Plane stress, plane strain and

axisymmetric problems
Deriving element level equations
2-D and axisymmetric field problems
A structural mechanics problem can be considered to be two
dimensional is we are able to make reasonable assumption about
the variation of unknown parameters in the third dimension.

Thin disk under plane stress

Very thin as compared to other
y two dimensions and is loaded
in its plane (e.g. A rotating
impeller wheel). Thus top and
bottom faces are free from any
x normal stress σz since the
thickness is small we assume
σz is zero throughout. So also
shearing stresses τxz , τyz. Thus
only non-zero stresses are σx ,
σy , τxy.
Stress- strain constitutive relation for a linear elastic isotropic
material under such plane stress condition

σ x   1 ν 0   ε x  
  E     
σ y  = ν 1 0    ε y  − {ε 0 }
τ  1 − ν  0 0 1 − ν   γ 
2

 
xy  2    
xy 
Initial strain
Long prismatic shaft under plane strain
Where length of the
member is so long that it
y T is reasonable to assume
the longitudinal strain εz
z T
x to be zero. γxz = γyz = 0.
Non-zero strains are εx , εy
, γxy.
σ x  1 − ν ν 0  ε  
  E    x

σ y  =  ν 1 −ν 0    ε y  − {ε 0 }
γ  (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )  0 0
1 − 2ν     
 xy   2    
γ xy 
Cylinder under axisymmetric load
z
If the geometry of the structure,
material properties, support
conditions and loading are
axisymmetric then it is reasonable to
assume that resulting deformation
will also be axisymmetric, i.e. It does
not vary along the circumferential
r direction.
Thus it is sufficient to determine the variation of the unknown
field variable (deflection, temperature) in any one plane.
We have to model two dimensional geometry of the system
as well as variation of the unknown field variable. To
represent two dimensional geometry, we have to formulate
two dimensional elements, and most common elements
consists of triangles, quadrilaterals.
Elasticity problems [k ]{δ }= {F }
e e e

T
[k ] = ∫ [B] [C ][B]dΩ
e

Ωe

 u1 
v 
 1
 w1 
{δ e }=  . , {F }= ∫ [N ] {F }dΩ + ∫ [N ] {T }dΓ
e
T
b
e T
e

 ur  Ωe S2e
 
 vr 
w 
 r
Application to plane stress and plane strain

u( x, y )   N1u1 + N 2u2 + N 3u3 

e e

{δ }= v( x, y )  =  N v + N v + N v 
e

   11 2 2 3 3

 u1 
v 
 1
u   N1 0 N 2 0 N 2 0 u2 
 =  v 
 v   0 N1 0 N 2 0 N 3   2 
u3 
v 
 3

1
Ni = (αi + β i x + γ i y ), i = 1, 2, 3
2∆
α i = x j y k − y j xk , β i = y j − yk , γi = xk − x j
 1 x1 y1
2 ∆ = 1 x2 y2
1 x3 y3

 
∂ 0
 ∂x ∂   N 1 0 N 2 0 N 3 0
[B] =  0 
∂ ∂y  0 N1 0 N 2 0 N 3 
 ∂y ∂
 ∂x 

 β1 0 β 2 0 β 3 0
[B ] =  0 γ 1 0 γ 2 0 γ 3 
e 1 
2∆
 γ 1 0 γ 2 0 γ 3 0 
For an isotropic material in plane strain
1 − ν ν 0 
E  
[C ] =  ν 1 −ν 0 
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )  1 − 2ν 
 0 0
2 

For plane stress

1 ν 0 
E  
[C ] = ν 1 0 
1 −ν 
2
1 −ν 
 0 0 2 
[k ]e = [B]T [C ][B ]∫∫ t edA
Ae
If thickness varies over the element
t e = t1 N1 + t2 N 2 + t3 N 3
 ∆
∫∫ 1 1 2 2 3 3
(t N + t N + t N )dA ≈ (t1 + t2 + t3 )
3
Ae

[k ]e = [B]T [C ][B]t∆ for uniform thickness

Element stiffness matrix [k]e

Force vector (due to body force)

T
{FB } = ∫ [N ] {Fb }dA
∆e

 N1 0 X 
0 N1  Y 
   
N 0  X  t∆  X  a !b! c !
= ∫ 2 = ∫
a b c
dA =
N 2   Y   
dA N 1 N 2 N 3 2∆
∆e 
0 3 Y  (a + b + c + 2 )!
 Ae

 N3 0 X 
0 N 3   
 Y 
 y
j
e i Boundary
lij Ω k
Tx  of domain
= ∫ [N ]  tdΓ
e T
[FT ]
0 Ty 
o x
 Ni 0
lij 
0 N i  Tx  e lij
a ! b ! lij
=∫    t ds
∫N N ds =
a b

0
N j 0  Ty  0
i j
(a + b + 1) !
 
0 N j

Tx 
 
tlij Ty  s s
=   Ni = 1 − , Nj =
2 Tx  lij lij
Ty 
Application to axisymmetric stress analysis
e e z
 u ( r , z )   N1u1 + N 2u2 + N 3u3 
{δ }e
=  =
+ +

 w ( r , z )   1 1
N w N w
2 2 N 3 3
w

1
N i ( r, z ) = (α i + β i r + γ i z ) 3
2∆
1 e 2
α i = rj zk − rk z j , β i = z j − zk , γ i = rk − rj
θ
1 r1 z1 r
2∆ = 1 r2 z2
1 r3 z3

∂u u ∂w ∂u ∂w
εr = , εθ = , εz = , γ rz = +
∂r r ∂z ∂z ∂r
 ∂   u1 
0 w 
 ε r   ∂r 
ε   1 0  1
 θ  ∂  u   u2 
{ε }e = = r   = [L][N ] w 
 
∂z  w 
εz   0   2

γ rz   ∂ ∂  u3 

 ∂z ∂r  w 
 3

 β1 0 β 2 0 β 2 0 
 2 ∆N 1 2 ∆N 2 2 ∆N 3 
0 0 0
[B ]e = [L][N ] = 1  r r r 
2∆ 0 γ1 0 γ 2 0 γ 3
 
 γ 1 β1 γ 2 β 2 γ 3 β 3 

1 − ν ν ν 0 
 ν 1 −ν ν 0 
[C ] = E  
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )  ν ν 1 −ν 0 
 1 − 2ν 
 0 0 0
2 
 dΩ = 2πrdrdz

dΓ = 2πrds
Approximate average
1 1
r = ( r1 + r2 + r3 ), z = ( z1 + z2 + z3 )
3 1
3
Ni = (α i + β i r + γ i z )
2∆

[k ]e = [B ]T [C ][B ]∫ 2πr drdz

= [B] [C ][B ]2πr ∆
T

 N1 0
0 N1 
 
N 0 R 
[FB ]e = 2π ∫  2
N 2   Z 
rdrdz
∆
0

 N3 0
0 N 3 

r = N1r1 + N 2 r2 + N 3r3
 (2r1 + r2 + r3 ) R 
(2r + r + r ) Z 
 1 2 3 
π∆ ( r1 + 2r2 + r3 ) R 
[FB ] =
e lij
( r + 2r + r ) Z  t r 
6  1 {FT } = 2π ∫ [N ]  rds
T
2 3
 0 t z 
( r1 + r2 + 2r3 ) R 
( r + r + 2r ) Z  Ni = 1 −
s
, Nj =
s
, r = N i ri + N j rj
 1 2 3  lij lij

 Ni 0
lij 
0 N i  t r 
{FT } = 2π ∫    (N r + N r )ds
0
N j 0  t z  i i j j

 
0 N j

(2ri + rj )tr 
 
πlij (2ri + rj )t z 
=  
3 ( ri + 2rj )tr 
( ri + 2rj )t z 
Questions