`

Grade: 11 Subject: Physical Science

Quarter/ 3 quarter/1st Week No: 2 Day: 1
Semester: Sem
I. OBJECTIVES `
Content Standard The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
1. how the uses of different materials are related to their
properties and structures
2. the relationship between the function and structure of
biological macromolecules
Performance Standard The learner is able to...
make a creative representation of the historical development of
the atom or the chemical element in a timeline.
Learning Competencies The learner…
Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar given its
structure (S11/12PS-IIIc-15)
Relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties.
(S11/12PS-IIIc-16)
Knowledge Differentiate polar and nonpolar molecules;
Skills Relate the polarity of molecules to certain substances;
Attitude Recognize the importance of Lewis dot structure and molecular
geometry (VSEPR theory) in identifying polar and nonpolar
molecules.
II. CONTENT Properties of polar and non-polar molecules
III. LEARNING RESOURCES
References SLK Phy. Sci. Week 2
Other Learning Resources https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search
https://www.google.com/search?q=beryllium+hydride+linear+molecule&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiJgOmmneXqAhVB6ZQKHUXnAI4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=beryllium+hydride+linear+molecule&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQQzoCCAA6BAgAEB46BAgAEBhQx64EWLSTBWCsmwVoAXA
AeACAAZ4BiAGSEJIBBDAuMTeYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=XHsaX4niJsHS0wTFzoPwCA&bih=524&biw=1093#imgr
c=BXvhYBdG6P0aoM

IV. PROCEDURES
A. Preparatory Activities A. Preliminaries
- prayer
- checking of attendance
- energizer
B. Recap
B. Motivation The teacher will show pictures of the following (possibly realia).

A. sea water + oil

B. cooking oil + soy sauce
C. Water + gasoline

Let the student analyze each picture.

1. What did you observe in pictures A, B, and C?
2. In your own idea, what inference can you give why each of the
substances show unique mixing ?

After they answer the question introduced what is polarity and do

the Activity 1.
C. Activity Activity 1 (Appendix A)
Simple experiment on Polarity and Mixing Solutions
Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon
JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
 `

General rule: “like dissolves like”

Materials:
Transparent glass
Oil
Water
Spoon
Procedure:
1. Pour water in a glass. Water level should be until the middle
part of the glass.
2. Put 3 to 5 tablespoons of oil.
3. With the spoon, mix well the solutions.
4. Let it stand for a few minutes.
5. Observe the mixture and answer the questions below.
D. Analysis 1. Did the water and oil combine?
2. What do you think is the reason?
E. Abstraction Electronegativity is the property of an atom which increases with
its tendency to attract the electrons of a bond. If two
bonded atoms have the same electronegativity values as
each other, they share electrons equally in a covalent bond.
Usually, the electrons in a chemical bond are more attracted to
one atom (the more electronegative one) than to the other. This
results in a polar covalent bond. If the electronegativity values are
very different, the electrons are not shared at all. One atom
essentially takes the bond electrons from the other atom, forming
an ionic bond (Helmenstine, A.M., 2020).
Polarity
The properties of the molecules are related to their polarity.
To understand the relationship, you must be able to describe the
force of attraction between the molecules.

Polar molecules have partially positive and negative ends.

When two polar molecules are near each other, the negative end
of one molecule is attracted to the positive end of the other. The
separation of charges results in a strong force of attraction
between the molecules. On the other hand, nonpolar molecules
do not have positive or negative ends. Between two neighboring
nonpolar molecules, the attraction is very minimal.
How do you relate the strength of attraction between the
molecules to their observable properties?

Solubility
Do you remember the rule of thumb “like dissolves like” in your
previous Chemistry lessons? This rule is applied on the concept of
solubility of molecules. Solubility refers to the ability of a solute
Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon
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to dissolve in a certain amount of solvent. Polar solutes dissolve

in polar solvents. For example, sucrose is soluble in water
because both are polar molecules. On the other hand, nonpolar
solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. For example, hexane (C 6H14)
and benzene (C6H6) are nonpolar molecules because they only
contain nonpolar C-H bonds. The combination of these molecules
forms a solution. Water and vinegar mixed because they are both
polar substances while gasoline and oil are non-polar substances.

Melting point
Melting point is the temperature at which a solid turn into liquid.
Heat is needed to break the forces of attraction between the
molecules. Because the polar molecules have relatively stronger
forces of attraction compared to nonpolar ones, greater amount
of heat must be applied to break these forces. Therefore, in
general, polar molecules have higher melting points than
nonpolar molecules. For example, hydrogen fluoride (HF) is polar
while fluorine (F2) is nonpolar. HF has higher melting point than
F2.

Boiling point
Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into gas.
Similar to melting point, greater amount of heat is needed to
break the forces of attraction of polar molecules compared to
nonpolar ones. Generally, polar molecules have higher boiling
points than nonpolar molecules. For example, methanol (CH 3OH)
is a polar molecule while methane (CH 4) is nonpolar. The boiling
of CH3OH is higher than that of CH4. Study the illustrations below
to compare a polar and a nonpolar molecule.
Water molecules are polar. The partially negative end of one
molecule is attracted to the partially positive end of another
molecule.

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
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Carbon dioxide molecules are nonpolar. There is a minimal force

of attraction between the molecules.

Based on the interaction of molecules, water is expected to have

higher melting and boiling points than carbon dioxide.
Below are the actual melting and boiling points of the
compounds.

Key Takeaways: Electronegativity

 Electronegativity is an atom's tendency to attract
electrons to itself in a chemical bond.
 The most electronegative element is fluorine. The least
electronegative or most electropositive element is
francium.
 The greater the difference between atom
electronegativity values, the more polar the chemical
bond formed between them.
(Helmenstine, A.M., 2020)

Electronegativity Example
The chlorine atom has a higher electronegativity than the
hydrogen atom, so the bonding electrons will be closer to the Cl
than to the H in the HCl molecule (Helmenstine, A.M., 2020). In
the O2 molecule, both atoms have the same electronegativity.
The electrons in the covalent bond are shared equally between
the two oxygen atoms (Helmenstine, A.M., 2020).

Most and Least Electronegative Elements

The most electronegative element on the periodic table is
fluorine (3.98). The least electronegative element is cesium
(0.79). The opposite of electronegativity is electro positivity. You
could simply say cesium is the most electropositive element. Note
that older texts list both francium and cesium as least
electronegative at 0.7, but the value for cesium was
experimentally revised to the 0.79 value. There is no
experimental data for francium, but its ionization energy is higher
than that of cesium, so it is expected that francium is slightly
more electronegative (Helmenstine, A.M., 2020).

Electronegativity as a Periodic Table Trend

Like electron affinity, atomic/ionic radius, and ionization
energy, electronegativity shows a definite trend on the
Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon
JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
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periodic table.
 Electronegativity generally increases moving from left to
right across a period. The noble gases tend to be
exceptions to this trend.
 Electronegativity generally decreases moving down a
periodic table group. This correlates with the increased
distance between the nucleus and the valence electron.

Another concept to learn is the Lewis structure.

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
 `

MOLECULAR POLARITY
Molecules as well as bonds can have polarity. A molecule is polar
if electrons are attracted to one end of the molecule than to the
other end. Such a molecule has a slightly negative end and a
slightly positive end, and we say it has a dipole or is a polar
molecule (Higgins, C.A. Jr, Torres, O., Wilson, J.D., 2016).
The slightly negative end of the polar molecule is denoted by a δ-
(delta minus) and the slightly positive end by a δ+ (delta plus)
(Higgins, C.A. Jr, Torres, O., Wilson, J.D., 2016). Consider the HCl
molecule with its one polar bond. With only one polar bond
present, it should be obvious that the chlorine end of this
molecule must be slightly negative and the hydrogen slightly
positive, resulting in a polar molecule (Higgins, C.A. Jr, Torres, O.,
Wilson, J.D., 2016).

Now consider the linear molecule beryllium hydride, BeH2. It

has two equal-magnitude polar bonds, but the dipoles are
oriented in opposite directions and thus cancel one another,
making the molecule nonpolar overall.
Yet another example, consider the water molecule. If it
were linear (which it is not), then it would be nonpolar. The
dipoles of the two bonds would cancel because the center point
of the positive charges of the bonds would be in the same place
as the center of the negative charges, right in the middle of the
molecule. No center-of charge separation means no molecular
dipole.

The water molecule is angular, however, so the bond polarities

reinforce one another instead of canceling. The center of positive
charge is midway between the two hydrogen atoms. The center
of negative charge is at the oxygen atom. Thus, the centers of
charge are separated, and water molecules are polar.
For us to know whether a molecule containing polar bonds has a
molecular dipole (is polar), we must know first the molecule’s
shape, or geometry. A useful theory is that of valence-shell-
electron-pair repulsion, or VSEPR (pronounced as “vesper”). It
states that the shape of many molecules is determined largely by
the efforts of the valence shell electrons to stay out of each
other’s way to the greatest extent possible. Below is a table
showing the predicted molecular shapes using VSEPR.

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
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F. Application
Activity 2: PREDICTING SOLUBILITY (Appendix B)

In this activity, you will predict the solubility of several similar

looking materials and test your predictions. Think critically about
common substances and how they will (or will not) dissolve. Be
resourceful in this activity by using materials that are available in
your house as replacement.
Materials:
 3 glasses/clear container
 Sugar (at least 5 spoonful)
 Salt (at least 5 spoonful)
 Flour or cornstarch (at least 5 spoonful)
 Spoons
 Stick or something to be used for stirring

Directions:
1. Place ¼ of a cup of room temperature water into 3 containers.
Add 1/4 tsp. of salt, sugar, and flour into separate containers.
2. Stir the mixtures well. Sit all the mixtures for a few minutes.
Record your observations. If the substance does not
completely dissolve at this stage it is considered insoluble.

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
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3. If all the solids dissolved, then add an additional 1/4 tsp. and
stir. Let it sit for a few minutes again. Record your observations.
4. Repeat step 3 until no more solid will be dissolved.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 using cold water.
6. Repeat steps 1-4 using hot water.

Questions:
1. Is there a difference in solubility of the salt, sugar, and flour at
room temperature?
2. Did the temperature affect the solubility of any of the solids?
3. How is temperature related to the polarity of the substances?

G. Practical Applications of Randomly ask the students to answer the different scenarios at
Concepts and Skills in home or in school. Let them answer orally in the class.
Daily Living
Scenario 1: Your mother asked you to wash your dirty and soiled
socks using a powder soap. You soaked your socks in few minutes
and when you washed them by hands, you noticed the water
became dark and bubbles slowly disappeared? Why is this so?

Scenario 2: In the kitchen, your sister fried the fish in the pan.
After frying, your sister immediately put water in the pan? What
concepts being shown from the action of your sister?

H. Generalization POLAR MOLECULES

 When a Hydrogen atom is bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen,
and Fluorine then it is more likely polar H 2O, NH3, HF,
CH3OH, CH3NH2, CH3COOH
 Asymmetric
either containing lone pairs of electrons on a central
atom or having atoms with different electronegativities
bonded.
 A molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly
positive, while the other end is slightly negative. A
diatomic molecule that consists of a polar covalent bond,
such as HF, is a polar molecule

 The electrons in the bond are nearer to the F atom, this

side of the molecule takes on a partial negative charge,
which is represented by δ− (δ is the lowercase Greek
letter delta). The other side of the molecule, the H atom,
adopts a partial positive charge, which is represented by
δ+. The two electrically charged regions on either end of
the molecule are called poles, like a magnet having a
north and a south pole. A molecule with two poles is
called a dipole (see figure below). Hydrogen fluoride is a
dipole.

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
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If the Electronegativity Difference of atoms is more than

0.5, then it is most likely polar.
 There is an unequal sharing of electrons in the bond.
NONPOLAR MOLECULES
 When it is made up of one element
Diatomic molecules such as
N2, O2, Cl2, F2, H2, I2, Br
 Noble gases such as Helium, Neon, Argon, Xenon are
considered nonpolar.
 Molecules that contain Carbon and Hydrogen are more
likely nonpolar
CH4, C2H6, CH2=CH2
 Symmetric
Meaning all of the sides around the central atom
are identically bonded to the same element with no
unshared pairs of electrons
 Notice that a tetrahedral molecule such as CCl4 is
nonpolar. Another nonpolar molecule shown below is
boron trifluoride, BF3. BF3 is a trigonal planar molecule
and all three peripheral atoms are the same.
 Some examples of nonpolar molecules based on
molecular geometry (BF3 and CCl4)

 If the Electronegativity Difference of atoms is less than

0.5, then it is most likely nonpolar.
 There is an equal sharing of electrons in the bond.

In summary,
1. If the bonds in a molecule are nonpolar, then the molecule can
only be nonpolar.
2. A molecule with only one polar bond has to be polar.
3. A molecule with more than one polar will be nonpolar if the
shape of the molecule causes the polarities of the bonds to
cancel. If the bond polarities do not cancel, then it will be a polar
molecule.
I. Evaluation EVALUATION/POST TEST:

A. Multiple Choice:
Read each item carefully and write only the letter of the
correct answer in your notebook.
1. When sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) combine, the highly
electronegative chlorine steals all the electrons from sodium. The
two then exist in a matrix, the highly positive Na+ ions being
attracted to the negative Cl– ions. Which type of molecule is this?

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
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A. Polar Molecule C. Not a molecule

B. Nonpolar Molecule D. Electronegative molecule
2. The following elements have the corresponding
electronegativity:
Oxygen:3.44
Chlorine: 3.16
Hydrogen: 2.2
Which of the following substances is the MOST polar molecule?
A. HCl B. H2O C. O2 D. All of these
For items 3, 4 and 5, refer to the table below:
Intermolecular forces and boiling point

3. Which substance has the lowest boiling point?

A. H2 B. Cl2 C. O2 D. H2O

4. Which substance has the highest boiling point?

A. H2 B. O2 C. H2O D. HF
5. Why do H2, Ne, O2 and Cl2 have different boiling points
although they have the same intermolecular force?
A. These substances have different electronegativities.
B. These substances have different time of boiling.
C. These substances are present everywhere in nature.
D. All of these
6. What is the relationship of polarity to the melting point of
substances?
A. Directly proportional C. Direct-inverse
B. Inversely proportional D. No relationship
7. What is the relationship of polarity to the boiling point of
substances?
A. Directly proportional C. Direct-inverse
B. Inversely proportional D. No relationship
8. Which of the following substances will dissolve in water?
A. oil B. hexane C. vinegar D. benzene
9. Which is TRUE about polarity and solubility?
I. Nonpolar molecules dissolve only nonpolar molecules.
II. Nonpolar molecules dissolve only polar molecules.
III. Polar molecules dissolve only polar molecules.
IV. Polar molecules dissolve only nonpolar molecules
A. I and III C. II and IV
B. I and IV D. I and IV
10. What product in the market is used to remove oil from
clothes?
A. Chlorine C. HCl
B. Detergent D. All the above

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
 `

B. Label each of the following as polar or nonpolar and

explain your answer.
a. Water, H2O: ____________________
b. Methanol, CH3OH: ____________________
c. Hydrogen Cyanide, HCN: ____________________
d. Oxygen, O2: ____________________
e. Propane, C3H8: ____________________

J. Additional activities for Assignment:

application or
remediation (assignment) Write your answers in your activity notebook.

1. What happens to the degree of dipole-dipole interaction

as the polarity of the molecule increases?
2. Explain why most nonpolar substances are gases and
most polar substances are liquids or gases?

V. REMARKS

VI. REFLECTION
No. of learners who earned
80% in the evaluation
No. of learners who continue
to require remediation
Did the remedial lesson
work? No. of learners who
caught up the lesson
No. of learners who require
remediation
Which of my teaching
strategies worked well? Why
did these work?
What difficulties did I
encounter which principal
and supervisor can help or
solve?
What innovation or localized
did I use/discover which I
wish to share?

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
 `

ATTACHEMENT
APPENDIX A
NAME:___________________________________________ GRADE AND SECTION:______________
Activity 1
Simple experiment on Polarity and Mixing Solutions
General rule: “like dissolves like”
Materials:
Transparent glass
Oil
Water
Spoon
Procedure:
1. Pour water in a glass. Water level should be until the middle part of the glass.
2. Put 3 to 5 tablespoons of oil.
3. With the spoon, mix well the solutions.
4. Let it stand for a few minutes.
5. Observe the mixture and answer the questions below.

QUESTION
1. Did the water and oil combine?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think is the reason?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
 `

APPENDIX B
NAME:___________________________________________ GRADE AND SECTION:______________
Activity 2: PREDICTING SOLUBILITY
In this activity, you will predict the solubility of several similar looking materials and test your
predictions. Think critically about common substances and how they will (or will not) dissolve. Be
resourceful in this activity by using materials that are available in your house as replacement.
Materials:
 3 glasses/clear container
 Sugar (at least 5 spoonful)
 Salt (at least 5 spoonful)
 Flour or cornstarch (at least 5 spoonful)
 Spoons
 Stick or something to be used for stirring
Directions:
1. Place ¼ of a cup of room temperature water into 3 containers. Add 1/4 tsp. of salt, sugar, and flour
into separate containers.
2. Stir the mixtures well. Sit all the mixtures for a few minutes. Record your observations. If the
substance does not
completely dissolve at this stage it is considered insoluble.
3. If all the solids dissolved, then add an additional 1/4 tsp. and stir. Let it sit for a few minutes again.
Record your observations.
4. Repeat step 3 until no more solid will be dissolved.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 using cold water.
6. Repeat steps 1-4 using hot water.
Questions:
1. Is there a difference in solubility of the salt, sugar, and flour at room temperature?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Did the temperature affect the solubility of any of the solids?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. How is temperature related to the polarity of the substances?

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
 `

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2
 `

ANSWER KEY
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. A
10. B

a. Water is polar. Any molecule with lone pairs of electrons around the central atom is polar.
b. Methanol is polar. This is not a symmetric molecule. The −OH−OH side is different from the other
3−H−H sides.
c. Hydrogen cyanide is polar. The molecule is not symmetric. The nitrogen and hydrogen have different
electronegativities, creating an uneven pull on the electrons.
d. Oxygen is nonpolar. The molecule is symmetric. The two oxygen atoms pull on the electrons by the
same amount.
e. Propane is nonpolar, because it is symmetric, with HH atoms bonded to every side around the central
atoms and no unshared pairs of electrons.

Prepared by: Rabbi E. Balbon

JHS/Ayungon NHS Carol-an Extension/ Ayungon 2