INTRODUCTION

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an oleaginous species originating from South

America (Silva et al., 2017) They go by several names, including goobers, earth nuts,
and groundnuts. Despite its name, tree nuts and peanuts are not related. They are
connected to beans, lentils, and soy as legumes. The peanut crop plays a significant
role in achieving food security. In the Philippines, peanuts are used as an alternate
crop wherein some quantity is sold to augment income and some is intended to
home consumption. Peanuts provide nutrient for the body because of their high
protein content as well as of fats and carbohydrates. Peanuts as a cash crop mean
additional income for the farmer. Money earned from the crop is then used to
purchase other food items and to finance other family needs. The world's 13th most
significant food crop is groundnut. Might as well, the fourth-most crucial source of
vegetable protein and oil seed crops (Taru 2007). Therefore, it is a vital crop for food
security, industrial growth and protein rich meal for livestock.

As stated by Shallini Arya et al. 2016 several useful substances found in

peanuts, such as proteins, fiber, polyphenols, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals,
could be added to many processed meals as an ingredient. Recently, it has also
recently emerged that resveratrol, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phytosterols—
compounds that prevent cholesterol absorption from food—can be found in
abundance in peanuts. It also has all 20 amino acids, with the highest concentration
of arginine, and is a strong source of coenzyme Q10. These bioactive substances are
known to have the ability to prevent illness and are believed to increase longevity.

Organic fertilizer is crucial for enhancing soil fertility and supporting farmers
in order to promote sustainable agricultural development. As stated by the study of
Azu, Donatus E.O.(2019) which is cited by (Willand 2017) Wood ash is one of the
most effective and economical sources of organic matter utilized in agriculture. Ash,
which is a byproduct of burning organic materials, contains the majority of the
inorganic nutrients and trace elements in biomass (Willand, 2017). Thus, several
research on the use of wood ashes in agriculture and forestry as an alternate
technique for disposal have been conducted over the past few decades. The use of
wood ashes is particularly well suited for the fertility management of tropical acid
soils and forest soils due to their features and impact on soil chemistry. (A Demeyer,
2001).

West African soils are frequently calcium-deficient, and small-scale farmers

cannot afford to acquire the supplements, which results in low yields of groundnuts.
It has been suggested that farmers apply 400 kg of gypsum per ha to their soil to
make up for the lack of calcium. Researchers at the Sahelian Centre of the
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Niger have been
searching for a less expensive substitute since small-scale farmers cannot afford to
buy that amount of fertilizer. They have discovered that wood ash works incredibly
well as a gypsum alternative and that using it improves quality and yield. (Authors
of Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation, 1995)

Although using fertilizer is proven to boost crop yields and significantly safer
to use, smallholder farmers seldom use enough fertilizer due to high costs, a lack of
supply, and ignorance. It would be considerably more advantageous for farmers to
find an alternative to synthetic fertilizer that is less expensive and better for the soil
yet produce high yields. Both farmers and animal raisers will profit from the use of
organic fertilizer, which are currently available and essentially free. Thus, this study
will be carried out to know the best and sustainable organic fertilizer for productivity
and development of peanuts.

REVIEW OF RELATED AND LITERATURE STUDIES

After conducting an extensive and in-depth search, the researchers' findings

are presented in this chapter along with associated literature and studies, developed
by a writer whose papers or articles directly influence the foundation of the study

Related Literature and Studies on Peanut

In the Philippines, peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are a well-known crop. It is

regarded as one of the most significant field legumes raised by farmers. It can be
cultivated all year round with the right inputs. Peanuts are a low-cost source of high
protein and energy for both people and animals. It can be processed into a quality,
healthful vegetable oil that can be used for cooking. Compared to beef liver, a
concentrated peanut diet provides more proteins, minerals, and vitamins, as well as
more energy than sugar. Vitamins B and A are also abundant in it. Given to its flavor,
aroma, crunchiness, and high energy content, peanut is a perfect cuisine ingredient.
Because of its nitrogen-fixing nodules, it uses less nitrogen during production
( Investemend Guide for Peanut- Department of Agricluture, 2021).

Related Literature and Studies on Inorganic Fertilizer

A study was conducted by E D Purbajanti et al (2019), In this study, the

development and physiology of peanuts were examined in relation to various
dosages of cow dung and NPK 16 fertilizers. The research was conducted at the
Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, at
the Agriculture Department's Laboratory of Ecology and Plant Production. The
study obtain to used split plot design. Cow dung dosages (0, 5 and 10 tons/ha)
served as the main plot, and NPK 16 fertilizer (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg N/ha) served
as the subplot.
The results of the study shows that It was determined that the development
and physiology of peanut plants were impacted by various dosages of cow dung and
NPK 16. The maximum plant height, total chlorophyll content, and ANR were
achieved when 100 kg/ha of NPK 16 fertilizer and 10 tons/ha of cow dung were
applied to the soil. Therefore, it may be employed as a recommended dose in the
production of peanut plants.

Related Literature and Studies on Inorganic Fertilizer

Most farmers strive to keep the fertility level of their fields due to the ongoing
price increase and restricted supply of inorganic fertilizers. Based on the study of
Briones and Pascual (2006), the plant height, leaf area index, number of pods per
plant, and seed yield were significantly influenced by the application of organic and
inorganic fertilizer combination.
The study conducted shows the plants that received inorganic fertilizer (T₁)
alone at the rate of 30-30-30 Kg N, P₂O, K₂O ha¯¹ developed significantly more pods
per plant (102.93) and produced higher seed yield (1.80 t ha¯¹) than those under T0,
T3, and T4 treatments but comparable to the effect of 15 kg N chicken dung plus 15-
30- 30 kg N, P2, O5, K₂O ha¯¹ (T₂). This plant response suggests that inorganic
fertilizers could have provided immediate supply of available nutrients to the plants
allowing them to have higher seed production.

Related and Literature Studies on Egg Shell

As mentioned by the study of (NgocTang Vu et al 2022) and cited by (Ojiewo

et al., 2020). Eggshells can be used as a substitute for limestone, a naturally occurring,
nonrenewable material, to provide calcium carbonate for groundnuts. Because it is a
structural component of the cell wall, a regulator of cell homeostasis, an enzyme
activator, and a participant in ion absorption, calcium (Ca) is crucial for plant
development and yield (Marschner, 2012). Contrary to other crops, groundnut
requires a lot of calcium for good vegetative growth and pod formation (Cheema et
al., 1991; Gascho & Davis, 1994).

Ngoc Tang Vu et al 2022, study shows that the application of egg shell powder
before sowing improved groundnut growth and yield performance. The pH of the
soil and the Ca content in the soil as well as the groundnut plant rose as eggshell
powder rates were raised. The 300 kg ha1 application rate of eggshell powder, which
was one of four application rates, had the most positive impact on groundnut yield.

Likewise, it is also stated that Application of eggshell powder prior to planting often
produced crops with excellent growth traits, including branch length, shoot weight,
root weight, and nodule size. According to prior studies, using calcium sources in
the form of lime or gypsum, particularly on acidic soils, improves groundnut growth,
yield, and seed quality (Gashti et al., 2012).

Related and Literature Studies on Egg Shell

 According to T. Radha and G. Karthikeyan (2019). Large amounts of eggshells
are produced every day as bio-waste all over the world. The disposal of eggshell
waste, which also involves the expense and accessibility of disposal facilities,
contributes to environmental degradation. Eggshell odor serves as a breeding
ground for flies and is abrasive. Eggshells are household garbage that is gathered.
They were gathered, cleaned up, then ground up using a mixer.
The growth of cow pea plants required the use of eggshell powder as
fertilizer. The experiment evaluate how eggshell affected plant growth. The same
amount of soil was poured into five groups of six pots, and 25 seeds were then sown
into each pot. The soil in each group had varying levels of eggshell: control, 2g, 4g,
6g, and 8g. T. Radha an G. Karthhikeyan also stated that after 20 days, the plant’s
growth, including the length of its roots and shoots, was measured. Hence, this result
that proper application of of eggshell improves cow pea plant growth. Additionally,
it boosts plants’ nutrient intake. This particular project’s goal is to use eggshell in
various applications, such as fertilizer, and lessen global pollution.

Related Literature and Studies on Goat Manure

A field experiment was conducted by (R Nagaraj, et al. 2018) to study the of
integrated nutrient management in groundnut duringRabi 2015 at Zonal
Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavar, Udupi district,
Karnataka.The results of the experiment revealed that at 80 DAS recommended
nutrient practice + 50 per centRDN through vermicompost applied treatment
resulted in significantly higher number of nodules (61.13) followed by POP + 50 per
cent RDN through poultry manure (60.37).

This study shows that poultry manure improves the number of pods per
plant, pod yield and haulm yield in groundnut (Veeramani et al., 2012).Further,
application of goat manure increased concentrations of labile inorganic P fractions
(resin P and NaHCO3 P) following the application of goat manure indicated that net
mineralization of P occurred, possibly because the goat manure contained 2.4 g P kg-
1, which was greater than the critical P content of 2 g kg-1reported by Floate
(1970) as necessary for plant material to mineralize P.

Related Literature and Studies on Cow Manure

The field experiment was by conducted by R Nagaray et al, (2018) to study
the of integrated nutrient management in groundnut duringRabi 2015 at Zonal
Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavar, Udupi district,
Karnataka. The results of the experiment revealed that at 80 DAS recommended
nutrient practice + 50 per cent RDN through vermicompost applied treatment
resulted in significantly higher number of nodules (61.13) followed by POP + 50 per
cent RDN through poultry manure.
This study shows that poultry manure improves the number of pods per
plant, pod yield and haulm yield in groundnut (Veeramani et al., 2012).Further,
application of goat manure increased concentrations of labile inorganic P fractions
(resin P and NaHCO3 P) following the application of goat manure indicated that net
mineralization of P occurred, possibly because the goat manure contained 2.4 g P kg-
1, which was greater than the critical P content of 2 g kg-1reported by Floate
(1970) as necessary for plant material to mineralize P.

Related Literature and Studies on Cow Manure

The study of Andriana Musdalifah et al, 2021 aimed to determine the effect of
cow manure on the growth and yield of peanut plants.The experiment was laid out
in a randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments including the control
replicated three (3) times.
The results showed that cow manure treatment increased the growth of
peanut plants especially the treatment cow manure at the dose of 15 t/ha in the form
of filled pods, number of pods formed, and peanut plant productivity were 27.00,
35.93, and 3.62 t/ha at sub-optimal land. The application of cow manure can increase
the availability of phosphorus in the soil and increase crop production. Cow manure
has a phosphorus nutrient content of 0.42, 0.38 and 0.43 ppm respectively.Treatment
of cow manure at a dose of 15 t/ha was showed the best growth and production of
peanut plants compared to other treatments.

Related Literature and Studies on Goat Manure

The study of E. Pujiastuti (2021) entitled Response of Soil and Peanut

(Arachus hypogoea L.) research was conducted to determine the effect of several
types of local microorganism solutionsand manures on the growth and yield of
peanut and their impact on the physical properties of ultisols.

The result of this study shows the types of local microorganism solutions
only affect to plant height of peanut, but has insignificant effect on the physical
properties of ultisols, and stem diameter, the number of filled pods.plant-1, and the
dry seeds yield.ha-1 of peanut. The types of manure had significantly effected on
plant height and number of filled pods.plant-1, but had insignificant effect on stem
diameter, dry seeds yield.ha-1 and the physical properties of ultisols. The interaction
of MOL sources and manure did not significantly affect the growth and yield of
peanut as well as the physical properties of ultisols. Orange MOL and chicken
manure could be increase the plant height of peanut by 18.61% and 6.75%,
respectively, compared to un-treated. Goat manure showed the highest number of
pods.plant- 1 by 6.32% compared to un-treated.

Related and Literature Studies on Vermicomposting

As indicated by the study of Yilmaz (2022) Worm secretions, mycorrhizal

fungus, asymbiotic, symbiotic microorganisms, and actinomycetes are all
components of vermicompost fertilizers. Vermicompost creation and utilization are
currently on the rise as new trends (Sönmez and Gülser, 2021).As a result of the
 improvements in the chemical and physical characteristics of the soils with
vermicompost treatments, this situation manifests itself as noticeably higher yield
criteria (Sönmez and Gülser, 2021).

The Department of Field Crops in the Faculty of Agriculture at Bolu Abant

zzet Baysal University conducted this study. The seeds were planted in pots and
raised in a climate-controlled environment. Plants were harvested three weeks after
they started to grow. A randomized plot design was used to set up the study, and
three replications.

Vermicompost has been demonstrated to have advantageous impact on

various field crops' physiological parameters when under salt stress (Liu et al., 2019;
Ding et al., 2021; Beyk-Khormizi et al., 2022). The results of the study shows that
vermicompost treatment has a significant effect on the stem, root weights and peanut
itself. It has been determined by the results that vermicompost application has been
found to be effective and positively impacts the peanut plant growing under saline
stress.

Related and Literature Studies on Vermicomposting

As stated by the study of Nigussie-Dechassa R. et al (2019), All tropical and

subtropical areas, groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a significant monoecious
annual legume that is produced, for its direct use as food, oil, high-protein meal, and
animal feed as well as for its economic value (Pande et al., 2003; Taru et al., 2010).
Groundnut is a significant income crop for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia, despite
having a poor yield. Due to the lack of available generic or suggested fertilizers and
technologies, little to no fertilizer was applied to the crop.

In order to investigate the effects of applying mineral N and P fertilizer and

vermicompost (VC) on seed production and oil content of groundnut using an
improved variety called "BaHa-Gudo," field experiments were carried out for 2
consecutive cropping seasons in the Babile District.

Moreover, the results of the study depicts that the application of VC had a
positive impact on germination and seedling emergence, which may be attributable
to high porosity, aeration, water holding capacity and presence of growth-promoting
substances (Arancon et al., 2004).This result is consistent with Mathivanan who
reported VC application enhanced seed germination, seedling emergence and
groundnut growth when compared to control (Mathivanan et al., 2012).

Related Studies on Wood Ash

One of the most efficient and cost-effective sources of organic matter that
frequently used in Agriculture is wood ash. Ash is the byproduct of burning organic
materials, and it contains the majority of the biomass's inorganic nutrients and trace
elements (Willand, 2017). However, it is an important source of certain plant
nutrients, such as P, K, Mg, and Ca, as well as a the quantity of micronutrients
(Bougnom et al., 2011). It also contains qualities similar to lime's. Thus, The use of
ash in agricultural areas might make up for losses in nutrients brought on by
harvesting and leaching halt soil acidification, as well as (Saarsalmi et al., Nkana et
al., 1998; 2006)

A study was carried out detrmining the effect of wood ash and NPK fertilizer
on some selected soil fertility (pH, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen,
available Phosphorus, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable bases and Effective Cation
Exchange Capacity), Growth and Yield properties (number of leaves, plant height
and number of pods) of Groundnut (Arachis hypogeal L.)

The result on this study revealed that improvements on the plant parameters
relative were observed on the effect of wood ash on plant performance. The acquired
results demonstrated that, in comparison to the control trial, both fertilizer
applications—applied alone or in combination—significantly enhanced the soil
fertility attributes, growth, and yield characteristics of groundnut. Moreover, It is
clear that the addition of wood ash and NPK to the soil, which has increased its
mineral composition, may have an impact on the groundnut's metabolism and
physiological activity, leading to the shown improvement in both growth and yield
attributes. (Azu, Donatus E.O et al.)

Related and Literature Studies on Wood Ash

The study of Leila Romdhane et al. (2021) indicated that wood ash is a
resource for plant nutrition and nutrient cycling in agriculture, wood ash is the end
result of complete combustion of wood products (Bhattacharya and Chattopadhyay,
2002). According to Eriksson (1998) and Demeyer et al. (2001), wood ash is a
potentially excellent soil fertilizer that is gaining popularity as a natural alternative to
chemical fertilizers. It contains adequate amounts of a variety of macronutrients and
micronutrients as well as a mixture of oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and silicates.
Hence, One of the most environmentally friendly ways to address the current rise in
demand for bioenergy and soil fertility improvement is to contribute to the circular
economy by burning wood and using the ash that results as a soil amendment
(Huotari et al., 2015).

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse Campus of the University of

Mato Grosso in Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil. The previously collected soil was
homogenized with the ash dosages and left to react chemically and neutralize the
acidity of the soil for 20 days. Following this time, 6 dm-3 pots were filled, 10 seeds
were put in each pot, and three plants were kept in each pot after thinning. The
findings indicate, that the suggested dosage range of wood ash for peanut to produce
quality was between Between 22.34 and 29.78 g dm-3.
 Based on the study of Edna Silva et al. (2020) it stated that wood ash waste is
a perfect low cost effective fertilizer and has significantly affect to the soil acid
correctives. The study revealed that adding wood ash to the soil improved the
productive traits of peanuts. Application of wood ash had an impact on the dry mass
of the pods, with cultivar IAC 503 producing the best results.

Related and Literature Studies on Wood Ash

Awodun and his team (2005) aim to investigate the most effective tillage and
liming methods for raising groundnut yield and quality utilizing Six tillage wood ash
treatments: Zero tillage, sero tillage+ ash, disc ploughing, disc ploughing, +ash,
manual ridging+ ash were utilized for their effect on growth and yiled, leaf and seed
chemical composition of groundnut.
This study reveals that on acidic soils, groundnut performance and nutrient
content significantly increased. Might as well, applying wood ash effectively led to a
15.5% increase in mean seed weight. Combination of tidging and ash together
produced resulted in the highest values for the growth and yield metrics as well as
the P content of the leaf and seed. Therefore, the ash provided nutrients and liming
material.

Related and Literature Studies on Seaweed Extract

A Study was conducted by Gihan Yahya Qasem Al-Hatem (2018) The

purpose of this study was to examine how the plant (Coriandrum sativum L.)
responded to fertilization with over the period from 2nd October 2012 to 25th March
2013 at the Department of Biology, Education College for Girls, and University of
Mosul. Spraying with seaweed extract (Fitoalg) at three concentrations of zero, one,
and two cm3.L-1, as well as the nitrogen fertilizer with three levels of zero, 50, and
100 Kg.h-1 the design of a factorial experiment was used to conduct the experiment.
with a Randomized Complete Block Design

The results revealed that the two employed amounts of nitrogen fertilizer
have a significant impact on recording. Other than total height, coriander has the
greatest values for the following plant characteristics: plant height, number of leaves,
leafy area, stem diameter, dried and fresh weights for total chlorophyll.

Related and Literature Studies on Seaweed Extract

Algal extracts increase a plant's tolerance to drought and freezing, enhance

crop production. Seaweed extracts used to spray plants are also known to increase
their resilience to pests and infection-causing agents and improved soil nitrogen
uptake (Matysiak K et al.,2010). According to Kamaladhasan and Subramanian
(2009), Caulerpa scalpelliformis (Chlorophyta), Gracilaria corticata (Rhodophyta),
and Sargassum wightii (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) seaweed extracts were
beneficial at boosting growth characteristics. The use of seaweeds in modern food
has increased recently.
As mentioned by Zodape et al., spraying liquid seaweed fertilizer (LSF)
boosted yield and nutritional quality of okra fruits by a significant amount (20.47%).
(2008). Seaweed extracts were added, and the results improved broad bean plants'
productivity in terms of seed output and protein content (Jasim and Obaid; 2014).
Additionally, the application of seaweed extracts resulted in improvements in the
majority of the vegetative growth and fruiting characteristics of both cucumber and
garlic (Obaid et al.;2011 and Fawzy et al.;2012) as well as significant increases in the
percentages of nitrogen, total soluble solids, and protein content of potato tubers
(Sarhan; 2011 and Haider et al.;2012).

Related and Literature Studies on Seaweed Extract

The study of Nabti (2017) entitled Impact of seaweeds on agricultural crop

production as biofertilizer stated that seeweeds are rich in compound nutrients such
as proteins, lipids, amino acids, osmoprotectants, antimicrobial compounds and
minerals. Seeweeds as fertilizer had been used in agriculture ages ago. However,
recently there’s a demand to organic farming and food organic stimulated with the
application seaweed extracts as organic treatments.

Thus, the result of the study shows that seeweeds is beneficial in agricultural
commodity as it has a significant relationship and effect in the seed germination
stimulant, growth and health enhancement of plants such as shoot and root,
enrichment nutrient and water intake, frost and saline resistance.