Defslt Lec # 04 15-01-21

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19 CE (A/B) DEFSLT

LEC # 04 DATE:15-01-21

Formation of DE from the Physical and Geometrical Phenomenon

The problems that involve the rate of change of one variable with respect to the time always
give rise to the differential equations. We shall provide couple of examples that will help the
readers to understand how the differential equations arise in such situations.

EXAMPLE 01: The rate of growth of a population in bacterial environment is proportional to


the population present. Find the differential equation.

Solution: Let P be the population at any time. Then as gi ven:

dP dP dP
∝ P ⇒ =kP ⇒ −kP=0
dt dt dt

This is the required differential equation. Here, k is the constant of proportionality.

EXAMPLE 02 : The rate of decrease in a radio active material (say Sodium) is proportional to
the amount present. Find the differential equation that governs this problem.

Solution: Let A be the amount of radioactive material at any time. Then as given:

dA dA dA
∝ A ⇒ =−kA ⇒ +kA=0
dt dt dt

This is the required differential equation. Here ‘k’ is the constant of proportionality and the
negative sign indicates that the amount of radioactive material decreases.

EXAMPLE 03: A man jump from the airplane using parachute. If m is the mass of a man with
parachutes, find the equation of his motion in the form of differential equation.

Solution: By Newton’s second law of motion: ma=F (1)

Here, F is composed of two forces, FU and FD, that is F = FU + FD.

FD is the downward force that is equal to the weight of the body. Thus FD = w = m g.

FU is the upward reaction force that is proportional to the velocity of the body when it falls
down. Thus FU = ¿ v or FU = - k v, where k is the constant of proportionality and negative sign
shows that body faces the air resistance. Also, ‘a’ the acceleration of the body is given by
a = dv/dt. Thus equation (1) becomes:

F = m a => Fu + FD = m a => - k v + mg = m dv/dt

dv dv
m =mg−kv ⇒ m +kv =mg
dt dt . Is the first order DE
This is the differential equation that governs the motion of falling object. If we put v = ds/dt, the
above differential equation becomes:
2
d s ds
m + k =mg
dt 2 dt
is the second order DE

This is another form of differential equation that governs the motion of a falling body.

EXAMPLE 04: The slope of a curve at any point P (x, y) is given by the ratio of ordinate to twice its abscissa. Find
the differential equation that governs this problem.

Solution: We know that the slope of a curve at any point P (x, y) is given by dy/dx. Now as per condition:

dy ordinate y dy dy
= = ⇒ 2x = y ⇒ 2 x − y =0
dx Twice the abscissa 2 x dx dx
This is the differential equation that arises from the situation explained above.

EXAMPLE 07: Obtain the differential equation of all circles of radius a and centered at ( h,k )⋅¿ ¿

Solution: (As x2 + y2 = a2 is the equation of circle with center at origin)

The equation of all circles of radius a and center at (h, k) is

( x−h )2 + ( y−k )2=a2 , ( 1)

where h and k, the coordinates of the center are arbitrary constants.

Differentiating both sides of (1) with respect to x, we get

dy dy
2 ( x−h ) +2 ( y−k ) =0 ⇒ ( x−h )+ ( y−k ) =0
dx dx (2)
Again differentiating, we get

( ) ( )
2 2 2
d y dy dy d y dy
(1 − 0)+ ( y−k ) 2 + − 0 =0 ⇒1+ ( y −k ) 2 + =0
dx dx dx dx dx ( 3)

[ ( )] [ ( )]
2
dy dy 2
dy
1+ 1+
dx dy dx dx
y−k )=− 2 x−h=−( y−k ) = ⋅¿ ¿
d y dx d2 y
From ( 3 ) , we have ( dx 2 and from (2) , we have dx 2

Substituting the values of x−h and y−k into (1) , we get


This differential equation states that the radius of curvature of a circle at any point is constant.

Ex.

I R

L
C

According to Kirchoff’s law the sum of voltage across a closed circuit is equal to the total supply

∑V=E

Voltage supply => V = IR

Voltage in resistor V1 = IR

Voltage in capacitor V2 = Q/c

Voltage in inductor V3 = L dI/dt

Now V1 + V2 + V3 = E

IR + Q/c + L dI/dt = E => L dI/dt + IR + Q/c = E again I = dQ/dt

L d( dQ/dt)/dt + R(dQ/dt) + Q/c = E

=> L d2Q/dt2 + R dQ/dt + Q/c = E is the 2nd order, 1st degree, linear and ODE.
If dy/dx = sin 2x => dy = sin 2x dx integrate ∫dy = ∫sin 2x dx

y = cos 2x /2 + c is the general solution

for any particular value of c, we can get the particular solution.

e.g. if c = 0, then y = cos 2x /2

INITIAL and BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

The arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential equation can often be determined by giving
additional conditions of the unknown function and/or its derivatives. If these conditions are specified at the same
value of the independent variable, we call them initial conditions. If the additional conditions are given at more
than one different values of the independent variable, we call them boundary conditions. A differential equation
together with its initial conditions is called an initial value problem and a differential equation together with its
boundary conditions is called a boundary value problem. The general solution of a first order differential equation
contains one arbitrary constant and so requires one additional condition to determine it. Therefore first order
differential equations present initial value problems. Boundary value problems involve differential equations that
are at least of second order.

( )
3 2 2
d y d y dy
+3 − + y=sin x ,
For example, the differential equation dx 3 dx 2 dx with initial conditions y ( x=0 )=0 ,
' ''
y ( 0 )=3 , y ( 0 )=5 , all given at x=0, is an initial value problem. A general solution of the differential equation
will contain three arbitrary constants, which can be determined by the three given conditions.

d2 y '
2
+5 xy=cos x , y ( x=0 ) =0 , y ( x=π )=3 .
Again consider the problem dx This is a boundary value
problem where the two conditions are given at x=0 and x=π , which will determine the two arbitrary constants
in the general solution of the given differential equation.

For particular solution the number of given conditions should be equal to the order of DE

Order of DE = Number of arbitrary constants in general solution = Conditions required

EXAMPLE 01: Solve the following initial value problem

2
d y dy '
2
− −12y=0,y ( 0 )=−2, y ( 0 )=6, where y= Ae 4x+ Be− 3x
dx dx is its general solution.

Solution: As the given conditions are associated with same value of x, so the problem is initial value problem and
we require the particular solution. The given conditions must satisfy the general solution.

We have

4x −3 x
y= Ae +Be by using y(0) = -2 => -2 = A + B ……. (1)

Differentiating (1) with respect to x, we get


' 4x −3 x
y =4 Ae −3Be ( 2)

Since y=−2 when x=0 , then (1) gives

−2= A+ B ( 3)

Also y=6 when x=0, then (2) gives

6=4 A−3 B (4 )

Multiplying equation ( 3) by 3 and adding to ( 4 ) , we get 0=7 A ⇒ A=0⋅¿ ¿

Substituting it into ( 3 ) , we get B=−2⋅¿ ¿

Hence from ( 1 ) , we have y=−2e−3x , which is the particular solution of given differential equation.

2
d y dy
− −12y=0 4x − 3x
Ex Solve the problem dx 2 dx where y= Ae +Be for
(i) y (0) = 3, y (1) = 4 (ii) y(2) = 0, y’(2) = 1

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