Find 𝑚 that 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 2 in 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑓
b) Find a basis of 𝑃2 [𝑥] that the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to this basis is diagonal.

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Hanoi University of Science and Technology
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics
Dr. Trung Duy Doan
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CHAPTER V.
Quadratic form, Euclide space
Exercise 1. Let 𝜔𝑖 be a quadratic form in ℝ3
𝜔1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 𝑥1 2 + 5𝑥2 2 − 4𝑥3 2 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 − 4𝑥1 𝑥3 . 𝜔2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 4𝑥1 𝑥3 +
𝑥2 𝑥3 .
a) Convert quadratic form to canonical form by using Lagrange reduction
b) Is quadratic form positive definite or negative definite?
Exercise 2. Determine 𝑎 such that the following quadratic forms are definite?
a) 5𝑥1 2 + 𝑥2 2 + 𝑎𝑥3 2 + 4𝑥1 𝑥2 − 2𝑥1 𝑥3 − 2𝑥2 𝑥3
b) 2𝑥1 2 + 𝑥2 2 + 3𝑥3 2 + 2𝑎𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2𝑥1 𝑥3
c) 𝑥1 2 + 𝑥2 2 + 5𝑥3 2 + 2𝑎𝑥1 𝑥2 − 2𝑥1 𝑥3 + 4𝑥2 𝑥3 .
Exercise 3. Given a bilinear form in ℝ3 defined by < (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ), (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) > = 2𝑥1 𝑦1 +
𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑎𝑥2 𝑦2 − 2𝑥2 𝑦3 − 2𝑥3 𝑦2 + 3𝑥3 𝑦3 ,where 𝑎 is a parameter. Find the matrix of this
bilinear form with respect to standard basis of ℝ3 and determine 𝑎 such that the bilinear form is
an inner product in ℝ3
Exercise 4. Given a bilinear from in ℝ3 defined as 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )𝐴(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 )𝑡 , where
4 2 −1
𝐴=[ 2 3 4 ] and 𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ), 𝑦 = (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ). Determine 𝑎 such that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is an
2
−1 𝑎 2𝑎
inner product in ℝ3 .
Exercise 5. Consider that 𝑉 is 𝑛-dimensional vector space with a basis 𝐵 = {𝑒1 , 𝑒2 , . . . , 𝑒𝑛 }. Given
vectors 𝑢, 𝑣 of 𝑉, where 𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑒1 + 𝑎2 𝑒2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑛 ; 𝑣 = 𝑏1 𝑒1 + 𝑏2 𝑒2 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛 𝑒𝑛 . Let <
𝑢, 𝑣 > = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛
a) Prove that < 𝑢, 𝑣 > is an inner product.
b) When 𝑉 = ℝ3 with 𝑒1 = (1; 0; 1), 𝑒2 = (1; 1; −1), 𝑒3 = (0; 1; 1), 𝑢 = (2; −1; −2), 𝑣 =
(2; 0; 5). Compute < 𝑢, 𝑣 >.
c) When 𝑉 = 𝑃2 [𝑥] with 𝐵 = {1; 𝑥; 𝑥 2 }, 𝑢 = 2 + 3𝑥 2 , 𝑣 = 6 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 . Compute < 𝑢, 𝑣 >.
d) When 𝑉 = 𝑃2 [𝑥] with 𝐵 = {1 + 𝑥; 2𝑥; 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 }, 𝑢 = 2 + 3𝑥 2 , 𝑣 = 6 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 . Compute <
𝑢, 𝑣 >.
Exercise 6. Determine where < 𝑝, 𝑞 > is an inner product in the vector space 𝑃3 [𝑥]
a) < 𝑝, 𝑞 >= 𝑝(0)𝑞(0) + 𝑝(1)𝑞(1) + 𝑝(2)𝑞(2)
b) < 𝑝, 𝑞 >= 𝑝(0)𝑞(0) + 𝑝(1)𝑞(1) + 𝑝(2)𝑞(2) + 𝑝(3)𝑞(3)
1
c) < 𝑝, 𝑞 >= ∫−1 𝑝(𝑥)𝑞(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Compute < 𝑝, 𝑞 > when it is an inner product with 𝑝 = 2 − 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 . 𝑞 = 4 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 +
2𝑥 3
Exercise 7. Given Euclide space 𝑉. Prove that
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Hanoi University of Science and Technology
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics
Dr. Trung Duy Doan
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a) ‖𝑢 + 𝑣‖2 + ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖2 = 2(‖𝑢‖2 + ‖𝑣‖2 ).
b) 𝑢 ⊥ 𝑣 ⇔ ‖𝑢 + 𝑣‖2 = ‖𝑢‖2 + ‖𝑣‖2 , ∀𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉.
Exercise 8. Let 𝐵 = {(1; 1; −2), (2; 0; 1), (1; 2; 3)} be a basis of space ℝ3 with the conventional
inner product. Apply Gram-Schmidt process on 𝐵 to obtain the orthonormal basis 𝐵′. Find
coordinate of vector 𝑢 − (5; 8; 6) with respect to 𝐵′.
Exercise 9. Find the orthogonal projection of vector 𝑢 onto 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑣}
a) 𝑢 = (1; 3; −2; 4), 𝑣 = (2; −2; 4; 5)
b) 𝑢 = (4; 1; 2; 3; −3), 𝑣 = (−1; −2; 5; 1; 4)
Exercise 10. Given space ℝ3 with the conventional inner product and vectors 𝑢 = (3; −2; 1),
𝑣1 (2; 2; 1), 𝑣2 = (2; 5; 4). Let 𝑊 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑣1 , 𝑣2 }. Find the orthogonal projection of vector 𝑢 onto
𝑊.
Exercise 11. Given space ℝ3 with the conventional inner product and vectors 𝑢 = (1; 2; −1), 𝑣 =
(3; 6; 3). Let 𝐻 = {𝑤 ∈ ℝ3 |𝑤 ⊥ 𝑢}
a) Find an orthonormal basis of space 𝐻
b) Find the orthogonal projection of vector 𝑣 onto 𝐻
Exercise 12. Consider space ℝ4 with the conventional inner product. Given 𝑢1 =
(6; 3; −3; 6), 𝑢2 = (5; 1; −3; 1). Find the orthonormal basis of 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛{𝑢1 , 𝑢2 }
1
Exercise 13. Let < 𝑝, 𝑞 >= ∫−1 𝑝(𝑥)𝑞(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 be an inner product in 𝑃2 [𝑥], where 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑃2 [𝑥]
a) Apply Gram-Schmidt process on 𝐵 = {1; 𝑥; 𝑥 2 } to obtain the orthonormal basis 𝐴
b) Determine the transformation matrix from 𝐵 to 𝐴
c) Find [𝑟]𝐴 where 𝑟 = 2 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
Exercise 14. Orthogonally diagonalize the following matrices
1 0 0 1 −1 0 7 −2 0
−7 24
a) 𝐴 = [0 1 1] b) 𝐵 = [ ] c) 𝐶 = [−1 1 0] d) 𝐷 = [−2 6 2]
24 7
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 5
Exercise 15. Convert the following quadratic forms to canonical forms by orthogonal
diagonalization
a) 𝑥1 2 + 𝑥2 2 + 𝑥3 2 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2
b) 7𝑥1 2 − 7𝑥2 2 + 48𝑥1 𝑥2
c) 7𝑥1 2 + 6𝑥2 2 + 5𝑥3 2 − 4𝑥1 𝑥2 + 4𝑥2 𝑥3

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